包装技术基础(双语教学)16课件

Lesson16

DistributionPackaging

第16课运输包装Lesson16DistributionPacka1ShortHistoryofDistributionPackagingintheUSA

Distributionpackagingemergedinthe1800sastheindustrialrevolutionblossomedandmanufacturersbeganshippingtheirgoodsnationwideviarailroad.-Paperdidnotenterthedistributionarenaasprotectivepackaginguntiltheearly1900s,whencorrugatedboxesfirstappearedasshippingcontainers.-FromtheendofWorldWarItotheendofWorldWarII,theuseratioofcorrugatedtowoodcontainerswentfrom20/80to80/20.-PalletsbecamepopularforindustrialusefollowingWorldWarII,andunitizingofhigh-volumeproductsforshipmentacceleratedinthe1950s.-Plasticsbeganappearingintheearly1960swithvariousfoamsreplacingcorrugated,rubberizedfiber,andwood-basedproductsasinteriorpackaging.ShortHistoryofDistribution2FunctionsandGoalsofDistributionPackaging

Thefunctionsofdistributionpackagingcanbesummarizedasfollows:ContainmentProtection

PerformanceCommunication-Mostdistributionpackagingshouldaddressthefollowinggoals:Productprotection:EaseofhandlingandstorageShippingeffectiveness

Manufacturingefficiency:Easeofidentification

Customerneeds

Environmentalresponsibility

FunctionsandGoalsofDistri3TheCostofPackaging

Itwasestimatedthatexpendituresforallpackagingmaterials,includingexpendable(one-way)shippingpallets,wereapproximately$100billionin1997.Ofthistotal,aboutone-thirdwasintheformofdistributionpackaging.-Thelargestsinglesegmentofdistributionpackagingiscorrugatedshippingcontainers,atapproximately20%oftotalexpendituresand60%ofdistributionpackagingcosts.-Ithasbeenestimatedthatalthoughactualfreightclaimspaidbycarriersfordamaginggoodsisapproximately$2billion,theactualcosttothemandtoshippersisreallymorethan$10billionperyear.-Ourgoalinpackagedesignistominimizethecostofbothpackaginganddamage.TheCostofPackagingItwas4ThePackageDesignProcess

Todevelopanoptimumdistributionpackagethatisbothfunctionalandcost-effective,youwillneedmorethanjustassistancefromyourpackagingsuppliers.-Althoughyourexperiencewithaproductlineandasupplier'sexperiencewithpackagingmaterialsarebothhelpfulindesigningpackaging,bothofyoushouldconsidermanyfactorsinadditiontotheproductandthepackaging.-Yourscopeofconsiderationshouldincludeallaspectsofthedistributionsystem,includingcustomers,carriers,anddistributors,aswellasthemanufacturingplant,packagingline,warehousing,andshipping.Tobesuccessfulindistributionpackagedesign,takeatotal-systemapproach.ThePackageDesignProcess5TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Oncecreated,apackagehasaninfluenceonandisinfluencedbyeveryoneandeverythingitencounters.-Mostoftheseencountersaffectmanufacturinganddistributioncostsorproductintegrity,withindirectimpactonsales.-Ageneralruleofthumbisthatthetotalcostoftransportationisbetween3and10timesasmuchaspackagingonaverageforallshipments.Asmallreductioninpackagesizeorweightcouldmeansubstantialsavingsintransportationcosts,aswellasinhandlingandstorage.-Aninverserelationshipexistsbetweenpackagingcostandmaintainingproductintegritywithlowdamagerates,asshowninFigure14.1.Anincreaseinpackagingcostsprovidesmoreprotectiontothecontentsandthereforelowersthepotentialfordamage.TakingaTotalSystemApproac6TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Figure16.1TheoptimumpackagingsystembalancescostsfromexcessivedamagewiththecostsofoverpackagingTakingaTotalSystemApproac7TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Therealcostofgettingtheproductsafelytomarketisthesumofpackaginganddamage.-Optimizingtotalcostisthetruegoalofpackagingdesign.-Nomatterwhereinthecompanyyourpackagingdesignfunctionislocated,inengineering,manufacturing,shipping,orelsewhere,trytoincludeallfactorsinatotal-systemapproachforanoptimumdesign.TheProtectivePackageConceptProduct+Package=DistributionenvironmentFigure16.2depictstheconsequencesofanimbalanceinthisequation,showingwhathappenswhenaproductplusitspackagearenotexactlywhatisneededtosurviveinthedistributionprocess.TakingaTotalSystemApproac8TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Figure16.2Protectivepackageconcept

