建筑信息模型BIM论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：Changingclients,architectsandthroughBIMAbstractPurpose–Thispapertopresentageneralofpracticalofbuildinginformation(BIM)basedonliteraturecaseIttoaddressthenecessityforapplyingBIMandre-organisingtheinbuildingprojects.ofprojectcomplextocomplicateddecisionmakinginvolvingalargedevelopmentDesign/methodology/approach–ThroughdeskreferringtoframeworkfortheuseofBIMareanalysed.severalrealtheofthroughBIMapplicationareinvestigated.Findings–ofthefindingstheidentificationofthefactorsforaBIM,nberecognisedas“POWER”:productinformationsharingsynergy(O),coordination(W),for(E),dataconsolidationitisalsofoundthatimplementationofBIMinbuildingisduebarriers,aswellasthefactthatcollaborationhasnotyetembeddedin--毕业设计外文文献及译文realestatestrategiesofinstitutions.–contributestoinpracticeonprocessesthatrequiredtodevelopandoperatewiththeofICTframeworkstools.ItthesomeofthefirstrealofBIMapplicationinhospitalbuildingHospitals,works,flexibility,Projectplanningapertypereview1.Hospitalareofkeyandinvolvesignificantinvestment,usuallytakealong-termdevelopmentperiod.Hospitalbuildingprojectsarealsoverythecomplicatedsafety,specialhandlingoflargeofdata.Thebuildingprocessisverydynamiccomprisesiterativephasesintermediateactorswithshiftingrolesresponsibilitiesareactivelyinvolved,suchhealthcareinstitutions,governments,projectfinancialinstitutions,facilityequipmentandprojectsareverybyhealthcarepolicy,whichchangesrapidlyintomedical,societaltechnologicalgreatlybetween(WorldHealthOrganization,2000).Inforexample,thewayaprojectinsectorisorganisedisareformtoafundamentalintheDutchhealthpolicythatintroducedinTherapidlyaabuildingwithflexibilityoveritslifecycle.toincorporatelife-cycleconsiderationsinthebuildingdesign,technique,facilitymanagementcollaborationisrequired.Despitetheattemptforcollaboration,healthcarebuildingstillinoverrun,delay,andqualityintermsofuserdissatisfaction,andenergyinefficiency.Itisevidentthatthelackofcommunicationbetweenactorsinvolvedinthephasesofbuildingprojectis--毕业设计外文文献及译文thebehindThecommunicationbetweendifferentcritical,aseachstakeholdersetofAsaprocessesforandcommunicationofcomplexdesignfromdrawingsdocumentsoftentime-consumingdifficult.visualisationlikeplanninghavetremendouspotentialtoincreasecommunicationefficiencyandinterpretationabilityofprojectteamHowever,communicationstillandfullyexplored(DawoodSikka,intheinformationforinstance:manyICTsystemssupportopennessofstructurethatisprerequisiteforaneffectivecollaborationbetweendifferentbuildingorinformation(BIM)offersanintegratedsolutionthepreviouslymentionedBIMisusedanICTsupportincomplexbuildingAnmultidisciplinarycollaborationbyoptimaluseofBIMrequirerolesofthecontractors;contractualcollaborativestillgapsinthepracticalknowledgeonhowtomanageactorstocollaborateeffectivelytheirroles,developandutiliseBIManoptimalICTsupportofcollaboration.paperareviewofthepracticalimplicationsofbuildinginformationmodelling(BIM)basedreviewInthenextsections,basedonliteratureandfindingsfromprojecttheframeworkuseofBIMareSubsequently,throughofongoingpilotinTheNetherlands,ofclients,throughBIMapplicationareInconclusion,criticalfactorsaswellasofintegratedBIMare2.Changingrolesthroughintegratedcollaborationandlife-cycledesignapproachesAbuildinginvolvesvariousroles,andknowledgedomains.Inchangingofandinhospitalbuildingprojectsnewhealthcarepolicy.undertheHealthcareInstitutionsActhealthcareinstitutionsrequiredtolicenseabuildingforconstructionprojectsmajorpermitwasbyMinistryof--毕业设计外文文献及译文Health.healthcareinstitutionsweretoreceivefinancialsupportfromtheSince2008,legislationonmanagementofhospitalrealestatehasintoInnewlegislation,aforhospitalbuildingunderWTZiisobligatory,obtainableMinistryofHealth,Sport,Thischangeallowsfreedomfromthepolicy,andresponsibilitiesorganisationstodealwithmanagementrealestate.newpolicyimpliesinstitutionsarefullyresponsibletomanageandfinancetheirbuildingprojectsandrealestate.Thegovernmentforthecostsofhealthcarewilllongerbebutwillforhealthcareservices.Thismeansthatinstitutionsmustbacktheironrealthroughtheirservices.Thisnewpolicyintendstosustainableinnovationsintheprocurementandofhealthcarewhichwillandefficienthealthcareservices.Theforprojectsmanagementendorsesintegratedapproach.Intoassurethesustainabilityduringfacilitymanagers,contractorsandspecialistcontractorstoinvolvedinplanningandTheimplicationsofreflectedinthechangingofactorsandthenewmethod.Intraditionalprocurementmethod,developedthearchitect,andThen,client(theantoMinistryoftoobtainanapprovalonpermitthefinancialsupportfromaisselectedthroughtenderforDuringconstructionperiod,takeconstructabilityofthedesignfromthetheofcomplexity,decision-makingthewholefrominitiationuntildeliveryofhospitalbuildingprojectcanuptoAfterthethehealthcareinstitutionisfullyinchargeofoperationoffacilities.changesalsotakeintheusetowithinmedicalworld2009).Thecontractualbetweentheparties--毕业设计外文文献及译文involvedinabuildingproject.ofbetweenclientandarchitectforthecontractorforconstruction,anintegratedprocurementonlyacontractualrelationshipwiththemainpartyisresponsibleforconstruction(ContractsTribunal,Thetraditionalbordersbetweentasksandoccupationalbecomeblurredconsultingfirms,contractors,subcontractors,andallonsideintheprocesswhiletheontheSucharchitect,inverydifferentthatnotonlytheirbutalsotheirwiththeclient,theteamotherThetransitionfromtraditionaltoprocurementofmindsetofpartiesthesupplyItessentialforthecontractorhaveafairopencollaborationinwhichcanoptimallyusetheircompetencies.Theeffectivenessintegratedcollaborationisalsodeterminedtheclientcapacityandstrategytoinnovativetendering2009).Anewchallengeinofaninpartnershipwiththeinsteadofwithclient.Incaseoftheentersapartnershipwithcontractor,importanthowtoensurerealisationofvaluesaswellasinnovativeengineeringthroughanconstructionprocess.Incase,canstandtheclientsideinastrategicadvisoryroleinsteadofbeingthedesigner.thiscase,thearchitectresponsibilityistranslatingclientrequirementsandwishesintothearchitecturalvaluesbeincludedthedesignspecification,andevaluatingcontractorproposalagainstInanyofrole,theresponsibilitiesinterestfacilitator,custodianofvalueandofdesignThetransitionfromtraditionaltoprocurementalsoconsequencesinthethetraditionalbuildingprocess,honorariumfortheisusuallyonaofprojectcosts;simplythattheis,thethehonorariumwillbe.thebasedtheofthetheofassignment.Ahighlycomplexwhichaofredesigns,isusuallyfortheengineersinofAtraditionalcontractorthecommissionbasedonthe--毕业设计外文文献及译文buildingatthebytheminimumspecificationsgivenbyclient.modificationsischargedtoclient.Afterdelivery,thecontractorisnolongerforthelong-termuseofthetraditionalprocurementallplacedwiththeInisbasedontheachievedbuildingperformance;isnon-adversarial.thearchitect,contractorhaveaonqualitythethetoaoftechnicalperformancetheoverperiodoftime.honorariumbecomesantotheoptimalquality.Ifthebuildingactorstodeliverhighervaluethatexceedtheminimumclientrequirements,willbonusintotheclientextragain.Thelevelofisalsoimproved.bookaccountinganprovidedthatoninformationbesharedandtoitslevelofdetail2009).Nexttotheofmethod,therealstrategyforaddressesanlife-cycleapproaches.Abusinessforandofhospitalbuildingsreliesdynamiclife-cyclemanagementincludesandanalysisoftheovertimetolife-cyclecostslogisticcost).tothelife-cyclecostingmethod,thedynamiclife-cycleashiftfromonminimizingmaximizingbenefitthatbegained.Oneofdeterminingfactorsforimplementationofdynamiclife-cyclethesustainabledesignofbuildingbuildingwhichthatthesufficientflexibilitytoaccommodatechangesinlongterm(Prins,1992).basedonoflife-cyclemanagementaffectsofarchitect,ashebewellaboutusagescenariosandrelatedfinancialarrangements,socialandphysicaltechnologies.needstoactivitiesbusinessstrategiestime.Inthisrequiredthestrategiestheorganisational,globalbusinesshealthandetc.(Sebastianal.,--毕业设计外文文献及译文Theofprocessinnovation,androlesofbuildingcanbebyprojectdeliveryor(AIACaliforniaCouncil,2007).IPDanthatpeople,practicesintoaprocessthatharnessestheinsightsofallparticipantstoreduceefficiencythroughallofdesign,fabricationandcanavarietyofcontractualarrangements.teamswillusuallyincludewellthetriadofarchitect,contractor.Ataminimum,IntegratedProjectincludeatightbetweenthearchitect,andtheresponsibleconstructionthefromtheearlyuntiltheprojecttoisassemblingateamthatcommittedcollaborativeisofworkingtogethereffectively.isbuiltcollaboration.Asaitcanonlybesuccessfulifparticipantsshareand3.ChangingrolesthroughBIMapplicationcomprisesICTframeworkstoolscanthecollaborationlife-cycledesignapproach.BIMisadigitalrepresentationphysicalcharacteristicsofAssuchitservesasforaboutfacilityformingforitslifecyclefromofSciencesNIBS,2007).BIMplacecollaborativeApremiseofBIMiscollaborationbydifferentdifferentphasesthelifecyclefacilitytoinsert,ormodifyintheBIMtoofthatstakeholder.BIMinultimateasashareddigitalrepresentationonstandardsforcanbecomeavirtualtobehandedfromdesignteamthesubcontractorsthentoclient(Sebastianetal.,2009).BIMnotsameastheearlierknown(CAD).BIMgoesfurtheranapplicationtogeneratedigital3D)drawings2009).BIMisanintegratedinwhichallproductinformationisinteractivelyallbuildingactors.acentralmodelforinvolvedthroughoutprojectBIMevolvestheprojectprogresses.BIM,--毕业设计外文文献及译文theproposeddesignandengineeringsolutionscanbemeasuredagainsttheclientrequirementsexpectedbuildingfunctionalitiesofBIMtothe(nD),visualisationandschedule,planning,costas-builtdocuments.theconstructionprocess,BIMcancommunicationbetweenthesite,thefactorytheoffice–whichiscrucialforaneffectiveandefficientprefabricationprocesseswelltopreventproblemstomodifications.isinuse,BIMcanbeincombinationwiththeintelligentbuildingtomaintaininformationofbuildingperformance,life-cycleunleashthefullpotentialofefficientinformationexchangeinindustryincollaborativeusingBIM,bothqualityinternationalstandardsqualityofbeinplace.IFCopenisgenerallyagreedtobequalityandwidelyimplementedinUnfortunately,thecertificationpoorbecertifiedandessentiallyrendersthecertifiedsoftwareforanyusagewithIFC.IFCcompliantBIMusedthancontractors,andshowtheusageforArecentsurveythatCAD(asisstillthemajorformofusedin(over60whileBIMisinaround20ofprojectsforarchitectsinaroundperofprojectsforengineers(Kiviniemietal.,2008).TheapplicationofBIManopensainrelationshipsbetweenactors.Severalmostare:thenewroleofamodeltheonrightPropertyRight(IPR);theliabilityandpaymentarrangementaccordingtotheofcontractinrelationtointegratedprocurement;andofopenworkingBIMaexpertroleofmanagerICTvidesmaintainstechnological--毕业设计外文文献及译文solutionsforBIMfunctionalities,managesinformationandimprovesICTskillsofthestakeholders.Thenotdecisionsonnortheprocesses,hisinthechainofdecisionmakingare

thedevelopmentofBIM,definitionofstructuredetaillevelofmodel,andthedeploymentofBIMasformodelsmerging,detections;thecontributionespeciallymakingcommunicationprotocols,taskplanning,andriskmanagementofintermsofdataandidentificationofcommunicationandRegardingthelegalandorganisationaloneoftheactualquestionsis:“InwhatwaydoestheintellectualpropertyincollaborativeusingBIMdifferfromIPRinatraditionalteamwork?Intermscombinedwork,theIPReachelementisattachedtoitscreator.ittobefullyintegratedBIMfromofworks/elements;instance:theoutlineofcreatedbyarchitect,forsystem,iscreatedbyelectricalcontractor,etc.Thus,inofBIMawork,theIPRissimilartotraditionalteamwork.WorkingwithBIMwithregistrationfunctionalitiesmakeiteasiertokeeptrackoftheIPR(Chao-Duivis,2009).Howcollaborativeworking,BIM,effectcontractualOntheonecollaborativeusingBIMdoesnotnecessarilyliabilitypositionthedoesitanThePrinciplesofBIMAddendumconfirms:doesnoteffectuateorrequirearestructuringofcontractualrelationshipsorofrisksamongspecificallyrequiredpertheProtocolAddendumanditsAttachments(ConsensusDOCS,2008).Ontheotherhand,changesofcanbeanticipated.CollaborativeprocessesusingBIMwillleadtooffromtheearlyphase.Much,ifnotall,activitiesinengineeringspecificationphasewillbedoneintheearlierphases.Itmeansthatforwhichmayupof--毕业设计外文文献及译文nolongerbeexpected.Asworkdoneconcurrentlynewproportionoftheearlyphaseis2009).4.ReviewofongoinghospitalbuildingprojectsusingBIMInTheNetherlands,rolesbuildingprojectspartofwhichatachievingarealestateinresponsetohealthcarepolicy.literatureandresearch,thefactorsthatinfluencetheofcanconcludedtheimplementationofanintegratedprocurementmethodandalife-cycleapproachacollaborativeprocess;onBIMrights;theintegrationoftheofTheprecedingsectionshavediscussedconceptualonhowtodealwitheffectively.Thiscurrentobservestheactualpracticewiththeviewrespectively.Thewhichareinthe

