考研考博-英语-宜宾职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宜宾职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Earlyresearchonattitudesassumedthattheywerecasuallyrelatedtobehavior;thatis,theattitudespeopleholddeterminewhattheydo.Commonsense,too,suggestsarelationship.Isn’titlogicalthatpeoplewatchtelevisionprogramstheylike,orthatemployeestrytoavoidassignmentstheyfinddistasteful?

However,inthelate1960s,thisassumedeffectofattitudesonbehaviorwaschallengedbyareviewoftheresearch.Oneresearcher—LeonFestinger—arguedthatattitudesfollowbehavior.Didyouevernoticehowpeoplechangewhattheysay.soitdoesn’tcontradictwhattheydo?PerhapsafriendofyourshasconsistentlyarguedthatthequalityofUScarsisn’tuptothatofimportsandthathe’dneverownanythingbutaJapaneseorGermancar.Buthisdadgiveshimalate-modelFordMustang,andsuddenlyUScarsaren'tsobad.Festingerarguedthatthesecasesofattitudefollowingbehaviorillustratetheeffectsofcognitivedissonance.Cognitivedissonancereferstoanyincompatibilityanindividualmightperceivebetweentwoormoreattitudesorbetweenbehaviorandattitudes.Festingerarguedthatanyformofinconsistencyisuncomfortableandthatindividualswillattempttoreducethedissonanceand,hence,thediscomfort.Theywillseekastablestate,inwhichthereisaminimumofdissonance.

Researchhasgenerallyconcludedthatpeopleseekconsistencyamongtheirattitudesandbetweentheirattitudesandtheirbehavior.Theydothisbyalteringeithertheattitudesorthebehaviororbydevelopingarationalizationforthediscrepancy.Tobaccoexecutivesprovideanexample.Howyoumightwonderdothesepeoplecopewiththeongoingbarrageofdatalinkingcigarettesmokingandnegativehealthoutcomes?Theycandenythatanyclearcausationbetweensmokingandcancer,forinstance,hasbeenestablished.Theycanbrainwashthemselvesbycontinuallyarticulatingthebenefitsoftobacco.Theycanacknowledgethenegativeconsequencesofsmoking,butrationalizethatpeoplearegoingtosmokeandthattobaccocompaniesmerelypromotefreedomofchoice.Theycanaccepttheresearchevidenceandbeginactivelyworkingtomakelessdangerouscigarettesoratleastreducetheiravailabilitytomorevulnerablegroups,suchasteenagers.Ortheycanquittheirjobbecausethedissonanceistoogreat.

Noindividual,ofcourse,cancompletelyavoiddissonance.Youknowthatcheatingonyourincometaxiswrong,butyou“fudge”thenumbersabiteveryyearandhopeyou’renotaudited.Oryoutellyourchildrentoflosstheirteetheveryday,butyoudon’t.Sohowdopeoplecope?Festingerwouldproposethatthedesiretoreducedissonancedependsontheimportanceoftheelementscreatingitandthedegreeofinfluencetheindividualbelieveshehasovertheelements;individualswillbemoremotivatedtoreducedissonancewhentheattitudesorbehaviorareimportantorwhentheybelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol.Athirdfactoristherewardsofdissonance;highrewardsaccompanyinghighdissonancetendtoreducethetensioninherentinthedissonancebecausetheyallowustoeasilyrationalizeit.

1.ThepurposeofmentioningtheTVprogramspeoplewatchinthefirstparagraphistoshow（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingcasescanillustrate“dissonance”？

3.PeopleseekconsistencyamongtheirattitudesandbetweentheirattitudesandtheirbehaviorbydoingmanythingsEXCEPTby（）.

4.Theauthorwantstotellus（）bygivingtheexampleoftobaccoexecutives.

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.thatpeopleholddifferentattitudestowarddifferentTVprograms

B.thatpeople’sattitudesdeterminetheirbehaviors

C.thatpeople’sbehaviorsdeterminetheirattitudes

D.thatthereexistsareversiblerelationshipbetweenpeople’sattitudesandtheirbehaviors

问题2选项

A.Employeestrytoavoidassignmentstheyfinddistastefi.il.