TakingaTotalSystemApproac9TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Severityisthequantitativemeasureoftheenvironment,whichcanbeanyoneoracombinationofhazardsindistribution.hazardsseveritytherough-handlinghazardto30inchesofdropa20-poundpackagethecompression(storage)hazard10packageshighinwarehousingthehightemperaturehazard1300F.Productrepresentsthemeasuredlevelofresistancetodamageoftheproduct.-Anoptimumsolution:theproduct's

measuredlevelofdamageresistanceplusthepackaging's

measuredabilitiestoprotecttheproductareexactlyequaltotheexpectedenvironmentalhazard(s)TakingaTotalSystemApproac10TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Forexample,aproductwith15-inchdropresistanceispackagedinmaterialthatwilldissipatetheshockgeneratedinthe30inchesofdropheightthepackagedproductisexpectedtoencounterinthedistributionenvironment.-Whenthepackageprovideslessprotectivecapacitythanneededfortheenvironment,thisunderpackagingwillresultindamage.-Overpackaging.Thepackageprotectionlevelishigherthantheenvironmentrequires.-Itmaybepossibletoimprovetheproductasanalternativetomorepackaging.-Themostelusivepartofthepackage-plus-productequationisthedistributionenvironment.TakingaTotalSystemApproac11The10-StepProcessofDistributionPackagingDesign

A10-stepprocedurewillhelpyoudesignadistributionpackagethatprovidesmaximumperformanceatleastoverallcost.1.IdentifythePhysicalCharacteristicsoftheProduct2.DetermineMarketingandDistributionRequirements3.LearnabouttheEnvironmentalHazardsYourPackagesWillEncounter4.ConsiderPackagingandUnitizingAlternatives5.DesigntheDistributionpackage6.DetermineQualityofProtectionthroughPerformance-Testing7.RedesignPackage(andUnitLoad)untilItSuccessfullyPassesAllTests8.RedesigntheProductifIndicatedandFeasible9.DevelopthePackagingMethods10.DocumentAll

WorkThe10-StepProcessofDistr12AFinalCheck

Hereisanothersuggestion.Foranypackagedesignproject,aftercompletingthe10-stepprocedureabove,checkyourworkagainstthelistofimportantconsiderationsasfollows.Bydoingsoyouwillsignificantlyreducethepotentialforanunpleasantsurprisewhenshipmentsbegin.PackageDesignProjectChecklistHaveyou:1.Consideredthesolidwasteaspectsofthepackageandunitload,andtheiralternatives,tominimizeimpactontheenvironment?AFinalCheckHereisanot13AFinalCheck

2.Ponderedtheuseofreturnable/reusablecontainersanddunnage?3.Contemplatedallcostfactorsinthedistributioncycle:handling,storage,transportation?4.Comparedthecostofthispackagewithcompany/plantaveragesforsimilarproducts?5.Consideredallpossiblealternativesinmaterialsandmethods?6.Usedindustrystandardsformaterialsanddesigncriteriawherepossible?7.Performance-testedthedesignagainstacceptedindustrystandards?8.Documentedthedesignusingthecompany'sspecificationsystem?9.Checkeddamageandcustomercomplaintsonthisproductline?10.Satisfiedallrulesandregulationsapplyingtothisproductforalldistributionmodesitisexpectedtoencounter?AFinalCheck2.Ponderedthe14TheWarehouse

Thedistributionwarehouseisacentralcollectingpointforaparticulargoodoraparticularmerchandisingchain.Finishedgoodsareforwardedtoandheldatthewarehouseuntilselectedandassembledintoacustomerorder.Thewarehouseenvironmentisnotwellunderstoodbymanyshippers.Atypicaldrygrocerieswarehousemaycontain20,000individualstockitems.Ahardwarechainwarehouseholdsupwardsof40,000stockitems.Productarrivesatthecentralwarehouseinbulkorunitized,isbrokendownorreunitizedaccordingtothewarehouse'sneeds,andthenisarrangedforstock-picking.Stock-pickingistheprocessofselectingindividualitemstofillanorderforaparticularstoreordestination.Centralwarehousesservelargecustomerareas;insomeinstancesoneortwowarehousesmayessentiallyservetheentirenation.TheWarehouseThedistrib15TheWarehouse

