高中定语从句讲义

高中定语从句讲义高中定语从句讲义高中定语从句讲义xxx公司高中定语从句讲义文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度英语的句子成分及基本结构首先,我们来看一下英语当中词的词性(partofspeech)(n.)apple,flower,student,adult,advertisement……这些是_________词(pron.)I,you,we,myself,ourselves……这些是________词(v.)work,run,read,abandon,beg……这些是__________词(adj.)excited,important,central……这些是________词,常用来修饰_______________(adv.)fast,hard,happily,out,away…这些是________词,常用来修饰_______________(conj.)and,but,or,as,when,if….这些是_________词,常用来_______________(prep.)in,on,at,by,above……这些是_______词,可以构成短语,在一个句中做下列成分:Thisisabookongardening. (做定语)Thebookisunderthetable. (做表语)HehasbeenheresinceFriday. (做状语)Makeyourselfathome. (做补语)接下来，我们在了解一下构成一个句子的基本成分有哪些(membersofsentences)GeorgeisasmartboyfromBritain.HelikeslearningChineseverymuch.Historyishisfavoritesubject,too.TalkingwithhisChinesefriendsonlinemakeshimhappy.在这几个句子里：George,He,History,TalkingwithhisChinesefriends是句子中的________.is是句子中的________.like,make是句子中的________.asmartboy,hisfavoritesubject是句子中的________.learningChinese,him是句子中的________.smart,fromBritain,favorite是句子中的________.verymuch是句子中的________.happy是句子中的________.现在，我们进入正题，看看英语简单句的基本结构有哪些(sentencestructures)Todaywasmyfirstdayatmynewschool.Idon’tlikethenewpeoplearoundme.WhentheyspeaktomeIfeelveryshy,sotheymisunderstandandthinkIamunfriendly.Inourclasstheteachergaveusatask---tostandupandintroduceourselves.Icouldfeeleveryonelookingatme.Iwentveryredandcouldonlysayafewwordsquietly.TheteacherwillthinkIamabadstudent,butIworkveryhard.MyproblemisthatI’measilyembarrassed.e.g.1Todaywasmyfirstdayatmynewschool.主语(Subject)+系动词(Link-verb)+表语(Predicative)+状语(Adverbial)结构1：S+L-v+P+(A)你知道的系动词(Link-verb)有哪些？

be–am/is/are/was/wereWhentheyspeaktomeIfeelveryshy…系动词还包括：(1)表示“感觉”的feel,look,sound,taste,smell(2)表示“变化”的become,fall,get,grow,turn，go(3)表示“保持”的stay,remain,keep(4)表示“看上去”的appear,seem(5)表示“证明”的provee.g.2Idon’tlikethenewpeoplearoundme.主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+宾语(Object)+状语(Adverbial)结构2：S+V+O+(A)e.g.3butIworkveryhard.主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+状语(Adverbial)结构3：S+V+(A)这个句子为什么没有宾语

英语中的实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)两种。及物动词指的是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词，如：learn,see,study,like….不及物动词/词组指的是后面不能直接跟宾语，也不能用被动语态的动词/词组，如：run,happen,wait,work,takeplace,runout……*有些动词，即可以做vt.也可以做vi.e.g.Heoftendrivesveryfast.Heoftendriveshisfriendshome.e.g.4Inourclasstheteachergaveusatask…状语(Adverbial)+主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+直接宾语(Directobject)+间接宾语(Indirectobject)结构4：S+V+O1+O2+(A)*第四种结构的句子都可以转化成为第二种结构的句子e.g.Inourclasstheteachergaveusatask…→Inourclasstheteachergaveatasktous…e.g.5Icouldfeeleveryonelookingatme主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+宾语(Object)+宾补(Objectcomplement)结构5：S+V+O+OC*其它可以充当宾补的还有：Noonelikestokeephisroomdirtyanddisorderly. (形容词)It’scoldout.Whynotinvitethemin (副词)TheynamedtheirdogJoe. (名词)Theteacherhadthestudentsdoingtheirhomeworkforalongtime. (现在分词)Ihadmyhaircutyesterday. (过去分词)Heaskedmetogivehimahand. (动词不定式)关于状语状语可以分为以下几种：Let’sgettogetherat7o’clock. (时间状语)Imettheboyinthelibrary. (地点状语)Hecamelatebecauseoftheheavyrain. (原因状语)Shegottothestationtopickupherson. (目的状语)Theyoungmangotuptoolatetocatchthebus. (结果状语)WillyougotoNewYorkbyseaorbyair (方式状语)