B.AyoungmanlikeJapanesecars,buthisfatherbuyshimaUScar.

C.Youknowthatcheatingonyourincometaxiswrong.

D.Youtellyourchildrentoflosstheirteetheveryday,butyoudon’t.

问题3选项

A.alteringtheirattitudes

B.alteringtheirbehavior

C.developingtherationaldiscrepancy

D.rationalizingthediscrepancy

问题4选项

A.whysomanypeoplequittheirjobs

B.howpeoplereducethedissonance

C.howpeople’sattitudesdeterminetheirbehavior

D.whypeople’sattitudesareinconsistentwiththeirbehavior

问题5选项

A.Highrewardsdecreasepeople’sdesiretoreducethedissonance.

B.Highrewardspromptpeopletoreducethedissonance.

C.Ifpeoplebelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol,thedissonancecanbeavoided.

D.Peoplearelikelytogethigherrewards,iftheycanrationalizetheirbehavior

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“theattitudespeopleholddeterminewhattheydo.”，可知作者的提出的一个观点是人们的态度决定了他们的行为。所以可推断接下来的例子都是用来进一步证明这个观点。选项B符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Festingerarguedthatthesecasesofattitudefollowingbehaviorillustratetheeffectsofcognitivedissonance.Cognitivedissonancereferstoanyincompatibilityanindividualmightperceivebetweentwoormoreattitudesorbetweenbehaviorandattitudes.”，可知认知失调是指个体在两种或两种以上的态度之间或行为与态度之间所感知到的任何不一致。可推断dissonance涉及到不一致的问题。所以告诉孩子用牙线但自己却不用，就体现了这种认知的不一致。选项D符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句，“Theydothisbyalteringeithertheattitudesorthebehaviororbydevelopingarationalizationforthediscrepancy.”，可知他们会通过改变态度，或者改变行为，或者为这种差异找合理的解释来解决不一致的问题。所以C项“发展合理化的不一致”文章没有提及。选项C符合题意。

4.推断题。文章第三段首先提到了人们解决不一致性问题的方法，下文举出了烟草公司高管的例子，可推断作者用实例来进一步说明人们减少不一致性的具体方法。选项B符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“highrewardsaccompanyinghighdissonancetendtoreducethetensioninherentinthedissonance”，可知高回报伴随着高失调，减少不一致的内在张力。所以高回报是可以降低人们减少不一致的欲望。选项A符合题意。同时可排除B选项。根据文章最后一段，“individualswillbemoremotivatedtoreducedissonancewhentheattitudesorbehaviorareimportantorwhentheybelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol.”，可知当态度或行为很重要，或者当他们认为这种不一致是由他们能够控制的事情造成时，个人会更有动力去减少这种不协调。可排除C选项。D选项提到如果人们能使自己的行为合理化，他们就有可能获得更高的回报，在文中并未提及。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

（）hewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.

问题1选项

A.Muchthough

B.Muchas

C.Asmuch

D.Thoughmuch

【答案】B

【解析】考查状语从句的倒装。句意：虽然他周末很想和朋友们出去，但他不得不留下来完成作业。as引导让步状语从句表示尽管时，要将宾语或副词倒装，muchas表示尽管很……，因此B选项正确。

3.单选题

Itsoonbecomesclearthattheinteriordesigner'smostimportantbasicconcernisthefunctionoftheparticular（

）.

问题1选项

A.circumstances

B.environment

C.surroundings

D.space

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。circumstance意为“环境，境遇”，往往指人力无法控制、驾驭的事件和事态的总和；environment意为“环境，外界”,指对人的成长、情感、观念、伦理、道德、品行等产生影响的环境;surrounding意为“环境，周围的事物”，偏重于生活、居住的周围环境；space意为“(可利用的)空地，空间”。

句意：很快就清楚了，室内设计师最重要的基本关注点是某一特定空间的功能。

4.单选题

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher5sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search，notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second，noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach,other’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