Aproductmustfitthewarehouse'smaterialhandlingsystem.Thisoftenmeanspalletinglooseloadsorrepalletingloadsfromnonstandardpallets.Dependingontheoperation,anywherefrom33to70%ofproductreceivedatawarehousemustbehandledmanuallybeforeanorderisplacedinstock.Manualhandling,inadditiontobeingcostly,isalsoaprimarysourceofdamagefromdropping.Inthepickingaisles,stockmustbeclearlyidentifiablefromeveryside.Multicolorgraphicdisplaysserveonlytoobscurevitalinformationfromthepicker.Aboxlabeled"GoldenTriangleFarms"doesnotinformthestock-pickerofthecontents.Containersshouldbestrongenoughtobedraggedoffthepalletbyoneend,andstiffenoughthattheydon'tdistortandreleasetheircontentswhenhandledinlessthanidealfashion.Glueflapsmusthaveenoughadhesivetoresistabusivehandling.TheWarehouseAproductmu16TheWarehouse

Anassembledordermaycontainitemsasdisparateaseightmirrors,sixassortedclocks,acaseofoil,fourshockabsorbers,astepladder,andaMepps#4fishinglure.Theseandotheritemsareassembledonamixedpalletfortransporttotheretailoutlet.Containersmustbeeasilyhandledbythepickerandshouldbereadilypackedontoamixed-orderpallet.Containerorientationonmixed-loadpalletswilltendtobeona"bestfit"basis,regardlessof"Thissideup"and"Donotstack"labels.Itmaybepossibletopackatrapezoidalcontainerefficientlyonyourpallet,butoddshapesdonotpackwellinamixed-productpalletload.Useboxeswitharectangularcrosssectionwhereverpossible.TheWarehouseAnassembled17UnitLoads

PalletsItissimplertomoveone1,000-kilogramloadthanitistomoveathousand1-kilogramloads.Loadsaremostcommonlyunitizedonpallets,aplatformthatcanbepickedupbythetinesofaforklifttruck.Anothertechniqueusesslipsheets,toughfiberboardorplasticsheetsonwhichtheloadisstacked.Thetruckusedwithslipsheetshasaclampmechanismthatgraspsaprotrudingedgeofthesheetandpullsthesheetandloadontoaplatformattachedtothetruck.Athirdmethodofhandlingalargegroupofassembledobjectsiswithaclamptruck,amechanismthatpicksuploadsbyexertingpressurefrombothsidesoftheload.UnitLoadsPallets18UnitLoads

Eachmethodhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Slipsheetsareeconomical,takeuplittlespace,andarelight.However,theequipmentisnotuniversallyavailable,ismoreexpensive,andisslowertooperate.Palletsareuniversallyadaptabletoavarietyofhandlingsituationsandlocations.However,palletsarecostly,takeupspace,andcanbedifficulttodisposeof.Clamptrucksusenoaddedmaterials,butthegeometryandcharacteroftheloadmustbesuchthatitcanbesqueezedbetweenthetruck'sclamps.Mostpalletsaremadeofwood,andchoiceofwoodspecieshasagreatimpactoncostanddurability.Thedenserandstifferthewood,thegreaterthepallet'sdurabilityandusuallythegreateritscost.Well-madehardwoodpalletsarethemostdurableandcost-effectiveoptionofthemanymaterialchoicesavailable.Othermaterialsareusuallyselectedforconsiderationsotherthandurability.UnitLoadsEachmethodhas19UnitLoads

Therearemanypossiblepalletsizesanddesigns;however,forthesakeofstandardizeddistribution,certainsizesanddesignspredominate.Byconvention,apallet'ssizeisstatedlengthfirst,withlengthdefinedasthetopdimensionalongthestringerorstringerboard(Figure16.3).Aboutathirdofallpalletsarenominally40by48inches,thestandardsetbymembersoftheGroceryManufacturersofAmerica.Thissizeisalsoveryclosetotheinternational1,000by1,200mmsize.Thetwobroadcategoriesofpalletdesignarestringerandblocktypes(Figure16.3).Arangeofvariationsisavailablewithineachdesigntype:UnitLoadsTherearemanyp20UnitLoads

Figure16.3Ablockpallet(left)andastringer-typepallet(right)

UnitLoadsFigure16.3Ablo21UnitLoads

Reversiblepalletshavesimilartopandbottomdecks.Nonreversibledesignshavedifferenttopandbottomdecks,withonlythetopdeckdesignedtobeaload-carryingplatform.

