考研考博-英语-宁波工程学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁波工程学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Oncethequestionisput,weknow（

）trytoobtaintheanswer.

问题1选项

A.toproceedindirectionto

B.wheredirectionproceedto

C.inwhichdirectiontoproceedto

D.whichdirectionproceedtoward

【答案】C

【解析】考查语法结构。分析句子结构可知，know后面的成分为它的宾语，填空处缺少的是方式状语。选项A不定式做主语或目的状语；选项B中where引导地点状语；选项D缺少先行词。所以只有选项C正确。

2.单选题

WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesinWorldWarⅡandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage—spyingasa“profession”.ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.

Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespooks(间谍)callit“open-sourceintelligence”,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.

AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.S.

StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.

FriedmanreliesonaleanStaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

1.TheemergenceoftheNethas______.

2.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto______.

3.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans______.

4.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that______.

5.Straitfordismostproudofits______.

问题1选项

A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan

B.remoldedtheintelligenceservices

C.restoredmanycommonpastimes

D.revivedspyingasaprofession

问题2选项

A.introducethetopicofonlinespying

B.showhowhefoughtfortheUS

C.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar

D.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA

问题3选项

A.causingthebiggesttrouble

B.exertingthegreatesteffort

C.achievingthegreatestsuccess

D.enjoyingthewidestpopularity

问题4选项

A.Straitford’spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue

B.Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation

C.Straitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability

D.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation

问题5选项

A.officialstatus

B.nonconformistimage

C.efficientstaff

D.militarybackground

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“网络的出现已经……”。第一段最后一句ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.（如今，网络已经改变了购书和寄信等日常娱乐活动，也正在重塑Donovan的情报员职业）可知，网络的出现是改造了情报部门的工作。A项“得到了Donovan等粉丝的支持”，文中第一句WildbillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.（Donovan会爱上互联网的），这里用的虚拟语气，且从后面的内容也可以得知，在Donovan做情报员期间互联网还没有出现，所以A项错误；C项“恢复/还原许多普遍的消遣活动”，文中说的是互联网改变了人们日常生活的方式，如买书、发邮件等，这里是改变而不是恢复，因此C项错误；D项“复兴了间谍这个职业”，原文没有提到间谍行业消失的信息，所以复兴一词不正确。该题B项“重塑了情报行业”正确。

2.【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“文中提到Donovan的故事是用来……”。A项“介绍网络间谍的主题”，B项“展示他是如何为美国而战”，C项“信息战争的一段插曲”，D项“向他对中情局的贡献致敬”。文章开篇引用Donovan的例子来证明互联网的发展重塑了间谍行业，从而来引出接下来对间谍行业的论述，因此该题A项正确。

3.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第三段第一行makingthebiggestsplash这个短语的意思最有可能是……”。A项“制造最大的麻烦”，B项“尽最大的努力”，C项“取得最大的成功”，D项“有最广泛的名气”。第三段讲的内容是作为一家私人情报分析公司，Straitford通过将间谍活动的成果（覆盖从智利到俄罗斯的国家）卖给其他公司来赚钱；它的许多预测都可以在网站上看到；由此可以推断Straitford公司是这个间谍行业的佼佼者，因此A项和B项都不符合题意；另外，文中对Straitford公司的名气并没有特别提到，所以该题C项最符合题意。

4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从第四段可以知道……”。第四段主要讲的是Friedman将互联网作为一个双向的工具，既用来收集信息，又用来发布信息；A项“关于乌克兰的语言被证实是真的”，文中只说了Straitford公司做出了关于乌克兰局势的预测，原文并没有说明预言是否成真，所以A项错误；B项“Straitford公司保证信息的真实性”，第四段倒数第二句提到Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad（当然公开来源的间谍活动的确有它的风险，因为很难区分正确与错误的信息），最后一句提到这正是Straitford公司赚钱的原因，所以由此可以推断出Straitford公司就是靠辨别真伪情报赚钱的，它能提供相当可靠的信息，但是没有保证情报百分百的准确，B项太绝对；C项“Straitford公司商业的特点是不可预测性”在文中找不到依据；因此该题D项“Straitford公司能提供相当可靠的信息”最符合题意。