问题1选项

A.uncertaintyandcomplexity

B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

C.logicalityandobjectivity

D.systematicnessandregularity

问题2选项

A.strictinspection

B.sharedefforts

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

问题3选项

A.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

B.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

问题4选项

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

问题5选项

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

D.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery定位至第一段句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但在科学的日常实践中，发现常常遵循一条模糊而复杂的路线。A项中的uncertainty和complexity分别为ambiguous和complicated的同义替换，故A项正确。由第一段最后一句“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.”科学发现过程中可能存在很多误解、错误和自欺。但这些只是可能性，不是科学发现过程的本质特点，故排除B项。本段第一句“Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科学是如何进行的理想化状态中，关于世界的事实正等着被客观的研究人员观察和收集，他们用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。”CD两项提到的都是理想化的特点，不是科学发现过程的真实特点，故排除。

2.细节事实题。由题干关键词credibilityprocess定位到第二段"Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.这就是可信度的过程，通过这个过程，个体研究者的我，在这里，现在变成了社区的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。客观知识是目标，不是起点。可知科学发现获得公众可信度的过程需要每个人的努力，故B项正确。ACD三项都是该过程的一个方面。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段“Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.”当一项科学发现在科学界中传播时，关于所涉及的科学和技术的共享和相互竞争的信念之间的相互作用和对抗会将个人的发现转变为科学界的可靠发现。”可知经过科学界的检查后，科学发现将变得可靠。故B项正确。

4.细节事实题。由题干定位到第四段NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”诺贝尔奖获得者、生理学家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾将发现描述为“看到每个人看到的，思考没有人想过的”。由此可知，阿尔贝特•圣捷尔吉强调科学发现不能循规蹈矩，要有创新精神和批判精神。故D项正确。

5.主旨大意题。第一段讲述了日常科学研究存在不确定性和复杂性。第二段指出，科学发现需要经过可信性证实过程才能变为可靠的。第三段介绍了科学发现可信性的证实过程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性证实过程中存在的两个矛盾。由此可知本文通篇都在论述科学可信性的证实过程。所以C项正确。

5.单选题

Shedidn’topenlyattacktheplan,butheroppositionwas（

）inherfailuretosayanythinginsupportofit.

问题1选项

A.explicit

B.implicit

C.internal

D.immortal

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项explicit“清楚的，明确的”；B选项implicit“含蓄的，不直接言明的”；C选项internal“内部的，里面的”；D选项immortal“长生的，永世的，不朽的”。由Shedidn’topenlyattacktheplan（她没有公开抨击计划）和转折词but可知B选项符合语境。句意：她没有公开抨击这项计划，但她的反对暗示着她没有说任何支持这项计划的话。

6.单选题

Itmayhavebeenbecauseoftheweather,or（）itmayhavebeentheresultofindigestion.

问题1选项

A.alternative

B.alternatively

C.alternate

D.alternately

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项alternative“供选择的；选择性的；交替的”；B选项alternatively“要不，或者；非此即彼；二者择一地；作为一种选择”；C选项alternate“交替的，轮流的；间隔的”；D选项alternately“交替地；轮流地；隔一个地”。根据空格位置可以判断出此处需要填入一个副词修饰句子，排除A选项和C选项。句意：这可能是由于天气，也可能是消化不良的结果。本句表示“在消化不良和天气这两个原因中选一个”，因此B选项正确。

7.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish

夫妻财产同样属于共同财产。

刑法不得溯及既往。

法院驳回了原告的诉讼主张。

他对债务负主要责任。

本合同的任何改动或修正必须作为书面方能产生效力。

【答案】Maritalpropertyisalsopartofthecommonproperty.

Thecriminallawshallnotberetroactive.

Thecourtrejectedtheplaintiffsclaim.

Hewasmainlyresponsibleforthedebt.

Anychangesormodificationofthiscontractmustbewritteninordertobeeffective.