·Wing

palletshavethestringersinsetsothatthedeckboardsoverhang.Thisallowsforthepalletstobehandledbyslings.Palletscanbesinglewingordoublewing,dependingonwhetheroneorbothdecksoverhangthestringers.·Two-way-entrypalletshavesolidstringersandcanbeenteredonlyfromthetwoends.·Block-typepalletsarefour-wayentry,sinceanyequipmentcanenterthepalletfromallfourdirections.Apartialfour-wayhasnotchescutintothestringerbottoms.Aforklift'stinescanenterfromanydirection,butahandtruckcanonlyenterfromtwodirections.UnitLoadsReversiblepall22UnitLoads

Inadditiontoprovidingaproductplatform,thepalletisabufferagainstthehandlingenvironment.Aforkliftdriverplacingapalletintopositioncannotseetheexactplacementlocation:hestopswhenhehitssomething.Viewedinthiscontext,practicessuchasdeliberatepalletperimeteroverhangcanonlyleadtoproblems,andwarehouseoperatorscondemnthishabit.TheFoodMarketingInstituteholdspalletissuesresponsibleforabouthalfofallobserveddamageandcitespoorpalletfootprintasthesinglelargestcauseofshippingdamage.Ofthisdamage,50%isattributedtopoorpalletstabilityand35%isattributedtopalletoverhang.Palletmaintenanceprogramsareessential.Acommonandeasilyremediedproblemisfastenersworkingtheirwayoutofthewood.UnitLoadsInadditiont23UnitLoads

UnitLoadEfficiencyWarehousefloorspaceisrentedbyarea,andthemoreproductthatcanbeputintothatarea,thebetter.Trucksloadedwithlightproductshouldhavetheavailablevolumecompletelyfilledtocarrythemaximumamountofproductpertrip.Areaandcubeutilizationshouldbeeverypackager'sconcern.Optimumareaandcubeutilizationbeginswiththedesignoftheprimarypackage.Primarydimensionsshouldbeconsideredintermsofpossiblepackingorientationsintheshippingcontainer,impactoncorrugatedboarduseintheshippingcontainer,andpalletingpatternandspaceutilization.UnitLoadsUnitLoadEfficien24UnitLoads

“Arrangement”referstopackingpatternsusedwhenplacingprimarypackagesintoashipper.Traditionally,theproblemwassolvedthroughintuition,experience,andafewnominalcalculations.However,smallcartons,packed24toashipper,mayhaveoverathousandpossibleorientationandpalletingsolutions.Computer"arrangement"programsareavailablethatwillcalculatealltheimplicationsofsizedecisionsinminutes.Typicalinputdataforapalleting-efficiencycomputerprogramare:·Datapertainingtotheprimarycontainer·Allowedprimarydesignchanges,ifrequired·Datapertainingtotheproposedshippingcase·DatapertainingtopalletingrequirementsUnitLoads“Arrangement”r25UnitLoads

Typicaloutputdataforsuchaprogrammightprovidethefollowinginformation:·Optimumdimensionsfortheprimarycontainer·Optimumpackingorientationsforselectedprimarycontainers·Insideandoutsidecasedimensionsforeachselectedcasetype·Numberofunitsperpalletforeachprimary/caseoption·Areaandcubeutilizationforeachprimary/caseoption·Recommendedpalletpatterns,including"walk-around"views·Dimensionaldetailsofthepalletpattern·Materialareasusedinprimary,divider,andcaseconstruction·Relativecostfactorsforeachconstruction·Relativecompressionvaluesforcorrugatedboardconstructions·ProposedmaximumwarehousestackingheightsUnitLoadsTypicaloutputd26UnitLoads

Athoroughsystemanalysis(includinglosses)canleadtosubstantialsavings.Amajorbusinessequipmentmanufacturerfoundthatithadpoorshippingexperiencebecauseofthehundredsofdifferentpackagesizesintheproductline.Thecompanydesignedamodularsystem,andallproductsweredesignedtofitoneof17standardboxsizes.Besidessignificantinventoryreduction,thecompanygainedsubstantialtransportsavings,sincelarger,morestablepalletloadscouldbebuiltwiththemodularsystem.More-securepalletloadsresultedinfurthersavingsthroughreducedproductdamage.UnitLoadsAthoroughsyst27UnitLoads

