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v1.0 可编辑可修改科 技 查 新 报 告项目名称：古代残留物性质特征及其埋藏学研究委托单位：委托日期： 年 月日查新机构：科技查新咨询中心完成日期：二○一○年四月二日中华人民共和国科学技术部二○○○年制00查新项目 中文：古代残留物性质特征及其埋藏学研究v1.0 可编辑可修改名称英文：Studyoncharacteristicsandtaphonomy ofancientresidue查新机构 名称通信地址

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电话电话电子信箱传真一、查新目的科技立项二、查新项目的科学技术要点该项目属考古学与其他自然科学包括植物学，生物化学，分子生物学，地球化学以及有机化学等多学科的交叉研究，其主要研究目的在于从基础实验理论入手探讨目前已开始在考古学领域所运用的古代残留物分析方法的潜在问题。研究过程中将借助生物相差偏光显微数据采集系统，紫外-可见光光谱分析系统，高效液相质谱联用检测分析系统，气相色谱质谱联用检测分析系统等大型仪器分析手段，对植物淀粉粒的显微形态特征，蛋白质来源的分子生物学种属鉴定、脂类及相关有机小分子的组分来源以及各种残留物的埋藏学机理进行系统的研究。三、查新点与查新要求查新点：与古代残留物研究相关的现代样本中所包含的残留物分子的理化性质研究及相关数据库建立 11实验室条件下古代残留物分子的残留机制及其埋藏学条件的研究v1.0 可编辑可修改四、文献检索范围及检索策略查新使用的数据库：中国学术期刊网（1994-2010）CNKI中国博士学位论文全文数据库（ 1999-2010）万方学位论文数据库（1977-2010）万方数据数字化期刊数据库（ 1998-2010）万方中国科技成果库（1985-2010）万方中国学术会议论文库（ 1997-2010）万方中国专利文摘数据库（ 1985-2010）维普中文科技期刊数据库（ 1989-2010）中外专利信息服务平台 ofScience(1990-2010)WebofProceedings(1996-2010)Elsevier(1995-2010)EiCompendexWeb(1969-2010)INSPEC（1969-2010）查新使用的检索工具书：关键词：中文 英文古代残留物 ancientresidue淀粉粒 starchgrain蛋白质 protein脂类 lipid埋藏学 taphonomy检索式：1.（古代残留物or淀粉粒or蛋白质or脂类）and考古2.(ancientresidueorstarchgrainorproteinorlipid)andtaphonomy22v1.0 可编辑可修改五、检索结果按上述关键词，在以上数据库和文献时限内，检索到一些与本课题有关的文献，现选出16篇文献，摘述如下：题名：古代残留物分析在考古中的应用作者：杨益民文摘：动植物是人类社会发展的重要基石，它的利用是人类适应、改造和征服自然的物质基础，古代社会的方方面面都与之相关．因而动植物及其制品的残留物分析能提供古代社会丰富的信息。残留物分析重点在于从残留物中提取有机物．利用科学检测手段进行定性定量分析来判断残留物来源，从而了解古代动植物的加工、利用和相关载体的功能等。本文从 DNA、淀粉粒、蛋白质、脂类、炭化物和酒等六个方面简要介绍了残留物分析的方法和进展，希望能促进残留物分析在中国的开展。南方文物，2008（02）题名：植物淀粉粒分析在考古学中的应用作者：杨晓燕，吕厚远，夏正楷文摘：自上世纪60年代以来，自然科学的很多研究方法逐渐被应用到考古学，为考古学家提供了更多古人类文化的信息，并衍生出新的研究方向如分子生物考古、环境考古、冶金考古和植物考古等等。植物考古以考古出土的植物遗存为研究对象，借助一些植物学的方法认识和了解古代人与植物的相互关系，比如古代人类经济生活、农作物的起源和传播、生态环境对人类生活的影响等方面。大植物遗存、孢粉和植硅体成为植物考古的主要研究对象。大植物遗存在中国考古学研究中广泛应用，浮选法更是在赵志军先生的努力33v1.0 可编辑可修改下逐渐在各个考古求掘工地推广，但将考古遗址中的抱粉、植硅体、淀粉粒等微体化石应用到考古学中还留有很大的发展空间。孢粉分析虽然在国内考古学中应用非常广泛，但大多只限于环境背景的恢复，李宜垠对伴人植物花粉做过一些探讨，使孢粉分析在考古学中的应用更进一步;植硅体在中国稻作农业研究中取得了比较满意的成果；至于近二十年来在澳大利亚和中美洲地区植物考古中应用比较广泛的淀粉粒分析(Starchgrainsanalysis)，在国内几乎还没有出现，文献所见只有香港中文大学吕烈丹博士的一篇短文。她在介绍考古器物的残余物分析时，对淀粉粒分析在考古中的应用进行了简单介绍，并提及到她对南方洞穴遗址中淀粉粒保存与埋藏环境的研究。本文详细总结了淀粉粒分析在国外考古学中的应用现状和实验方法，以期促进植物考古学在我国考古学中更深入和广泛的研究。考古与文物，2006（3）题名：粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形态比较及其在植物考古研究中的潜在意义作者：杨晓燕,吕厚远,刘东生,韩家懋文摘：为了区分农作物与野生草类的淀粉粒形态,对现代粟(Setariaitalica )、黍(Panicummiliaceum )和狗尾草(Setariaviridis )的淀粉粒形态进行了比较。观察结果表明 ,粟的淀粉粒以圆球形单粒为主 ,脐点位于中央,大部分由脐点向外有1～3条放射线,表面光滑,淀粉粒平均长度约19m。黍的淀粉粒以多角形单粒为主,脐点位于中央,但很多淀粉粒的脐点不是很明显。在一些脐点形成1～3条射线,表面光滑,淀粉粒平均长度约为19m。狗尾草淀粉粒以卵形为主,脐点位于中央,表面可见层纹,边缘凹凸不平且常有裂隙形成,淀粉粒平均长度约为18m。研究证明,利用粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形态特征,可以有效地对考古遗存中的这几种禾本科植物遗迹进行区分。