8.单选题

Beforethemid-1860's,theimpactoftherailroadsintheUnitedStateswaslimited,inthesensethatthetracksendedattheMissouriRiver,approximatelythecenterofthecountry.Atthepointthetrainsturnedtheirfreight,mail,andpassengersovertosteamboats,wagons,andstagecoaches.Thismeantthatwagonfreighting,stagecoaching,andsteamboatingdidnotcometoanendwhenthefirsttrainappeared;rathertheybecamesupplementsorfeeders.Eachnew“endoftrack”becameacenterforanimal-drawnorwaterbornetransportation.Themajoreffectoftherailroadwastoshortenthedistancethathadtobecoveredbytheolder,slower,andmorecostlymeans.Wagonfreighterscontinuedoperatingthroughoutthe1870'sand1880'sandintothe1890's.

Overconstantlyshrinkingroutes,coachesandwagonscontinuedtocrisscrosstheWestwherevertherailshadnotyetbeenlaid.Thebeginningofamajorchangewasforeshadowedinthelate1860's,whentheUnionPacificRailroadatlastbegantobuildwestwardfromtheCentralPlainsCityofOmahatomeettheCentralPacificRailroadadvancingeastwardfromCaliforniathroughtheformidablebarrieroftheSierraNevada.AlthoughPresidentAbrahamLincolnsignedtheoriginalPacificRailroadBillin1862andarevised,financiallymuchmoregenerousversionin1864,littleconstructionwascompleteduntil1865ontheCentralPacificand1866ontheUnionPacific.Theprimaryreasonwasskepticismthatarailroadbuiltthroughsochallengingandthinlysettledastretchofdeserts,mountainsandsemiaridplainscouldpayaprofit.Inthewordsofaneconomist,thiswasacaseof“prematureenterprise”wherenotonlythecostofconstructionbutalsotheveryhighriskdeterredprivateinvestment.IndiscussingthePacificRailroadBill,thechairofthecongressionalcommitteebluntlystatedthatwithoutgovernmentsubsidynoonewouldundertakesounpromisingaventure;yetitwasanationalnecessitytolinkEastandWesttogether.

1.Whydoestheauthorrefertotheimpactofrailroadsbeforethelate1860'sas“limited”?

2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutcoachesandwagonfreightersastherailroadexpanded?

3.WhydoestheauthormentiontheSierraNevadainparagraph2?

4.Whylittleconstructionwascompletedthoughthebillhadlongbeensigned?

问题1选项

A.Becausepassengerspreferredwagonsandstagecoaches.

B.Becauseothermodesoftransportationhadtobeemployed.

C.Becausetheywereonlycenterforwaterbornetransportation.

D.Becausethetrackdidnottakedirectroutefromonecitytothenext.

问题2选项

A.Theydevelopedcompetingroutes.

B.Theirdriversrefusedtoworkfortherailroads.

C.Theybegantospecializeinprivateinvestment.

D.Therewereinsufficienttrainedpeopletooperatethem.

问题3选项

A.Topointoutthelocationofaserioustrainaccident.

B.TogiveanexampleofobstaclesfacedbytheCentralPacific.

C.ToarguethatadirectroutetotheWestcouldhavebeentaken.

D.ToidentifyahistoricallysignificantmountainrangeintheWest.

问题4选项

A.Becauseofaworrythatlittlebenefitwouldbegained.

B.Becauseofaharsh,challengingandthinlysettledplain.

C.Becauseofachangeoftheplanowingtothehighcost.

D.Becauseofacontinuedrunningofcoachesandwagons

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Whydoestheauthorrefertotheimpactofrailroadsbeforethelate1860’sas“limited”?1.为什么作者说19世纪60年代以前铁路的影响是“有限的”？

A.Becausepassengerspreferredwagonsandstagecoaches.A.因为乘客们更喜欢马车。

B.Becauseothermodesoftransportationhadtobeemployed.B.因为必须使用其他运输方式。

C.Becausetheywereonlycenterforwaterbornetransportation.C.因为它们只是水上交通的中心。

D.Becausethetrackdidnottakedirectroutefromonecitytothenext.D.因为铁轨并没有直接从一个城市到另一个城市。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段前两句“在19世纪60年代中期之前，铁路对美国的影响是有限的，从某种意义上说，铁路的终点是密苏里河，大约是国家的中心。这时，火车把货物、邮件和乘客转交给轮船、马车和公共马车。”，从中我们可以推断出，19世纪60年代以前铁路的影响是“有限的”，是因为必须要使用其他运输方式。B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“因为乘客们更喜欢马车”和D项“因为铁轨并没有直接从一个城市到另一个城市”没有提及，无中生有；