Ifitrainstomorrow,themeetingwillbeputoff. (条件状语)Despitetheheavyrain,hewenttolookaftertheoldman. (让步状语)Ican’tdoanythingwithyoulookingatme. (伴随状语)试一试:你能说出下列划线的部分分别在句子当中担当什么成分吗?Someoftheolderstudentscametoourclassroomtodaytotalkwithus.目的状语Theyareveryenthusiasticandtheyspeakfluentlyinfrontoflotsofpeople.表语；地点状语Iwanttobelikethem.宾语TheEnglishteacheralwayswantsmetotalk.宾补WhenI’msittingatacomputer,Idon’tfeelshy.时间状语；表语IliveinShijiazhuang,acitynotfarfromBeijing.定语Whatshetoldmeseemsreal.表语知识延伸：如果在一个英语句子中，作某个特定成分的不再是一个词或者短语，而是一个从句，那么这个含有从句的大句子就叫做复合句。试一试:你能辨别下列从句的种类吗？Idon’tknowthathehasjoinedthearmy. (从句)Whathesaidsoundsgood. (从句)MyproblemisthatI’measilyembarrassed. (从句)Hewantedtohelptheoldmanwholivednextdoor. (从句)Whenthefilmended,thepeoplewentback. (从句)Wherethereisawill,thereisaway. (从句)I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanfollowme. (从句)Heissolovelyaboythatwealllikehim. (从句)You’llfailtheexamunlessyouworkhard. (从句)He’sunhappy,thoughhehasalotofmoney. (从句)定语从句attributiveclause◆英语谚语欣赏1.Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for-nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成。2.It’sthefirststepthatcosts.千里之行，始于足下。3.Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼。◆概念(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语(修饰某一名词或代词)的从句叫定语从句，一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,as关系副词when,where,why在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，定语，状语）关系代词关系副词关系词先行词从句成分备注who人主语，宾语whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不能用thatwhom人宾语whose人，物定语that人，物主语，宾语which物主语，宾语as人，物主语，宾语as做宾语一般不省略when时间时间状语可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语可用forwhich◆定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。1.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句(1)who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。◆I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.◆IhavemanyfriendstoI’mgoingtosendpostcards.◆ThepersonIwanttotalkaboutwithisTuYouyou,theonewontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein2015.(Who/whom/that;whom;who)(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于ofwhich;指人时相当于ofwhom。◆DoyouknowthemannameisWangping?

DoyouknowthemanthenameisWangping?Doyouknowthemanthenameiswangping?◆Thisistheroomwindowisbroken.Thisistheroomthewindowisbroken.Thisistheroomthewindowisbroken.结论：whose+n.(物)=ofwhichthen./then.ofwhich.whose+n.(人)=ofwhomthen./then.ofwhom.注意：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。◆Tomistheonlyoneoftheengineerswhohascomeupwiththesolution.2.that,which引导的定语从句(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。◆Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseumhadbeenconstructedthreeyearsbefore.(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词anything,nothing,something,everything,all,some,none,little,few,theone等时。◆Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingwassomeoneelse’sfault.②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。◆ThefirstplacetheyvisitedinGuilinwasElephantTrunkHill.③先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame,any,every,each,few,little,no,some，all等修饰时。◆TheonlypartofthemealIreallylikedwasthedessert.④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。◆Theywillneverforgetthethingsandpersonsthey’veseenorheardofduringtheirlongjourney.⑤当先行词前面有who，which等疑问代词时，为避免重复。◆Whoisthemanisstandingthere?

◆WhichistheT-shirtfitsmemost?