第四纪研究25,224-227题名：北京平谷上宅遗址磨盘磨棒功能分析：来自植物淀粉粒的证据44v1.0 可编辑可修改作者：杨晓燕, 郁金城, 吕厚远, 崔天兴, 郭京宁, 刁现民, 孔昭宸, 刘长江, 葛全胜文摘：传统考古学认为,史前考古遗址出土的大量磨盘和磨棒是一种农具,用于加工谷物,是农业出现的象征,近年来虽有异议,但缺乏直接证据.本文利用淀粉粒分析对北京平谷上宅遗址（7500-7000calaBP）出土的一件磨盘和一件磨棒进行了研究.从石器表面残留物上提取出的淀粉粒,可分为类12种.其中,最多的是来自栎属(Quercus)果实(橡子)的淀粉粒;其次是来自粟(Setariaitalica)的淀粉粒.栎属中包括蒙古栎(Q.mongolicus)、麻栎(Q.acuttssima)和槲树(Q.dentata)的淀粉粒，另有一定数量的黍(P.miliaceum)和小豆属(Vigna)淀粉粒,其余杂草类及可能为块茎类的淀粉粒无法鉴定归属 . 磨盘磨棒上植物种类的多样性代表了磨盘磨棒使用功能的多样性 , 即这些器物不是只用来加工谷物 , 更不能作为农业出现的标志.这些石器被用于加工各种需要碾磨和脱粒的植物果实或者块茎. 同时磨盘磨棒上的植物组合也反映了 7000年前, 北京平原上人类社会的经济方式以采集与农业并重，日常饮食包括了粟、黍、橡子以及一些块茎类和杂草类植物的种子和果实 , 当时的气候条件较今温暖湿润。中国科学 地球科学39,1266-12735.Title：Starchgranules,dentalcalculusandnewperspectivesonancientdietAuthor：Hardy,K.,Blakeney,T.,Copeland,L.,Kirkham,J.,Wrangham,R.,Collins,MAbstract：Recentworkinvariouspartsoftheworldhassuggestedthepossibilityofancientstarchgranulessurvivingandadheringtoarchaeologicalartefacts.Oftenthisinformationisusedtoinferaspectsofdiet.Oneadditionalsourceforrecoveryofarchaeologicalstarchgranulesisdentalcalculus.Thepresenceofplantfooddebris55v1.0 可编辑可修改indentalcalculusiswellknownbuthasnotbeennotwidelyinvestigatedusingarchaeologicalmaterial.Theextractionofstarchgranulesfromdentalcalculusrepresentsadirectlinktotheconsumptionofstarchyfoodbyhumansoranimals.Usingdentalcalculusalsosidestepsmanyotherquestionsstillinherentinusingstarchgranulestoreconstructaspectsofancientdiet,suchastheeffectsofdiagenesisontheirmorphology;asthestarchesaretrappedinsideaconcretedmatrixtheyarelesslikelytoalterovertime.Weusedamylasedigestionbyastarch-specificenzymetoconfirmthematerialasstarchJournalofArchaeologicalScience36,248-255.Title：StarchgraincharacterizationofProsopischilensis(Mol.)StuntzandP.flexuosaDC,andtheanalysisoftheirarchaeologicalremainsinAndeanSouthAmericaAuthor：Giovannetti,MA;Lema,VS;Bartoli,CG,etal.Abstract：Thefruit(pods)ofProsopis(Fabaceae)arefrequentlyrecoveredfrompre-HispanicArgentinianarchaeologicalsites,suggestingthatthisgenuswasofimportanceinancienteconomiesinthisregion.Yetitisonlyrecentlythatarchaeobotanistshavebeguntocarryoutsystematicresearchintothisgenus.ThereforemanyquestionsremaintobeaddressedconcerningthefoodvalueofProsopisfruit,anditspotentialcontribution.Thispaperexaminesstarchfromthepodsoftwospecies,ProsopisflexuosaandProsopischilensis,forthepurposesofdescribingandclassifyingtheirmorphologicalfeaturesandbiometricalParameters.Podsofbothspecieswere66v1.0 