5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“Straitford公司对自己的什么最自豪？”。A项“官员地位”，B项“不墨守成规的形象”，C项“有效率的员工”，D项“军事背景”。文章最后一句提到Friedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.（弗莱德曼说，Straitford公司为其独立的声音而感到自豪）可知，Straitford公司引以为豪的是其独立的立场，A项没有依据，C项和D项都不是Straitford公司引以为豪之处。因此B项最符合题意。

3.单选题

WecanrelyonWilliamtocarryoutthismission,forhisjudgmentisalways______enough.

问题1选项

A.inexplicable

B.healthy

C.sound

D.straight

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项inexplicable“费解的；无法说明的；不能解释的”；B选项healthy“健康的，健全的；有益于健康的”；C选项sound“合理的；无损的；有能力的；充足的；彻底的；熟睡的；资金充实的；严厉的；健全的”；D选项straight“直的；连续的；笔直的；正直的；整齐的；异性恋的”。句意：我们可以靠威廉去完成这个任务，因为他的决策总是合理的。因此C选项正确。

4.单选题

Thegovernmentgavemoneytopeopletohelpbuyhomesoutsideofthecities.Thissystemof（）housingcausedmanypeopletoleaveurbanareas.

问题1选项

A.invested

B.provided

C.sustained

D.subsidized

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。本题考查动词的过去分词形式作修饰词时的词义辨析。A选项investe“投资的”；B选项provide“给予”；C选项sustained“持续的”；D选项subsidized“补贴的；补助的”。句意：政府向人们提供资金，帮助他们在城市以外买房子。这种……住房制度使得许多人离开城市。前句明确说明是政府提供资金，属于补贴政策，因此D选项正确。

5.单选题

Bulliedbytwoclassmates,theboybegantocryandtearslowly（）downhisface.

问题1选项

A.oozed

B.trickled

C.dribbled

D.leaked

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项ooze“渗出；泄漏”；B选项trickle“使……滴；一滴滴地流”；C选项dribble“连击；使滴下；运球”；D选项leak“使渗漏，泄露”。句意：受到两位同班同学的欺负后，这位男孩开始哭，然后眼泪顺着他的脸颊一滴滴地流下。结合此处句意眼泪应该是顺着他的脸颊一滴滴地流，判断出B选项正确。

6.单选题

TheAmericanRevolution1775-1783,wasastrugglebywhichthethirteencoloniesthatweretobecometheUnitedStateswonindependencefromBritain.Bythemiddleofthe18thcentury,differencesinlife,thought,andespeciallyeconomicinterestshadformedbetweenthecoloniesandthemothercountry.TheBritishGovernmenttriedtoregulatecolonialcommerceintheBritishinterest,andprovokedcolonialopposition.ThecolonistsconvenedtheContinentalCongressandpetitionedthekingforredressoftheirgrievances.In1774BritainrespondedwiththecoerciveIntolerableActs.FightingeruptedonApril9,1775atLexingtonandConcord.TheContinentalCongressappointedGeorgeWashingtontocommandtheContinentalArmyandonJuly4,1776.adoptedtheDeclarationofIndependence.ThecolonialvictoryintheSaratogaCampaignhelpedforgeaFrench-Americanalliance,whichbroughtvitalaidtothecolonists.Thesurrender.October1781,ofGeneralCornwallisendedthefightingandtheTreatyofParis(1783)recognizedtheU.S.asanation.

TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaradicalortotalchange.Itwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.