theprocurementandrolesoftheinvolvedwithinthistheimplementationoflife-cycledesignapproach;thetype,functionalitiesofBIMinthetheopennessinoftheintendeduseofBIMinfuture;andtherolesandtasksofThepilotexperienceofprojectsusingBIMincanobservedatMedicalCentreStRadboud(furtherreferredUMC)MedicalCentreMMC).AtUMC,newbuildingforFacultyofDentistryinthecityofbeenasaBIMAtBIMisuseddesigningnewforMedicalSimulationCentreincityofThefirstprojectCentre(UMC)Radboud.UMCbinesservices,research.More85003000atapartofinnovativeestatestrategy,UMChasBIMforitsThenewoftheofDentistrytheKapittelweginhasbeenasa--毕业设计外文文献及译文pilotprojecttopracticalexperiencewithBIMThetoachievedthroughofBIMinthebuildingprojectsatcanfollows:

3Dtothecoordinationandamongactors,anduserparticipationinfacilitatinginformationaccessibilityandexchangeforhighofdrawingsanddocumentsanddesignwithanalysis,energycostinteractivelydesignsolutionsagainsttheofspecifications;coststhroughdetectionduringdesignoffacilitythroughtheregistrationofmedicalinstallationsequipments,flexiblefurniture,productspecifications,operationalThesecondisprojectMMClargefrombetweentheDiaconessenhuisinHospitalthe3,400ofMMCprovidesservicestomoreandAoftheinVeldhovenisaofitsrealestatestrategy.Amedicalawomen-and-childrenmedicalcentrearethemostimportantwithinthishasbeendevelopedusing3DwithseveralofThefromcasestheanalysisBothUMCforatraditionalmethodinwhichthedirectlycontractedanarchitect,aamechanical,plumbingindesignteam.designdetailedtenderwillfollowtoacontractor.Despitethechoiceforthistraditionalmanyattemptsbeenmadeforclosermoreeffectivemultidisciplinarycollaboration.arelativelylongpreparationphasewitharchitect,engineerMEPbeforedesign--毕业设计外文文献及译文preparationphaseatacommononoptimalwayforusingBIMasanICTsupport.Someresultsofpreparationphaseare:athatforthecollaborativeworkingprocesssemi-formalthatoftheactorsforcollaboration.OtherUMC,architecturewithanin-houseengineeringdepartment.Thus,betweenthecanwithinthesameusingthesoftwarethelife-cycleapproach,attentionisgivenonlife-cyclemaintenancefacilityBIM,bothintendtoamuchinoverlife-cycleperiod.Thecriteriafordesignteams.Multidisciplinarydesignersarecollaboratecloselytowiththetolife-cyclerequirements.ensuringthebuildingtoengageinintegratedgeneratesustainabledesignsolutionsthatmeetlife-cycleisstilldifficult.arecontractedtraditionalspecific,theirrathershort-terminacertainresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesarelimited,therenoforcollaboration.Fromprogressofbothprojects,itbeobservedstructureofBIMonchoiceforBIMapplications.RevitArchitectureRevitbyAutodeskareselectedbasedontheargumentthatithasbeenwidelyuseditcompatiblewithaknownofsamesoftwareThecompatibilitywithisaconsiderationatMMCthedrawingsthewerecreated2Dwereusedthebasistoa3DwithBIMsoftwaregeneratedwithRevitArchitecturestructuralbycanbedirectly.Incaseoftheamessagewillbetheengineer.canthenproposeinarchitect,thatalwaysconsistentwiththeattemptoftheteamtoonthe--毕业设计外文文献及译文consultantstillnotcapabletoRevit;andtherefore,conversionoffromandtoRevitstillrequired.Anotherweaknessofthis“closedapproach”,whichisdependenttotheuseofsamesoftwareappearinnearfutureprojectprogressestheconstructionIfcontractorusesanotherconsiderableextraworkwillneededtotheduringphasetobecompatibleforinconstructionphase.Sincemethodused,thisproblemappearjustafterwhichmeanswillnotbemuchtimeresourcetoorre-buildthemodel.ThecontractorICTsystemapplicationsareunknownbeforethetenderbecausenoyetinvolvedinproject.Aattentionhospitalbuildingisonofcomplexaretypicaltobuildings(e.g.equipments,specialhandlingoftheobjectlibrarytheefficiencyoftheprocess.theapproachBIMstillspecificsoftwareapplicationsofanopen-sourcetheaccessibility,andpossibilitytheobjectlibrariesmayratherbelimited.5.ConclusionsInmidstofrealestateinthehealthcaretheinbuildingprojects,integratedcollaborationBIMhighlyonanalysisoftheresearchandstudies,thesuccessfactorsforintegratedcollaborationusingBIMcanbeidentifiedas“POWER”thatcomprises:Productsynergy(O).coordination(W).for(E).consolidation(R).muchhowtothepowercollaborationthroughtheofclient,architect,engineer,withinacollaborativeprocessBIM.themanagementthecollaborativetheimplementationofBIMICTintherealpracticearestillsuboptimal.fromcasestudiesincanbeconcludedasfollows.Intotheambitiontoendorselife-cycle--毕业设计外文文献及译文tomanagehealthcarerealeffectivelyefficiently,traditionalprocurementmethodisstilllargelyusedinhospitalbuildingAlthoughattemptsrealiseancollaboration,contractuallimitationsofresponsibilitiesofthepartiestraditionalmethodhindertheoptimalofahonorariumsystemwhichthebuildingtocontinuouslyassesslife-cycleconsequencesofconstructionsolutions).decisionsICTsolutionsforBIMoftennotadequatelyinthebusinessestategiesofthehealthcareinstitutions.Inthecurrentsituation,a“closedapproachthatdependsacertainsoftwareapplicationisstillused.Consequently,muchtimeisneededtodefinethestructureofdatamodellingatofprojectwhilechangesenforcedinlaterphaseasactorswithdifferentICTsystemsworkmodel.Thehealthcareservesasancase,buttermsofBIMitnotanisolatedofcollaborativeprocesseswithBIMsupportcanbegeneralisedtothewiderconstructionsector.CollaborationinabuildingprojectcannotbeneithercanBIM.BIMisnotsolution;ithastobetailoredforeachframework,themodellingapproach,theofdetailofhavetobeshapedintheprojectcomplexitytheofinvolvedbuildingactors.ReferencesAIACouncil(2007),ADefinition–IntegratedProjectDelivery,HillConstruction,NewYork,Bratton,

J.(2009),“MakingthetransitionfromCADtoBIM”,EC&M21Chao-Duivis,M.(2009),“TheimplicationsworkingwithBIM”,JournalofBuildingLaw,Vol.44No.3(inConsensusDOCSInformationModelling(BIM)ProtocolAddendum301,McGraw-HillConstruction,York,NY.--毕业设计外文文献及译文Dawood,N.andSikka,S.(2008),“Measuringtheeffectivenessof4Dplanningasavaluablecommunicationtool”,ITCon,Vol.13.DutchofHealth,Sport(2008),WTZiRegulationno.MC-U-2827900,The(inInProBusinessProject(2009),FrameworkforCollaboration,ReportD16b,ointDecidingtheAppropriateSweet&London.iviniemi,A.,V.,Bell,H.Karud,O.J.(2008),ReviewoftheandofCompatibleErabuild,Espoo.NationalofNIBS(2007),NationalBuildingInformationModelingStandard,Part1,NationalofSciencesNIBS,DC.Prins,M.