StabilizingUnitLoadsUnitloadsoftenneedtobestabilizedinordertoretainloadgeometryandorderduringshippingandhandling.Strappingisusedmostlyforheaviergoods.Caremustbetakenthatstrappingdoesnotcutintothecorrugatedcontainer,impairingstrengthqualities.Cordissometimesusedasamoreeconomicalalternative,alsocausingcut-inproblems.Cornerguardsshouldbeusedtopreventcut-inwherestrappingorcordisthenecessarychoice.Shrink-wrappingisrarelyusedforloadunitizingduetohighinstallationandenergycosts.Today'smaterialofchoiceisstretch-wrapping.Agoodstretch-wrapapplicationconsistsoftwooverlappedwrapsextending50mmdownthepallettobindtheloadtothepallet.Thewrapsshouldoverlapabout40%upthepalletside.Threeoverlappingwrapsextending50mmpastthetopoftheloadfinishthepallet.UnitLoadsStabilizingUnitL28UnitLoads

Hand-wrappingapalletwithstretchmaterialcostsabout$1.40.Machine-wrappingprovidesbettermaterialcontrolandtypicallyreducesthecosttoabout$1.00.Machineswithprestretchfeaturesreducethiscoststillfurther.Morecostlyopennettingisusedwhereaircirculationisessential.Loadstabilitycanbeincreasedthroughtheuseofhigh-frictionprintinginksandcoatingsorbytheapplicationofadhesive-likecompounds.Adhesivescanbedesignedtoproduceahigh-tacklocalbond.Onevariationistheuseofabeadofhot-meltadhesiveformulatedtohaverelativelypoorcohesivestrength.Thebeadformsareadilyshearedbondbetweentwoboxsurfaces.However,systemsthatbondboxestogetherhavecausedhandlingproblemsandarenotapopularload-stabilizingmethodwithsomewarehouses.UnitLoadsHand-wrapping29UnitLoads

Capsandtraysmadeoffiberboardorcorrugatedboardareusedtoprovideshapetounstableloads,toprovidebottomprotectionagainstroughpalletsurfaces,and,whenusedontopofaload,toincreasetheplatformqualityforthenextpallet.Tiersheetsimproveavailablecompressionstrengthandincreasestabilitybydistributingweightandencouraginglayerstoactasaunit.UnitLoadsCapsandtraysm30Lesson16

DistributionPackaging

第16课运输包装Lesson16DistributionPacka31ShortHistoryofDistributionPackagingintheUSA

Distributionpackagingemergedinthe1800sastheindustrialrevolutionblossomedandmanufacturersbeganshippingtheirgoodsnationwideviarailroad.-Paperdidnotenterthedistributionarenaasprotectivepackaginguntiltheearly1900s,whencorrugatedboxesfirstappearedasshippingcontainers.-FromtheendofWorldWarItotheendofWorldWarII,theuseratioofcorrugatedtowoodcontainerswentfrom20/80to80/20.-PalletsbecamepopularforindustrialusefollowingWorldWarII,andunitizingofhigh-volumeproductsforshipmentacceleratedinthe1950s.-Plasticsbeganappearingintheearly1960swithvariousfoamsreplacingcorrugated,rubberizedfiber,andwood-basedproductsasinteriorpackaging.ShortHistoryofDistribution32FunctionsandGoalsofDistributionPackaging

Thefunctionsofdistributionpackagingcanbesummarizedasfollows:ContainmentProtection

PerformanceCommunication-Mostdistributionpackagingshouldaddressthefollowinggoals:Productprotection:EaseofhandlingandstorageShippingeffectiveness