America'sWarofIndependenceheraldedthebirthofthreemodernnations.OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.AnotherwasAustralia,whichbecameapenalcolonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailableforprisonersanddebtors.Thethirdnewcomer-theUnitedStates-baseditselfsquarelyonrepublicanprinciples.

Yeteventhepoliticaloverturnwasnotsorevolutionaryasonemightsuppose.Insomestates,notablyConnecticutandRhodeIsland,thewarlargelyratifiedacolonialself-rulealreadyexisting.Britishofficials,everywhereousted,werereplacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptlysoughtalocalsubstituteforkingandparliament.

1.TheAmericanRevolutionbrokeoutmainlyasaresultofconflictsbetweenthethirteencoloniesandBritainin（

）.

2.Theword"coercive"inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingelementsdirectlycontributedtothevictoriousconclusionoftheAmericanRevolution?

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheloyalistswhoescapedtoCanadawere（

）. 

5.Whatwilltheparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscuss?

问题1选项

A.ideologicaltrends

B.lifestyles

C.culturaldifferences

D.economicinterests

问题2选项

A.compellingbyforce

B.compensatingtheloss

C.comingtotermsbynegotiation

D.reconcilingbyacompromise

问题3选项

A.TheLexingtonCampaign.

B.TheContinentalCongress.

C.TheDeclarationofIndependence.

D.TheFrenchAmericanalliance.

问题4选项

A.Russian

B.French

C.British

D.Australian

问题5选项

A.ThetransportofprisonerstoAustralia.

B.Thecreationofnewstategovernments.

C.EventsleadinguptotheAmericanRevolution.

D.HowCanadaandtheUnitedStatesbecamefriends.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段第二句提到到了18世纪中叶，殖民地和母国之间在生活、思想，尤其是经济利益方面形成了差异（Bythemiddleofthe18thcentury,differencesinlife,thought,andespeciallyeconomicinterestshadformedbetweenthecoloniesandthemothercountry），由此可知，殖民地与母国发生冲突最大的原因是因为经济利益。选项D符合题意。

2.词义题。根据FightingeruptedonApril9,1775atLexingtonConcord，战争爆发是由于母国的武力强制，因此选项A符合题意。

3.细节事实题。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到萨拉托大捷帮助建立了法美联盟，为殖民地人民带来了至关重要的援助（ThecolonialvictoryintheSaratogaCampaignhelpedforgeaFrench-Americanalliance,whichbroughtvitalaidtothecolonists），因此选项D符合题意。

4.推理判断题。文章第三段提到加拿大的第一大批讲英语的流入人口来自于成千上万英王的效忠者，这些人从美国逃到了加拿大（OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates），可知这些逃到加拿大的人是英国王室的效忠者，所以选项C符合题意。

5.推理判断题。题目问的是“接下来的一段最可能讨论什么问题？”最后讲述了政治的颠覆并不像人们想象的那样具有革命性。以一些州为例，战争在很大程度上认可了已经存在的殖民自治，英国官员被地方统治阶级代替。选项B“新的州政府的建立”与最后一段关系密切，符合题意。

7.单选题

Allanimals,especiallythesmallkind,appeartofeelanxiety.Humanshavefeltitsincethedaystheysharedtheplanetwithsaber-toothedtigers.Butweliveinaparticularlyanxiousage.TheinitialshockofSept.11haswornoff,andthefearhaslifted,butmillionsofAmericanscontinuetoshareakindofgeneralizedmassanxiety.ArecentTIME/CNNpollfoundthateightmonthsaftertheevent,nearlytwo-thirdsofAmericansthinkabouttheterrorattacksatleastseveraltimesaweek.Anditdoesn’ttakemuchforalltheoldfearstocomerushingback.Whatwassurprisingabouttherecentdrumbeatofterrorwarningswashowquicklyittriggeredtheanxietysomanyofusthoughtwehadputbehindus.

Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere’sadeadlinelooming―anxietybecomesaproblemwhenitpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediatethreat.Sometimesthere’sanobviouscause,aswiththeshell-shockedsoldiersofWorldWarIortheterror-scarredciviliansoftheWorldTradeCentercollapse.Othertimes,wedon’tknowwhywecan’tstopworrying.

Anxietydisorder—whichiswhathealthexpertscallanyanxietythatpersiststothepointthatitinterfereswithone’slife—isthemostcommonmentalillnessintheU.S.Initsvariousforms,rangingfromveryspecificphobiastogeneralizedanxietydisorder,itafflicts19millionAmericans(see“AreYouTooAnxious?”).

Inrecentyears,however,researchershavemadesignificantprogressinnailingdowntheunderlyingscienceofanxiety.Injustthepastdecade,theyhavecometoappreciatethatwhateverthefactorsthattriggeranxiety,itgrowsoutofaresponsethatishardwiredinourbrains.Theyhavelearned,amongotherthings:

—Thereisageneticcomponenttoanxiety;somepeopleseemtobebornworriers.

—Brainscanscanrevealdifferencesinthewaypatientswhosufferfromanxietydisordersrespondtodangersignals.

—Duetoashortcutinourbrain’sinformation-processingsystem,wecanrespondtothreatsbeforewebecomeawareofthem.

—Therootofananxietydisordermaynotbethethreatthattriggersitbutabreakdowninthemechanismthatkeepstheanxietyresponsefromcareeringoutofcontrol.

Beforewedelveintothelatestresearch,let’sdefineafewterms.Thoughweallhaveourownintuitivesenseofwhatthewordsstressandfearmean,scientistsusethesewordsinveryspecificways.Forthem,stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear,butit’safeelingthatlingerslongafterthestresshasliftedandthethreathaspassed.

Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.Evenmostpeopleareascluelessaboutwhytheyhavecertainfeelingsastheyareabouthowtheirlungswork.Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat’seasytorecognize.Ratsfreezeinplace.Humansbreakoutinacoldsweat.Heartbeatsrace,andbloodpressurerises.Thatgivesscientistssomethingtheycancontrolandmeasure.

Indeed,alotofwhatresearchershavelearnedaboutthebiologyofanxietycomesfromscaringratsandthencuttingthemopen.Theresearchersdestroysmallportionsoftherats’brainstoseewhateffectthathasontheirreactions(anexperimentthatwouldbeimpossibletoconductinhumans).Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat’sbrain.

Thejourneybeginswhenarat(we’llgettohumanslater)feelsthestress,inthiscaseanelectricshock.Therat’ssensesimmediatelysendamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain,wherethestimulusactivatestwoneuralpathways.Oneofthesepathwaysisarelativelylong,circuitousroute(迂回路径)throughthecortex(脑皮层)wherethebraindoesitsmostelaborateandaccurateprocessingofinformation.Theotherrouteisakindofemergencyshortcutthatquicklyreachesanalmond-shapedclusterofcellscalledtheamygdala(扁桃体).

What’sspecialabouttheamygdalaisthatitcanquicklyactivatejustabouteverysysteminthebodytofightlikethedevilorrunlikecrazy.It’snotdesignedtobeaccurate,justfast.Ifyouhaveevergonehikingandbeenstartledbyasnakethatturnedouttobeastick,youcanthankyouramygdala.

Butwhiletheamygdalaisbusytellingthebodywhattodo,italsofiresupanearbycurvedclusterofneuronscalledthehippocampus(大脑侧面室脑壁上的隆起物).(A16thcenturyanatomistnameditaftertheGreekwordforseahorse.)Thejobofthehippocampusistohelpthebrainlearnandformnewmemories.Andnotjustanymemories.Thehippocampusallowsarattorememberwhereitwaswhenitgotshockedandwhatwasgoingonarounditatthetime.Suchcontextuallearninghelpsthepoorrodentavoiddangerousplacesinthefuture.Itprobablyalsohelpsitrecognizewhatsituationsarelikelytoberelativelysafe.Thismakessense,intermsofsurvival.Afterall,it’sbettertopanicunnecessarilythantobetoorelaxedinthefaceoflife-threateningdanger.