可编辑可修改gatheredfromtwoextremes(northernandsouthern)oftheHualfinValley,Catamarca,Argentina.StarchabundanceisestimatedandcomparedwiththatofZeamays,aneconomicallyimportantplantwithhighconcentrationsofstarch.ThispaperrevealsthatProsopispodscontainverylowamountsofstarchcomparedtostarch-richediblespecies.Despitethis,therecoveryofProsopisstarchgrainscanbesuccessfully usedtoassessarchaeological tool uses.Prosopis starchgrainswerefoundtobehighlyvariableinshape.Grainsizerangedbetween10and20mum.Granuleirregularity andthehighbirefringenceunder polarized light are two of the mostimportant diagnosticfeatures.Nosignificantstatisticaldifferenceswerefoundinthestructure(morphology,sizeandhilum)ofthestarchofthesamespeciesfrombothlocalities.Finally,theimplicationsfortheroleofthisplantinpastsocietiesarediscussed.JOURNALOFARCHAEOLOGICALSCIENCE,:2973-29857. Title：MilletnoodlesinLateNeolithicChina-AremarkablefindallowsthereconstructionoftheearliestrecordedpreparationofnoodlesAuthor：LuHY,YangXY,YeML,etalAbstract：Noodleshavebeenapopularstaplefoodinmanypartsoftheworldforatleast2,000years1,althoughitisdebatablewhethertheChinese,theItaliansortheArabsinventedthemfirst.Hereweanalyseaprehistoricsampleofnoodlescontainedinawellpreserved,sealedearthenwarebowldiscoveredintheLateNeolithic2–4archaeologicalsiteofLajiainnorthwesternChina.Weidentifymilletasthesourceoftheabundantseed-huskphytolithsandstarchgrainspresentinthevessel.Thisshowsthattheconversionofgroundmilletflourinto77v1.0 可编辑可修改doughthatcouldberepeatedlystretchedintolong,thinstrandsforthepreparationofboilednoodleswasalreadyestablishedinthisregion4,000yearsagoNATURE,OCT132005437(7061):967-968Title：StarchgrainevidenceforthepreceramicdispersalsofmaizeandrootcropsintotropicaldryandhumidforestsofPanamaAuthor：Dickau,R;Ranere,AJ;Cooke,RGAbstract：TheCentralAmericanisthmuswasamajordispersalrouteforplanttaxaoriginallybroughtundercultivationinthedomesticationcentersofsouthernMexicoandnorthernSouthAmerica.Recentlydevelopedmethodologiesinthearchaeologicalandbiologicalsciencesareprovidingincreasingamountsofdataregardingthetimingandnatureofthesedispersalsandtheassociatedtransitiontofoodproductioninvariousregions.Oneofthesemethodologies,starchgrainanalysis,recoversidentifiablemicrofossilsofeconomicplantsdirectlyoffthestonetoolsusedtoprocessthem.WereportonnewstarchgrainevidencefromPanamademonstratingtheearlyspreadofthreeimportantNewWorldcultigens:maize(Zeamaysmanioc(Manihot),esculenta),andarrowroot(Marantaarundinacea).MaizestarchrecoveredfromstonetoolsatasitelocatedinthePacificlowlandsofcentralPanamaconfirmspreviousarchaeobotanicalevidencefortheuseofmaizethereby7800–7000calBP.Starchevidencefrompreceramicsitesinthelessseasonal,humidpremontaneforestsofChiriquíprovince,westernPanama,showsthatmaizeandrootcropswerepresentby7400–5600calBP,severalmillenniaearlierthanpreviouslydocumented.Severallocalstarchyresources,including88v1.0 