C项“因为它们只是水上交通的中心”，这是蒸汽划船和马车运输等其他运输方式成为铁路运输补充的结果，与题干无关，张冠李戴。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutcoachesandwagonfreightersastherailroadexpanded?2.随着铁路的扩张，我们可以推断出关于客车和马车货船的什么？

A.Theydevelopedcompetingroutes.A.他们开发了相互竞争的路线。

B.Theirdriversrefusedtoworkfortherailroads.B.他们的司机拒绝为铁路工作。

C.Theybegantospecializeinprivateinvestment.C.他们开始专门从事私人投资。

D.Therewereinsufficienttrainedpeopletooperatethem.D.没有足够的训练有素的人员来操作它们。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“在不断缩小的路线上，马车和货车继续在西部尚未铺设铁路的地方纵横交错”，从中可知，随着铁路的扩张，传统的货运方式逐渐衰落，但是在火车线路不能到达的地方，他们仍在扩展相互竞争的路线。故该题选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】B项“他们的司机拒绝为铁路工作”、C项“他们开始专门从事私人投资”和D项“没有足够的训练有素的人员来操作它们”没有提及，无中生有。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.WhydoestheauthormentiontheSierraNevadainparagraph2?3.为什么作者在第2段中提到内华达山脉？

A.Topointoutthelocationofaserioustrainaccident.A.指出发生严重火车事故的地点。

B.TogiveanexampleofobstaclesfacedbytheCentralPacific.B.举一个中央太平洋铁路公司面临的障碍的例子。

C.ToarguethatadirectroutetotheWestcouldhavebeentaken.C.争辩说可以采取直接去西方的路线。

D.ToidentifyahistoricallysignificantmountainrangeintheWest.D.确定西部有历史意义的山脉。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键词SierraNevada定位到第二段的第二句“19世纪60年代末，重大变化已露端倪，在这一时期，太平洋联合铁路终于开始由位于中央平原的奥马哈市向西扩建，与中央太平洋铁路汇合，中央太平洋从加利福尼亚经过内华达山脉的巨大障碍，向东挺进”，从该句可以推断，作者提到内华达山脉是为了给中央太平洋铁路公司面临的障碍举例，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A项“指出发生严重火车事故的地点”、C项“争辩说可以采取直接去西方的路线”和D项“确定西部有历史意义的山脉”在该段没有依据，无中生有。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Whylittleconstructionwascompletedthoughthebillhadlongbeensigned?4.为什么法案早就签署了，却有很少的建设已经完工？

A.Becauseofaworrythatlittlebenefitwouldbegained.A.因为担心不会有什么好处。

B.Becauseofaharsh,challengingandthinlysettledplain.B.因为一个严酷的，具有挑战性的和稀疏的平原。

C.Becauseofachangeoftheplanowingtothehighcost.C.因为成本太高，计划改变了。

D.Becauseofacontinuedrunningofcoachesandwagons.D.因为长途汽车和马车的持续运行。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段第三句“尽管亚伯拉罕•林肯总统在1862年签署了最初的太平洋铁路法案，并在1864年签署了修订版，在财政上更加慷慨，但直到1865年中太平洋铁路和1866年联合太平洋铁路才完成了很少的建设”，结合下一句“主要原因是，人们怀疑修建一条穿越沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的铁路是否有利可图（Theprimaryreasonwasskepticismthat…couldpayaprofit）”，理解可知，很少的建设已经完工的原因是，人们怀疑没有利益可图，A项“因为担心不会有什么好处”符合这一分析。

【干扰项排除】

B项“因为一个严酷的，具有挑战性的和稀疏的平原”是人们怀疑是否有利可图的原因，与题干无关，张冠李戴；

C项“因为成本太高，计划改变了”和D项“因为长途汽车和马车的持续运行”没有提到，无中生有。

9.单选题

Therewereintervalswhenthesunbrokethroughtheclouds,becausetheshowerswereintermittent.