Discoveringthisbasicneuralcircuitryturnedouttobeakeybreakthroughinunderstandinganxiety.Itshowedthattheanxietyresponseisn’tnecessarilycausedbyanexternalthreat;rather,itmaybetracedtoabreakdowninthemechanismthatsignalsthebraintostopresponding.Justasacarcangooutofcontrolduetoeitherastuckacceleratororfailedbrakes,it’snotalwaysclearwhichpartofthebrainisatfault.Itmayturnoutthatsomeanxietydisordersarecausedbyanoveractiveamygdala(theaccelerator)whileothersarecausedbyanunderactiveprefrontalcortex(callitthebrake).

Ofcourse,whatyouwouldreallyliketoknowiswhetheranyoftheworkdoneinratsappliestohumans.Clearlyresearcherscan’tgoaroundperformingbrainsurgeryontheamygdalasoflivingpatientstoseeifitaffectstheiranxietylevels.Butthefascinatingcaseofawomanknownonlybyherresearchnumber,SM046,suggeststhatwhenitcomestofear,rodentsandhominidsreallyaren’tsodifferent.

Owingtoanunusualbraindisorder,SM046hasadefectiveamygdala.Asaresult,herbehaviorisabnormalinaveryparticularway.WhenscientistsattheUniversityofIowashowSM046picturesofaseriesoffaces,shehasnotroublepickingoutthosethatarehappy,sadorangry.Butifthefaceisdisplayingfear,shecannotrecognizethefeeling.Sheidentifiesitasafaceexpressing,someintenseemotion,butthatisall.HerunusualconditionstronglysuggeststhateveninHomosapiens,feartakesholdintheamygdala.

Eventually,researcherswouldliketolearnwhatroleourgenes,asopposedtoourenvironment,playinthedevelopmentofanxiety.“Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatthesedisordersruninfamilies.”saysKennethKendler,apsychiatricgeneticistatVirginiaCommonwealthUniversityinRichmond,Va.“Sothenextlogicalquestionisthenature-nurtureissue.”Inotherwords,areanxiouspeoplebornthatway,ordotheybecomeanxiousasaresultoftheirlifeexperiences?

Kendlerandhiscolleaguesapproachedthequestionbystudyinggroupsofidenticaltwins,whosharevirtuallyalltheirgenes,andfraternaltwins,who,likeanyothersiblings,shareonlysomeofthem.WhatKendler’sgroupfoundwasthatbothidenticaltwinsweresomewhatmorelikelythanbothfraternaltwinstosufferfromgeneralizedanxietydisorder,phobiasorpanicattacks.(Theresearchershavenotyetstudiedtwinswithpost-traumaticstressdisorderorobsessive-compulsivedisorder.)

Thecorrelationisn’t100%,however.“Mostoftheheritabilityisintherangeof30%to40%,”Kendlersays.That’safairlymoderategeneticimpact,henotes,“Yourgenessetyourgeneralvulnerability,”heconcludes.“Youcanbealow-vulnerable,intermediate-vulnerableorahigh-vulnerableperson.”Butyourupbringingandyourexperiencesstillhaveamajorroletoplay.Someonewithalowgeneticvulnerability,forexample,couldeasilydevelopafearofflyingaftersurvivingahorrificplanecrash.

Therearenoguidebookstotellyouwhenit’ssafetoventureoutagain.Inmanyways,thewholecountrywasmadepartofanunwittingexperimentinmassanxiety.Ourbrainsareevennowintheprocessofrewiringthemselves.Howsuccessfullywenavigatethisdelicatetransitionwilldependalotonourgenes,ourenvironmentandanyfutureattacks.

1.Anxietycanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhen（

）.

