考研考博-英语-四川财经职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川财经职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thatwasaman-madedisasterthatclearly（

）ifthefederalgovernment,theFederalEmergencyManagementAgency,hadquicklymarshaledthepoliticalwillandresourcestoevacuatethosewithoutaccesstocars,insteadofpromotingonitsWebsiteafaith-basedcharitythatclearlynomatchfortheproblem.

问题1选项

A.mayhavebeenaverted

B.couldhavebeenaverted

C.mayhaveaverted

D.couldhaveaverted

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据选项可以判断本题考查虚拟语气，空格后为if引导的虚拟条件句。当条件句为过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟时，主句为would/could/should/might+havedone形式，排除A和C。主句的主语是disaster，与动词avert之间形成被动关系，因此B选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Vickyhasbeensadrecently,forherplantogotocollege（）atthelastmoment.

问题1选项

A.fellout

B.fellbehind

C.fellin

D.fellthrough

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项fellout“争吵”；B选项fellbehind“落后，拖欠”；C选项fellin“排队，到期”；D选项fellthrough“未能实现”。根据句意“Vicky最近很伤心，因为她计划上大学，最后却未能实现。”选项D符合句意。

3.单选题

Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost（

）areasinJapaneselife.

问题1选项

A.sophisticated

B.competitive

C.considerate

D.superficial

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。sophisticated“久经世故的；复杂的”；competitive“有竞争力的”；considerate“体贴的”；superficial“肤浅的”。句意：因为有一个好的大学文凭就能找到一个更好的工作，所以教育是日本生活中最具有竞争力的领域之一。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Hewasabrilliantmusicianasaboy,buthenever（

）hisearlypromise.

问题1选项

A.completed

B.performed

C.concluded

D.fulfilled

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项complete“完成，结束，使完整”；B选项perform“表演，执行”；C选项conclude“推断出，得出结论，（使）结束”；D选项fulfill“履行（诺言等），执行”。根据promise（承诺）可知选D。句意：他小时候是一位才华横溢的音乐家，但他从来没有实现过早期的诺言。

5.单选题

Thesceneissobeautifulthatit（

）mypowerofdescription.

问题1选项

A.ascends

B.descends

C.transcends

D.overtakes

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项ascend“攀登，上升”；B选项descend“下降”；C选项transcend“胜过，超越”；D选项overtake“赶上，压倒”。句意：这景色太美了，我无法形容。也就是超出了描述的能力，所以选项C符合句意。

6.单选题

Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto“along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.”

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflongslowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8,000BC.toapproximatelyAD.1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9600years,thepopulationincreasedfromsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000BCand1650，anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

11.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternismostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?

12.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,societieswereoftenindangerofextinctionbecause_____.

13.Whichstatementistrueaboutpopulationincrease?

14.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto_____.

15.Theword“demographic”inthefirstparagraphmeans_____.

问题1选项

A.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.

B.Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,dramaticincrease.

C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.

D.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedsbirthratesandthenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.

问题2选项

A.onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40

B.therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmostplaces

C.itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoorconditions

D.ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren

问题3选项

A.Theremightbeanincreaseof2.2billionpersonsfromnowtotheyear2000.

B.About50,000babiesareborneverysixhoursatpresent.

C.Between8000BCandthepresent,thepopulationincreaseisabout80,000,000personseachyear.

D.Thepopulationincreasedfasterbetween8000BCand1650thanbetween1650andthepresent.

问题4选项

A.warnpeopleagainstthepopulationexplosioninthenearfuture.

B.comparethedemographicgrowthpatterninthepastwiththatafter1650.

C.findoutthecauseforrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyears.

D.presentusaclearandcompletepictureofthedemographicgrowth.

问题5选项

A.statisticsofhuman

B.surroundingsstudy

C.accumulationofhuman

D.developmentofhuman

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】11.推理判断题，第一段如此描述“thelong,thinpowderfuse（细长的火药引线）”:...burnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes，“它一直断断续续地燃烧，直到最后爆发”。第二段中说到人类在以前的时期增长并不高，有时出生率还低于死亡率，到了近期才出现快速增长，对应A选项“一段几乎稳定或略微减少的时期，然后人口突然暴增”；

B选项“一段很长时间的缓慢增长，然后是一段快速、戏剧性的增长时期”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰；

C选项“地球上的人太多了，而且数量每年都在迅速增加”，见正确选项解析，few和rapid是反义词，所以不选，这里属于偷换概念；

D选项“在很长一段时间内，死亡率超过出生率，然后在很短一段时间内，生育率较高，死亡率较低”，见正确选项解析，出生率超过死亡率属于反向干扰。

12.事实细节题，定位到第二段倒数第二句话Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.“通常，社会处于明显的灭绝危险之中，因为死亡率可能超过出生率”，从这里可以看出答案选B“在大多数地方，死亡率高于生育率”；