问题1选项

A.slight

B.periodic

C.enduring

D.temporary

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.slight轻微的，少量的B.periodic间发性的，周期性的

C.enduring持久的，能忍受的D.temporary暂时的，临时的

【答案】B

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据前半句句意“太阳偶尔会冲破云层”，可以推测划线单词intermittent应该表示“间歇性的，断断续续的”；B选项词义与划线单词最为接近，故本题正确答案为B选项。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项与划线单词的意思不符合。

【句意】因为阵雨是断断续续的，所以太阳偶尔会冲破云层。

10.单选题

Thereisnothinglikethesuggestionofacancerrisktoscareaparent,especiallyoneoftheover-educated,eco-conscioustypes.SoyoucanimaginethereactionwhenarecentUSATodayinvestigationofairqualityaroundthecanon’sschoolssingledoutthoseinthesmuglygreenvillageofBerkeley,Calif,asbeingamongtheworstinthecountry.Thecity’spublichighschool,aswellasanumberofdaycarecenter,preschools,elementaryandmiddleschools,fellinthelowest10%.Industrialpollutioninourtownhadsupposedlyturnedstudentsintolivingscienceexperimentbreathinginalaboratory’sworthofheavymetalslikemanganese,chromiumandnickeleachday.Thisisinacitythatrequiresschoolcafeteriastoserveorganicmeals.Great,Ithought,organiclunch,toxiccampus.

SinceDecember,whenthereportcameout,themayor,neighborhoodactivistsandvariousparent-teacherassociationshaveengagedinafiercebattleoveritsvalidity,overtheguiltofthesteed-castingfactoryonthewesternedgeoftown,overunionjobsversuschildren’shealthandoverwhat,ifanything,oughttobedone.Withallsidespresentingtheirownexpertsarmedwithconflictingscientificstudies,whomshouldparentsbelieve?Istheretrulyathreathere?Weasksoneanotheraswedroppedoffourkids,andifso,howgreatitis?Andhowdoesitcomparewiththeother,seeminglyperpetualhealthscaresweconfront,likepanicoverleadinsyntheticathleticfields?Ratherthanjustanotherweirdepisodeinthetownthatbroughtyouprotestingenvironmentalists,thislatestdramaisatrialforhowtoday’sparentsperceiverisk,howwetrytokeepourkidssafewhetherit’spossibletokeepthemsafeinwhatfeelslikeanincreasinglythreateningworld.Itraisesthequestionofwhat,inourtime,“safe”couldevenmean.

“There’snowayaroundtheuncertainty”，saysKimberlyThompson,presidentofKidRisk,anonprofitgroupthatstudieschildren’shealth.“Thatmeansyourchoicescanmatter,butitalsomeansyouaren’tgoingtoknowiftheydo.”A2004reportinthejournalPediatricsexplainedthatnervousparentshavemoretofearfromfire,caraccidentsanddrowningthanfromtoxicchemicalexposure.TowhichIsay:Well,obviously.Butsuchconcretehazardsarebesidethepoint.It'sthedangersparentscan’tandmaynever-quantifythatoccurallofsudden.That’swhyI’veridmycupboardofmicrowavefoodpackedinbagscoatedwithapotentialcancer-causingsubstance,butalthoughI’velivedblocksfromamajorfaultlineformorethan12years,Istillhaven’tboltedourbookcasestothelivingroomwall.

1.WhatdoesarecentinvestigationbyUSATodayreveal?

2.WhatresponsedidUASToday’sreportdraw?

3.Howdidparentsfeelinthefaceoftheexperts'studies?

4.Whatistheviewofthe2004reportinthejournalPediatrics'?

5.Ofthedangersineverydaylife,theauthorthinksthatpeoplehavemosttofearfrom（

）.

问题1选项

A.Heavymetalsinlabteststhreatenchildren'shealthinBerkeley.