可编辑可修改ZamiaandDioscoreaspp.,werealsoused.Thedatafrombothregionssuggestthatcropdispersalstookplaceviadiffusionorexchangeofplantgermplasmratherthanmovementofhumanpopulationspracticingagriculture.PROCEEDINGSOFTHENATIONALACADEMYOFSCIENCESOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA,FEB272007,3651-36569.Title：StarchgrainsrevealearlyrootcrophorticultureinthePanamaniantropicalforestAuthor：Piperno,.,Ranere,.,Holst,I.,Hansell,PAbstract：NativeAmericanpopulationsareknowntohavecultivatedalargenumberofplantsanddomesticatedthemfortheirstarch-richundergroundorgans.Suggestionsthatthelikelysourceofmanyofthesecrops,thetropicalforest,wasanearlyandinfluentialcentreofplanthusbandryhavelongbeencontroversialbecausetheorganicremainsofrootsandtubersarepoorlypreservedinarchaeologicalsedimentsfromthehumidtropics.Herewereporttheoccurrenceofstarchgrainsidentifiableasmanioc(ManihotesculentaCrantz),yams(Dioscoreasp.)andarrowroot(MarantaarundinaceaL.)onassemblagesofplantmillingstonesfrompreceramichorizonsattheAguadulceShelter,Panama,datedbetween7,000and5,000yearsbeforepresent(BP).Theartefactsalsocontainmaizestarch(ZeamaysL.),indicatingthatearlyhorticulturalsystemsinthisregionweremixturesofrootandseedcrops.ThedataprovidetheearliestdirectevidenceforrootcropcultivationintheAmericas,andsupportanancientandindependentemergenceofplantdomesticationinthelowlandNeotropicalforest.99v1.0 可编辑可修改Nature407,894-89710.Title：ProcessingofwildcerealgrainsintheUpperPalaeolithicrevealedbystarchgrainanalysisAuthor：Piperno,.,Weiss,E.,Holst,I.,Nadel,DAbstract：Barley(HordeumvulgareL.)andwheat(TriticummonococcumL.andTriticumturgidumL.)wereamongtheprincipal'foundercrops'ofsouthwestAsianagriculture.Twoissuesthatwerecentraltotheculturaltransitionfromforagingtofoodproductionarepoorlyunderstood.Theyarethedatesatwhichhumangroupsbegantoroutinelyexploitwildvarietiesofwheatandbarley,andwhenforagersfirstutilizedtechnologiestopoundandgrindthehard,fibrousseedsoftheseandotherplantstoturnthemintoeasilydigestiblefoodstuffs.Herewereporttheearliestdirectevidenceforhumanprocessingofgrassseeds,includingbarleyandpossiblywheat,intheformofstarchgrainsrecoveredfromagroundstoneartefactfromtheUpperPalaeolithicsiteofOhaloIIinIsrael.Associatedevidenceforanoven-likehearthwasalsofoundatthissite,suggestingthatdoughmadefromgrainflourwasbaked.Ourdataindicatethatroutineprocessingofaselectedgroupofwildcereals,combinedwitheffectivemethodsofcookinggroundseeds,werepracticedatleast12,000yearsbeforetheirdomesticationinsouthwestAsia.Nature430,670-67311.Title：MixedresultsofsevenmethodsfororganicresidueanalysisappliedtoonevesselwiththeresidueofaknownfoodstuffAuthor：H.Barnard,.Ambrose,.Beehretal.1010v1.0 