A选项“只有十分之一的人能活过40岁”，定位到第二段倒数第三句话Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.“在人类历史的大部分时间里，很少有十分之一的人能活过40岁，而婴儿期和儿童期是特别危险的时期”，从这里可以知道A选项表述正确，但是这不是社会处于危险中的原因，这里属于出处错误；

C选项“由于条件恶劣，生孩子太危险了”，定位到文章第三段最后一句话butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.“而是传统上造成高死亡率的条件的改善”，这里只是说条件提高了，没说是因为以前生孩子很危险。这里属于无中生有；

D选项“我们的祖先对多生孩子没有什么热情”，定位到第二段倒数第四句话Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.“大多数地方的生育率都很高，但这通常与高死亡率相平衡”，从这里可知我们的祖先不是没有热情生孩子而是因为死亡率也高导致人口增长低，这里属于反向干扰。

13.事实细节题，定位到第四段三四句andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.“现在，人口已经从5亿增长到40多亿。据估计，到2000年，全世界将有62亿人”，从这里可知A选项“从现在到2000年，人口可能会增加22亿”正确；

B选项“目前每六个小时大约有50000个婴儿出生”，定位到第四段倒数第二三句Between8000BCand1650，anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld'spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.“在公元前8000年到1650年间，世界人口每年平均只增加5万人。目前，这个数字每六个小时加一次”，人口增长的数量是出生人口减去死亡人口，所以根据文章说法每六个小时增加5万人的话，婴儿的出生数应该大于5万，B选项属于偷换概念；

C选项“从公元前8000年到现在，人口每年增长约8000万人”，定位到最后一段最后一句话Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.“每年增加约8000万人”由此可知C选项错误，这是现在的人口增长数不是从公元前8000年到现在的人口增长的年均增长数，这里属于张冠李戴；

D选项“公元前8000年到1650年之间人口增长比1650年到现在更快”，结合B、C选项分析，D选项错误，是1650到现在的人口增长速度比公元前8000年到1650年的速度要快，这里属于反向干扰。

14.主旨大意题，第一步，寻找文章话题导入，文章开门见山以人口问题为导入，第二步，关注首尾两段核心句，首段定位到最后一句Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto“along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.”“将人口增长比作‘一根细长的导火索，稳定而断断续续地燃烧，直到它最终引爆并爆炸’，这是非常正确的”，把人口增长比作炸弹；末段则是提出Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods“人口历史可以分为两个主要时期”，历史的人口增长主要分为两个阶段。第三步，分析文章的行文结构，文章的结构是总分总，第一段讲述的是把人口增长比作炸弹，然后文章由此展开，第二段是解释为什么要这么作比喻，第三段讲述过去的人口增长曲线对现在人口快速增长有什么暗示，第四段就是对现在人口增长的总结和未来作出预估。文章定位到第四段第三四句话Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.从这里可以看出，作者是在提醒人们人口增长的速度越来越快，暗含着对人们的警示意义，所以答案选A选项“警告人们不要在不久的将来发生人口爆炸”；

B选项“比较过去和1650年后的人口增长模式”，文章虽然有提及，但是这是事实，不是作者写这篇文章的目的，这里属于出处错误；

C选项“找出近年来人口快速增长的原因”，文章在第三段已经说出了人口快速增长的原因，那就是医疗水平的增加，这里不是作者意图，这里也属于出处错位；

D选项“向我们展示人口增长的清晰和完整的画面”，文章虽然有提及，但这里题干的要求是作者的意图，这里属于出处错位。

15.词汇推断题，第一步，定位到句中前后信息的衔接，即第一段最后一句话Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto“along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes”“将（）增长比作‘一根细长的导火索，稳定地、断断续续地燃烧，直到它最终引爆并爆炸’，这是非常正确的”，第二步，篇章主旨，根据第14题可知，文章的主旨是在讲人口的增长，文章的出现的最多的是在不同阶段的人口数据，而第一段第二句话是文章的主旨句，由此可以推测答案选A选项“关于人口的统计”；

B选项“环境研究”，从文章主旨上可以看出，全文都是在描述与人口增长的特征，所以排除B选项，这里属于无中生有；

C选项“人类积累”文章没有谈到人类的积累，这里属于无中生有；

D选项“人类的发展，”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

7.单选题

We'vejustinstalledafan（

）tocookingsmellsfromthekitchen.

问题1选项

A.eject

B.expel

C.exclude

D.exile

【答案】B

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。eject“喷射，驱逐”；expel“驱逐”；exclude“排除，排出”；exile“放逐，流放”。句意：我们刚刚安装了一台风扇来排出厨房的烟气。选项B符合题意。

8.单选题

Theboywasverynaughty,hismother（）punishmenttomakehimobey.