B.Berkeleyresidentsarequitecontentedwiththeirsurroundings.

C.TheairqualityaroundBerkeley’sschoolcampusesispoor.

D.ParentsinBerkeleyareover-sensitivetocancerriskstheirkidsface.

问题2选项

A.Aheateddebate.

B.Popularsupport.

C.Widespreadpanic.

D.Strongcriticism.

问题3选项

A.Theyfeltverymuchrelieved.

B.Theywerefrightenedbytheevidence.

C.Theydidn'tknowwhotobelieve.

D.Theyweren'tconvincedoftheresults.

问题4选项

A.Itisimportanttoquantifyvariousconcretehazards.

B.Dailyaccidentsposeamoreseriousthreattochildren.

C.Parentsshouldbeawareofchildren'shealthhazards.

D.Attentionshouldbepaidtotoxicchemicalexposure.

问题5选项

A.theuncertain

B.thequantifiable

C.anearthquake

D.unhealthyfood

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由文章第一段中SoyoucanimaginethereactionwhenarecentUSATodayinvestigationofairqualityaroundthecanon’sschoolssingledoutthoseinthesmuglygreenvillageofBerkeley,Calif,asbeingamongtheworstinthecountry.（因此，你可以想象，最近《今日美国》对全国学校周围空气质量的调查，将加利福尼亚州的伯克利绿色村庄也列为全国空气质量状况最差的地区之中）可知选C。

第2题:细节事实题。由文章第二段第一句中SinceDecember,whenthereportcameout,themayor,neighborhoodactivistsandvariousparent-teacherassociationshaveengagedinafiercebattleoveritsvalidity（自去年12月该报告发布以来，市长、社区积极分子和各种家长教师协会就该报告的有效性展开了激烈的讨论）可知选A。

第3题:细节事实题。由文章第二段中Withallsidespresentingtheirownexpertsarmedwithconflictingscientificstudies,whomshouldparentsbelieve?（由于各方都提出了一些支持各自观点的专家，但这些专家的科学研究是相互矛盾的，家长应该相信谁？）以及后面的一连串提问，可知父母对这些观点感到困惑，不知道该相信谁，因此选C。

第4题:推理判断题。由文章最后一段中A2004reportinthejournalPediatricsexplainedthatnervousparentshavemoretofearfromfire,caraccidentsanddrowningthanfromtoxicchemicalexposure.（《儿科杂志》2004年的一份报告解释说，神经紧张的父母对火灾、车祸和溺水的恐惧比有毒化学暴露更多）可推测父母对日常容易遇到的事故更担心，因此选B。

第5题:推理判断题。由文章最后一段中There’snowayaroundtheuncertainty...It'sthedangersparentscan’t—andmaynever-quantifythatoccurallofsudden.（无法避免这种不确定性……这是父母无法——也可能永远不会量化突然发生的危险）可推测作者认为父母最大的恐惧来源于不确定性，因此选A。

11.单选题

Thewastepipeisblocked;try（

）itoutwithhotwater,orjustcalltheplumbertodoit.

问题1选项

A.blushing

B.crushing

C.brushing

D.flushing

【答案】D

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项blush“脸红”；B选项crush“压破，压碎”；C选项brush“（用刷子）刷净，刷亮”；D选项flush“发红，脸红，（用水）冲洗”。根据句意可知此处指用热水冲洗，因此选D。句意：排污管被堵住了，试试用热水冲洗，或者叫水管工来做。

12.写作题

Directions:Somepeoplesaythatthebestpreparationforlifeislearningtobecooperative.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatlearningtobecompetitiveisthebestpreparation,Tellwhichoneyouagreewithandexplainwhy,Pleasewriteanessayofabout300wordsonthisissue.Youshouldgivespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourposition.WritetheessayontheAnswerSheetonly.

【答案】Whichismoreimportanttoone'ssuccesscooperativeorcompetitive?Forsuchquestions,differentpeoplehavedifferentviews.Butinmyconception,Iguesscooperationismorevitalthancompetitive.

Firstly,cooperationisourhumanbeingsintrinsicm