可编辑可修改Abstract：Severalmethodsofarchaeologicalorganicresidueanalysiswereappliedtoasingleunglazedandunseasonedceramicvesselthathadabsorbedresiduesofheatedcamelmilk.Sectionsofthewallofthisvesselweresenttoelevenarchaeologicallaboratories.Sevenreportedtheirresultsbeforetheidentityoftheresiduewasrevealed,duringthe70thAnnualMeetingoftheSocietyforAmericanArchaeology.Methodsincludedstablecarbonandnitrogenisotoperatioanalysis,proteinanalysisandlipidanalysis.Theselaboratorytechniquesprovideabiochemicalanalysisoftheresidueinaceramicmatrix,thearchaeologicalinterpretationofwhichcanberatherdifficult.Theexactsourceoftheresiduewasnotidentifiedbyanylaboratory,butitisevidentthatresidueanalysiscanprovidevaluableinformation,especiallywhencombinedwithadditionalarchaeologicalandhistoricaldata.Wethereforesupportaclosecooperationofthoseworkinginthisfieldtodevelopittoitsfullpotential.JournalofArchaeologicalScience34(2007)28-3712.Title ：TheRemovalofProtein fromMineral Surfaces:Implications forResidueAnalysisofArchaeologicalMaterialsAuthor：OliverE.Craig,MatthewJ.CollinsAbstract ：Although therehasbeengreatinterestandcontroversyconcerning thedetection ofproteins inarchaeological residues,veryfew studies have considered the effect of different extractionmethods.Usingwell-defined control materials, thisstudy comparestheextractionefficiencyofanumberofdifferentextractionreagents.Immunologicalandspectrophotometricassaysareusedtoassessthe1111v1.0 可编辑可修改amountofproteinremovedbyeachextractionmethodandtheeffectivenessisreportedwithreferencetopreviouswork.Noneofthepreviouslyreportedmethodswerefoundtobeeffectiveatremovingtheproteinfromthemineralsurface.Weconcludethatproteinsareverystronglyboundtothesurfaceprobablyviashort-rangebonds.Althoughthismaybeencouragingforthelong-termpreservationofproteinsinthiscontext,extractionmethodswillhavetobere-evaluatedinordertoachieveefficientrecovery.JournalofArchaeologicalScience29,1077–1082.13.Title：TheuseofanimprovedpRIAtechniqueintheidentificationofproteinresiduesAuthor：JoshuaD.Reuther,JeroldM.Lowenstein,S.CraigGerlach,DardenHood,GaryScheuenstuhl,DouglasH.UbelakerAbstract：Bloodandproteinresidueidentificationinarchaeologicalresearchhasbeenacontroversialsubjectforthelast20years.Thispaperreportsontheuseofanimprovedproteinradioimmunoassay(pRIA)techniqueinidentifyingproteinresidues.ResultsfromtheblindtestingoftheoriginalandimprovedpRIAtechniquesinidentifyingbloodstainsonexperimentallithicartifactsaredescribedandcompared.WearguethattheimprovedpRIAtechniqueishighlysensitiveandaccurateforidentifyingproteinresiduestogenus,andthushasexcellentapplicationsforarchaeologicalresearch.JournalofArchaeologicalScience33，531-537.14.Title ：Dairying in antiquity. III. Evidence from absorbed lipidresiduesdatingtotheBritishNeolithic1212v1.0 可编辑可修改Author：.Copley,R.Berstan,.Mukherjee,.Dudd,V.Straker,S.Payne,.EvershedAbstract：AbsorbedlipidresidueanalysishaspreviouslydemonstratedthatdairyingwasamajorcomponentofanimalhusbandryinBritainduringboththeIronAgeandBronzeAge.Asacontinuationofthisresearchintotheantiquityofdairying,theincidenceofdairyfatsassociatedwithpotteryvesselsfromsixNeolithicsitesfromSouthernBritainispresentedherein.Atotalof438potsherdsfromWindmillHill,AbingdonCausewayedEnclosure,HambledonHill,EtonRowingLake,RunnymedeBridgeandYarntonFloodplainweresubmittedfororganicresidueanalysis.Todate,thisconstitutesthelargestnumberofsherdsinvestigatedfromoneparticulararchaeologicalperiod.Thecompound-specificstablecarbonisotopevaluesofthemajorfattyacidcomponentsinanimalfats,namelyC16:0andC18:0,enableabsorbedlipidsinpotteryvesselstobeclassifiedtocommoditygroup,.ruminantadipose,dairyandnon-ruminantadiposefatscanbedistinguished.Thelipidextractswererelativelywellpreserved,anddairyfatswereobservedinapproximately25%ofallofthesherds,demonstratingthatmilkwasavaluedcommodityintheBritishNeolithic.TheseresultsconfirmthatdairyingwasanestablishedcomponentoftheagriculturalpracticesthatreachedBritaininthe5thMillenniumBC.JournalofArchaeologicalScience32(2005)523–546.15.Title ：Dairying inantiquity. II. Evidencefromabsorbedlipid residuesdatingtotheBritishBronzeAge1313v1.0 可编辑可修改Author：.Copley,R.Berstan,V.Straker,S.Payne,.EvershedAbstract：Molecularandisotopicanalyseswereundertakenofabsorbedlipidresiduesfrom256potteryvesselsobtainedfromfoursouthernBritishBronzeAgesites(Potterne,BreanDown,BlackPatchandTrethellanFarm).TheresultsconfirmthatnotonlywereancientBritonsutilisingdairyproductsduringthisperiod,butalsothattheywereprocessedinpotteryvesselsonalargescale.Thishasbeendemonstratedthroughthedeterminationofthecompound-specificstablecarbonisotopevaluesoftheprincipalfattyacidsfoundinanimalfats(C16:0andC18:0)thatallowsruminantdairyandruminant/non-ruminantadiposefatstobedistinguished.Theproportionofsherdsyieldingdegradeddairyfatsateachofthesitesisvariable,withthehighestoccurrencebeingfromPotterne,andthelowestoccurrencebeingfromBlackPatch.Thefaunalremains,andvesselcharacteristics.rimdiameterandvesseltype)arecomparedwiththeorganicresidueanalyses,andintra-sitevariabilityisinvestigatedatTrethellanFarm.JournalofArchaeologicalScie