Manufacturingefficiency:Easeofidentification

Customerneeds

Environmentalresponsibility

FunctionsandGoalsofDistri33TheCostofPackaging

Itwasestimatedthatexpendituresforallpackagingmaterials,includingexpendable(one-way)shippingpallets,wereapproximately$100billionin1997.Ofthistotal,aboutone-thirdwasintheformofdistributionpackaging.-Thelargestsinglesegmentofdistributionpackagingiscorrugatedshippingcontainers,atapproximately20%oftotalexpendituresand60%ofdistributionpackagingcosts.-Ithasbeenestimatedthatalthoughactualfreightclaimspaidbycarriersfordamaginggoodsisapproximately$2billion,theactualcosttothemandtoshippersisreallymorethan$10billionperyear.-Ourgoalinpackagedesignistominimizethecostofbothpackaginganddamage.TheCostofPackagingItwas34ThePackageDesignProcess

Todevelopanoptimumdistributionpackagethatisbothfunctionalandcost-effective,youwillneedmorethanjustassistancefromyourpackagingsuppliers.-Althoughyourexperiencewithaproductlineandasupplier'sexperiencewithpackagingmaterialsarebothhelpfulindesigningpackaging,bothofyoushouldconsidermanyfactorsinadditiontotheproductandthepackaging.-Yourscopeofconsiderationshouldincludeallaspectsofthedistributionsystem,includingcustomers,carriers,anddistributors,aswellasthemanufacturingplant,packagingline,warehousing,andshipping.Tobesuccessfulindistributionpackagedesign,takeatotal-systemapproach.ThePackageDesignProcess35TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Oncecreated,apackagehasaninfluenceonandisinfluencedbyeveryoneandeverythingitencounters.-Mostoftheseencountersaffectmanufacturinganddistributioncostsorproductintegrity,withindirectimpactonsales.-Ageneralruleofthumbisthatthetotalcostoftransportationisbetween3and10timesasmuchaspackagingonaverageforallshipments.Asmallreductioninpackagesizeorweightcouldmeansubstantialsavingsintransportationcosts,aswellasinhandlingandstorage.-Aninverserelationshipexistsbetweenpackagingcostandmaintainingproductintegritywithlowdamagerates,asshowninFigure14.1.Anincreaseinpackagingcostsprovidesmoreprotectiontothecontentsandthereforelowersthepotentialfordamage.TakingaTotalSystemApproac36TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Figure16.1TheoptimumpackagingsystembalancescostsfromexcessivedamagewiththecostsofoverpackagingTakingaTotalSystemApproac37TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Therealcostofgettingtheproductsafelytomarketisthesumofpackaginganddamage.-Optimizingtotalcostisthetruegoalofpackagingdesign.-Nomatterwhereinthecompanyyourpackagingdesignfunctionislocated,inengineering,manufacturing,shipping,orelsewhere,trytoincludeallfactorsinatotal-systemapproachforanoptimumdesign.TheProtectivePackageConceptProduct+Package=DistributionenvironmentFigure16.2depictstheconsequencesofanimbalanceinthisequation,showingwhathappenswhenaproductplusitspackagearenotexactlywhatisneededtosurviveinthedistributionprocess.TakingaTotalSystemApproac38TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Figure16.2Protectivepackageconcept

TakingaTotalSystemApproac39TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Severityisthequantitativemeasureoftheenvironment,whichcanbeanyoneoracombinationofhazardsindistribution.hazardsseveritytherough-handlinghazardto30inchesofdropa20-poundpackagethecompression(storage)hazard10packageshighinwarehousingthehightemperaturehazard1300F.Productrepresentsthemeasuredlevelofresistancetodamageoftheproduct.-Anoptimumsolution:theproduct's

measuredlevelofdamageresistanceplusthepackaging's

measuredabilitiestoprotecttheproductareexactlyequaltotheexpectedenvironmentalhazard(s)TakingaTotalSystemApproac40TakingaTotalSystemApproachtoPackageDesign

Forexample,aproductwith15-inchdropresistanceispackagedinmaterialthatwilldissipatetheshockgeneratedinthe30inchesofdropheightthepackagedproductisexpectedtoencounterinthedistributionenvironment.-Whenthepackageprovideslessprotectivecapacitythanneededfortheenvironment,thisunderpackagingwillresultindamage.-Overpackaging.Thepackageprotectionlevelishigherthantheenvironmentrequires.-Itmaybepossibletoimprovetheproductasanalternativetomorepackaging.-Themostelusivepartofthepackage-plus-productequationisthedistributionenvironment.TakingaTotalSystemApproac41The10-StepProcessofDistributionPackagingDesign

A10-stepprocedurewillhelpyoudesignadistributionpackagethatprovidesmaxi