(1992),“Flexibilityandinthedesignprocess:adesigndecisionmodel”,PhDthesis,EindhovenUniversityTechnology,Eindhoven.Haak,W.andVos,E.J.(2009),“BIMapplicationforintegrateddesigninsmall-scalehousingdevelopment:aprojectinTheNetherlands”,FutureinArchitecturalProceedingsofInternationalSymposiumCIB-W096inNationalUniversity,Tainan.vanReedtDortland,M.(2009),“Mitigatinguncertaintiescapitalinvestmentsofhealthcareestate”,workingPhDresearchproposal,UniversityofTwente,Enschede.WorldHealthOrganizationWhydoWHO,Paris,FurtherreadingR.Delft.Sebastian,andPrins,M.(2009),“Collaborativearchitecturaldesignmanagement”,inEmmitt,S.,A.denPrins,M.ArchitecturalManagement:InternationalWiley-Blackwell,Oxford.--毕业设计外文文献及译文中文译文：通过改业主、设计、承包商角色摘要目的——本文旨在介绍一种具有实际意义的基于文献和案例研究的筑信息模型(BIM)试图解决BIM和重组的过程和角色在医院建设项目中应用的必要性这种类型的项目很杂是由于复杂的功能与技术要求,做出决定涉及大量的涉众和长期的开发过程。设计/法/途——通过文献研究和参考欧洲正在进行的研究项InPro,框架集成协作和使用BIM进行了分析。调查结—其中一个主要发现是识别为一个成功写作使用BIM的主要因素可以被视为“POWER:产品信息共享P),组织角色协同(O),工作流程协调(W)环境对于团队(E),然后参考数据整合(R)。独创性价值——本文有助于在改变所需角色和过程开发与经营可持续建筑环境支持集成的ICT的框架和工具的科学和实践绍了先进的欧洲研究项目和一些真实的应用于医院建设项目BIM的真实案例。关键字洲、医院、荷兰、工程施工、响应的灵活性，项目计划论文类：述1导言医院建设项目非常关键，涉及到重要投资且建设周期长。医院建设项目也非常复杂，因为涉及卫生安全、特殊设备和大量数据的处理。建设过程是动态的，包括迭代阶段和中间的变化。转移议程、角色和责任的许多建筑相关人员都积极参与，比如：医疗保健机构，国家和地方政府，项目开发商，金融机构，建筑师，承建商，顾问，设施管理，设备制造商和供应商。这些建设项目的影响很大，随着医学、社会、科技的发展，医疗政策也在迅速变化。在不同国家之间同样如此（世界医疗组织2000如在荷兰，因为2008年推出的荷兰卫生政策，卫生保健部门的建设项目组织方式经历了巨大的变革。迅速变化的环境要求一个建筑在其生命周期中具有灵活性于整合生命周期的考虑，--毕业设计外文文献及译文在建筑设计、施工技术和设施的管理策略，多学科的合作是必要的。医疗建设项目建立全面合作的尝试在实践中仍面临着严重问题，如预算超支、延时、灵活性带来的次优的质量、用户不满和能源效率。显而易见的是，在这些问题背后的最重要原因是缺乏一个建设项目的不同阶段所涉及的角色之间的沟通和协调同的利益相关者之间的沟通变得非常重要，因为每个利益相关者具有不同的技能。因此，复杂的设计图纸和文件信息的提取，解释和通信的过程往往耗时和困难。先进的可视化技术，4D规划，有巨大的潜力可以提高项目团队的沟通效率和项目成员的解释能力然而作为一个有效的沟通工具的使用仍然有限，并没有充分探(DawoodandSikka,2008)。在信息传递和集成也有其他方面的障碍例如：许多现有的信息和通信技术系统不支持的数据和结构的先决条件是不同的建筑角色或学科之间的有效合作的开放性。建筑信息模型（BIM）为事前问题的解决提供了整体方法。因此，BIM是越来越多地使用信息和通信技术作为一个在复杂的建设项目的支持。一个有效的多学科协作，最佳使用BIM的支持，需要不断变化的客户，建筑师和承包商的角色，新的合同关系和重新组织的合作进程。不幸的是，在实践方面仍然存在一些差距，比如怎样使建筑参与者们再变换的角色中有效合作、改进并利用为一个最佳的信息和通信技术的协作支持。基于文献回顾和案例研究，本文全面回顾了建筑信息建模BIM在下一部分将重点分析全面合作框架和应用，这部分研究会基于文献和来自欧洲的研究项目。随后，通过观察在荷兰进行的两个试点项目，将研究通过IBM的应用，客户、建筑师和承包商之间的角色转换。总之，应用IBM的统一协作，其成功因素和障碍都是确定的。2.过统一协和生命期设计的角变化方一个医院建设项目涉及不同的参与人员，角色和知识领域。在荷兰，因为新的医疗政策，医院建设项目中的客户，建筑师和承包商的角色变化是不可避免的。以前，医疗机构根据医疗机构法WTZi）需要获得新的建设项目和重大整修许可证和建筑许可证。许可证由荷兰卫生部颁发，医疗机构从政府获得财政支持。2008以来，管理医院建筑项目和房地产所有权的法令已经生效。在新法律中，为医院下建设项目许可证不是强制的，也不是能获得的（荷兰健康法，福利与体育2008种变化从国家政策导向方面给与了更多的自由，也分配了更多的责任给医疗机构对其房地产融资和管理。新政策意味着医疗机构对建设项目和房地产所有权进行全面负责管理和资金拨付。将不再得到政府单独的医疗保健设施拨款，但将包括对医疗服务的费用。这意味着，医疗机构必须通过他们的服务，他们对房地产的投资赚回来。这项新政策旨在刺激医疗建筑的设计，采购和管理，这将有助于-17-毕业设计外文文献及译文有效和高效的初级卫生保健服务的可持续创新。这个建设项目和房地产管理的新战略找到了集成的协作方式。以保证在施工期间，使用和维护的可持续性，最终用户、设备管理人员、承建商及专门承建商需要在规划和设计过程中涉及。新战略的影响，反映在建筑者角色的转变和新的采购方法上。在传统的采购方法中，建筑师和设计工程师改进设计和细节。然后，客户端（医疗机构）给卫生部发送申请获得建筑许可证和政府财政支持。在此之后，选择承包商的招标过程中，强调为寻找最低价格的投标人。施工期间，变化往往发生由于施工问题和客户需求的新要求。由于技术的复杂性、决策的高水平，从开始直到交付医院建设项目全过程可能需要长达十几年的时间。交付后，医疗机构完全负责设施的运作。重新设计和变化也发生在使用阶段，以应付新的功能和医学界的发展。ReedtDortland,2009)综合采购描绘了有关各方在建筑项目上的新的合同之间的关系。在综合采购项目中，顾客只跟建筑施工方保持契约关系，而与建筑设计师和承包方之间没关系(JointContractsTribunal,2007)。而在需求方面的客户端任务和职业群体之间的传统边界变得模糊，因为建筑师，顾问公司，承包商，分包商和供应商都在建设过程中的供应方的立场。这样的配置使建筑师