2.NowintheUnitedStates,about19millionpeoplearesufferingfrom

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutfearisNOTtrue?

4.Generally,scientistsfindithardtostudyemotionsbecause

（

）.

5.Asfeartravelsthroughtherat'sbrain,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearby（

）.

问题1选项

A.thereisanobviouscauseofanxiety.

B.weknowwhywecanstopworrying

C.itpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediate

D.thereisadeadlinelooming.

问题2选项

A.terrorwarning

B.mentalillness

C.anxietydisorder

D.physicaldanger

问题3选项

A.Fearistheexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger.

B.Fearistheshort-termresponsestressesproduceinmen.

C.Fearhasalotofthesamesymptomsasanxiety.

D.Fearistheaspectofanxietythatiseasytorecognize.

问题4选项

A.theyarethenatureofhumanbeings

B.onlyfeariseasytorecognize

C.mostpeopleareasclueless

D.theyareslipperyandsubjective

问题5选项

A.studyingitsreactionafterbeingcutoffsomeportionsofbrain

B.sendingamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain

C.measuringitsbloodpressure

D.matchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere'sadeadlinelooming（这是焦虑的奥秘之一。虽然这是对身体危险的正常反应，但在最后期限即将来临的时候，它可以成为集中注意力的有用工具）可知选D。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的itafflicts19millionAmericans（它折磨着1,900万美国人）可知句中的“it”指代前面提及的“Anxietydisorder”，因此选C。

3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear（压力是一种外部刺激，通常通过引起疼痛来发出危险信号。恐惧是短期反应，这种压力会在男性、女性或实验室老鼠身上产生。焦虑和恐惧有很多相同的症状。）和第六段中的Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat'seasytorecognize（但恐惧是焦虑的一方面，很容易识别）可知A表示不正确，根据题干中的“NOTtrue”，因此选A。

4.细节事实题。由文章第六段中的Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.（一般来说，科学很难压制情绪，因为它们天生就很滑和主观）可知选D。

5.细节事实题。由文章第七段中的Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat'sbrain.（通过努力将受损的区域与行为的变化相匹配，科学家们一点点地创造了一张在老鼠大脑中传播的恐惧路线图）可知D选项“将受损区域与行为变化相匹配”符合题意。

8.单选题

ThechangesingloballyaveragedtemperaturethathaveoccurredattheEarth’ssurfaceoverthepastcenturyaresimilarinsizeandtimingtothose（1）bymodelsthattakeintoaccountthecombinedinfluencesofhumanfactorsandsolarvariability.

To（2）thequestionofattributionrequiresthe（3）ofmorepowerfulandcomplexmethodsbeyondtheuseofglobalaveragesalone.Newstudieshavefocusedon（4）mapsorpatternsoftemperaturechangein（5）andinmodels.Patternanalysisistheclimatologicallyequivalentofthemorecomprehensivetestsinthemedicalanalogymentioned（6）,andmakesitpossibletoachievemoredefinitive（7）oftheobservedclimatechangestoaparticularcauseorcauses.

TheexpectedinfluenceofhumanactivitiesisthoughttobemuchmorecomplexthanuniformwarmingovertheentiresurfaceoftheEarthandoverthewhole（8）cycle.Patternsofchangeoverspaceandtimethereforeprovideamorepowerful（9）technique.Thebasicidea（10）pattern-basedapproachesisthatdifferent（11）causesofclimatechangehavedifferentcharacteristicpatternsofclimateresponseorfingerprints.Attributionstudiesseekto（12）afingerprintmatchbetweenthepatternsofclimatechange（13）bymodelsandthoseactuallyobserved.