⑥先行词是主句的表语或者关系代词在从句中作表语◆Heisnottheboyheusedtobe.(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时，指物用which，指人用whom.◆Theboywasawayfromhomeforaweek,worriedhisparentsverymuch.②当从句中的介词提前，构成“介词＋关系代词”结构时。◆Weliveinanageinmoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.③先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，◆Idon’ttakethatistooexpensive.3.as引导的定语从句(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/thesame＋先行词＋as…”结构中。◆SuchmachinesareusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.注意：which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。◆(安徽高考)MoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,______madeoneoftheChinesepeople’slong­helddreamscometrue.(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：asthesayinggoes,asissaidabove,asismentionedabove,asoftenhappens,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper,asisexpected等。◆Shehasbeenabsentforthemeetingagain,isexpected.(3)as易错警示thesame+名词+as表示同一类事物thesame+名词+that表示同一个事物◆SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.◆Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.Such…as…引导的是定语从句，as在从句中作主语或宾语Such…that…结果状语从句，that只起连接作用，不充当任何成分◆HehassuchagoodlaptopIwanttobuy.◆HehassuchagoodlaptopIwanttobuyone.[典例](2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I’dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver____________arepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.单句语法填空1.(2015·陕西高考)Asalesman____________isnotpunctualmaynotmakeasaleifhearriveslateforanappointment.2.(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybeyouhaveahabit____________isdrivingyourfamilycrazy.3.(2017·福建龙岩质检)Tibetissuchaplace____________allthepeopleacrosstheworldaredreamingofvisiting.as4.(2016·江苏高考单项填空)Manyyoungpeople,mostof____________werewell­educated,headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.5.(2015·四川高考单项填空)Thebooksonthedesk，____________coversareshiny，areprizesforus.1.where引导的定语从句where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on…＋which”。◆(2015·北京高考单项填空)OppositeisSt.Paul’sChurch，______youcanhearsomelovelymusic.＝OppositeisSt.Paul’sChurch，inwhichyoucanhearsomelovelymusic.eq\a\vs4\al()当先行词为situation,case,stage,point，activity,atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。◆Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.2.when引导的定语从句when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during…＋which”结构。◆(湖南高考单项填空)Iamlookingforwardtotheday________mydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.3.why引导的定语从句why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for＋which”结构。◆Doyouknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhedidn’tattendthemeeting

(1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系副词。Thisisthemountainvillagethat/whichIvisitedlastyear.(关系词在从句中作宾语)IwillneverforgetthedaywhenmyfatherreturnedfromAmerica.(关系词在从句中作状语)(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或inwhich引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导，也可以省略关系词。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hespeakstohismother.[典例](2016·全国卷乙语法填空)ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid­1980s，____________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.单句语法填空1.(广东高考)Thenextday,mybrotherandIwenttothebeach____________wewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.2.(2015·广东高考语法填空)Whenharvestcamearound，hewasalreadysellingherbs，vegetablesandcottoninthemarket____________peoplefromthetownsmetregularly.3.(2016·天津高考单项填空)Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek,____________theweathermaybebetter.1.介词和关系代词的确定介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：(1)先行词的意义；(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；(3)句子的意思。◆TradingleathershoesisthebusinesstowhichtheGreensaredevoted.(bedevotedto“献身，致力于”)◆(湖南高考)Careofthesoulisagradualprocessinwhicheventhesmalldetailsoflifeshouldbeconsidered.◆RecentlyIboughtanancientvase，thepriceofwhich(＝whoseprice)wasveryreasonable.2.“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用ofwhich/whom。◆Hehadalotoffriends，noneofwhomwouldofferhelptohimwhenhewasintrouble.3.“介词＋where”引导的定语从句有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。◆Hisheadsoonappearedoutofthewindow，fromwherehesawnothingbuttrees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(fromwhere相当于fromoutofthewindow，而不是fromthewindow)[典例](2016·浙江高考单项填空)Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneof____________hasbeenproved.单句语法填空/单句改错1.Iamlookingformyglasses,without____________Ican’twatchTVclearly.2.Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneof____________Ihadevermetbefore.3.(浙江高考)Thechildren,allofwhichhadplayedthewholedaylong，werewornout.____________________eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)单句语法填空1.(2015·陕西高考语法和词汇知识)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetime____________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.2.(2017·安徽安庆一中模拟)Iwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillage____________Ispentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.3.(2017·吉林省实验中学第二次模拟)Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry,____________hadalsovolunteeredtohelp.4.(2017·浙江台州书生中学月考)Bobisinahopelesssituation，____________wewillkeepaverycloseeyeon.5.Itwasapitythatthepolicemanfailedtofindtheperson____________thewitnesshaddescribed.6.(2017·湖南岳阳一中检测)Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson,____________madehiseldersondiscouraged.7.(2015·重庆高考单项填空)Hewrotemanychildren’sbooks，nearlyhalfof____________werepublishedinthe1990s.8.(2017·浙江湖州中学期中)Tom’snewwatch____________handsaremadeofgoldisquiteexpensive.9.(2017·浙江平阳二中期中)Takeanactivepartintheactivitiesyouenjoy____________youcanmakemanyfriends.10.(2017·江苏泰州一中模拟)Thosewhocanachievehighgradesinclasstendtobeweakinhandlingsomepracticalproblems，____________isoftenthecase.11.(2017·辽宁朝阳三校联考)Onanautumnafternoon,weweresenttoafarm____________welearnttoplantpotatoes.12.(2017·浙江东阳二中调研)Thebooktellsstoriesoftheearthquak