Themostrecentassessmentofthesciencesuggeststhathumanactivitieshaveledtoadiscernible（14）onglobalclimateandthattheseactivitieswillhaveanincreasinginfluenceonfutureclimate.Theburningofcoal,oilandnaturalgas,aswellasvariousagriculturalandindustrialpractices,are（15）thecompositionoftheatmosphereandcontributingtoclimatechange.Thesehumanactivitieshaveledtoincreasedatmospheric（16）ofanumberofgreenhousegases,includingcarbondioxide,methaneandsoonintheloweratmosphere.

Humanactivities,suchastheburningoffossil,havealsoincreasedthe（17）ofsmallparticlesintheatmosphere.Theseparticlescanchangethe（18）ofenergythatisabsorbedandreflectedbytheatmosphere.Theyarealsobelievedtomodifythe（19）ofairandclouds,changingtheamountofenergythattheyabsorbandreflect.Intensivestudiesoftheclimaticeffectsoftheseparticlesbeganonlyrecentlyandtheoverall（20）isuncertain.Itislikelythattheneteffectofthesesmallparticlesistocooltheclimateandtopartiallyoffsetthewarmingofincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases.

问题1选项

A.incensed

B.personify

C.interact

D.predicted

问题2选项

A.array

B.ascertain

C.probe

D.perturb

问题3选项

A.application

B.integration

C.avenge

D.intervene

问题4选项

A.conforming

B.comparing

C.biding

D.budgeting

问题5选项

A.junctions

B.junctures

C.obligations

D.observations

问题6选项

A.optionally

B.ornamentally

C.previously

D.predicatively

问题7选项

A.attribution

B.autonomy

C.indication

D.induction

问题8选项

A.immune

B.seasonal

C.formidable

D.perceptible

问题9选项

A.analysis

B.disposal

C.antigen

D.disincentive

问题10选项

A.avenging

B.underestimating

C.ascending

D.underlying

问题11选项

A.potential

B.respectable

C.secretive

D.sturdy

问题12选项

A.weary

B.obtain

C.wink

D.retard

问题13选项

A.oriented

B.kenned

C.predicted

D.lapsed

问题14选项

A.modification

B.nomination

C.penetration

D.influence

问题15选项

A.paving

B.altering

C.retreating

D.saluting

问题16选项

A.stabilities

B.popularities

C.concentrations

D.hierarchies

问题17选项

A.abundance

B.hemisphere

C.fixture

D.distress

问题18选项

A.burial

B.argumentation

C.legislation

D.amount

问题19选项

A.disposals

B.properties

C.certainties

D.blends

问题20选项

A.calculation

B.assignment

C.budget

D.effect

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:B

第9题:A

第10题:D

第11题:A

第12题:B

第13题:C

第14题:D

第15题:B

第16题:C

第17题:A

第18题:D

第19题:B

第20题:D

【解析】（1）语法分析。空格处应填入those的后置定语,空后by提示此处为被动。因此D项predicted（预言，预测）与models搭配合理，意为“通过模型来预测”。

（2）动词辨析。array排列，整队；ascertain弄清，确定，查明；probe调查；探索；perturb使人烦恼，不安。根据句意和句子后面的methods,C项probe与thequestionofattribution搭配符合逻辑，意为“调查问题的原因”。

（3）名词辨析。空格处应填入名词,作require的宾语。以下两个选项是名词:application运用，应用；integration结合，整合，一体化。根据句意，需要运用更复杂的方法，A项application符合逻辑。

（4）动词辨析。conform遵守，符合；compare比较，对照；bide滞留，忍受；budget编制预算，安排开支。B项与mapsorpatterns搭配compare，意为“比较天气变化图和模式”。

（5）名词辨析。空格后为and，所以空格处应填与models并列的词。只有D项observation（注意，观察）与models为同类型。

（6）副词辨析。optionally随意地；ornamentally装饰地；previously先前，以前；predicatively断然地，肯定地。根据句意，此处指的是之前提到过的。

（7）名词辨析。attribution归因；autonomy自治，自治区；indication指示，迹象；induction归纳法，就职。选项中，A项attribution与ach