问题1选项

A.tookadvantage

B.madeuse

C.resortedto

D.turnedfor

【答案】C

【解析】动词词组辨析。tookadvantage“利用”，与of搭配;madeuse“利用”，与of搭配;resortedto“诉诸……”；turnedfor“逆转，转变”。句意：这个男孩很顽皮，他的妈妈诉诸于惩罚使他听话。选项C符合题意。

9.单选题

Aburningmatchappliedtopaperwillmakeit（

）.

问题1选项

A.heatup

B.catchfire

C.disintegrate

D.glow

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“加热”；B选项“着火”；C选项“分解”；D选项“发光，发红”。句意：燃烧的火柴放在纸上会让纸（）。根据生活常识，燃烧的物品放在纸上肯定是会让纸燃烧的，所以答案选B。

10.单选题

EveryoneknowsthatEnglishdepartmentsareintrouble,butitisdifficulttoappreciatejusthowmuchtroubleuntilyoureadthereportfromtheModemLanguageAssociation(MLA).

ThereportisaboutPh.D.programs,whichhavebeenindeclinesince2008.Theseprogramshavegottenbothmoredifficultandlessrewarding:today,itcantakealmostadecadetogetadoctorate,and,attheendofyourprogram,you’reunlikelytofindatenure-trackposition.

Thecoreoftheproblemisthejobmarket.TheMLAreportestimatesthatonlysixtypercentofnewly-mintedPh.D.swillfindtenure-trackjobsaftergraduation.Ifanything,that’swildlyoptimistic:theMLAgottothatfigurebycomparingthenumberoftenure-trackjobsonitsjoblistwiththenumberofnewgraduates.Butthatleavesoutthethousandsofunemployedgraduatesfrompastyearswhoarestilljob-hunting.

Differentpeoplewilltellyoudifferentstoriesaboutwhereallthejobswent.Somecriticsthinkthatthehumanitieshavegottentooweird—thatundergrads,turnedoffbyanoverlytheoreticalapproach,don’twanttoparticipateanymore,andthatteachingopportunitieshavedisappearedasaresult.Otherspointtothecorporatizationofuniversities,whichareincreasinglyinclinedtohirepart-time,“adjunct”professors,ratherthanfull-time,tenure-trackprofessors,toteachundergrads.Adjunctsarecheaper；perhapsmoreimportantly,theyareeasiertohire.

Thesetrends,inturn,arepartofanevenlargerstoryhavingtodowiththeexpansionandtransformationofAmericaneducationaftertheSecondWorldWar.Essentially,collegesgrewlesseliteandmorevocational.Beforethewar,relativelyfewpeoplewenttocollege.Then,inthenineteen-fifties,theBabyBoompushedcollegestogrowrapidly,bulkinguponprofessorsandgraduateprograms.Whentheboomendedandenrollmentsdeclined,collegesfoundthemselvesoverextendedandcompetingforstudents.Bythemid-seventies,schoolswereseekingoutnewconstituencies—amongthem,womenandminorities—andcreatingnewprogramsdesignedtoattractabroaderrangeofstudents.

Thosereformsworked:abouttwiceasmanypeopleattendcollegepercapitanowastheydidfortyyearsago.Butallthatexpansionchangedcolleges.Inthepast,theyhadcateredtoelitestudentswhowerehappytomajorinthetraditionalliberalarts.Now,toattractmiddle-classstudents,collegeshavehadtooffermorecareer-focusedmajors,infieldslikebusiness.Asaresult,humanitiesdepartmentshavefoundthemselvesdriftingawayfromthecenteroftheuniversity.

1.Whatdoestheword“appreciate”meaninParagraph1?

2.WhathasmadePh.D.programsunpopular?

3.TheMLAreportabouttheemploymentrateistoooptimisticbecauseit（

）.

4.Universityjobopeningsarediminishingduetothefactthat

（

）.

5.AccordingtoParagraph5,theAmericaneducationalinstitutions（

）overthepastdecades

.

6.Thefinalparagraphsuggeststhatcurrentliberalartsmajors（

）.

问题1选项

A.Enjoy.

B.Overlook.

C.Investigate.

D.Understand.

问题2选项

A.Theynolongersaveyourtime.

B.Theycannotguaranteeasecurejob.

C.Theyarecompetitiveandtime-consuming.

D.Theyarenotsubsidizedbythegovernment.

问题3选项

A.overestimatesthejobmarket

B.failstoaccountforformergraduates

C.doesnotincludeallkindsofjobs

D.excludesnewly-graduatedPh.D.s

问题4选项

A.thescaleofuniversitiesisshrinking

B.adjunctprofessorsarelikelytotakefull-timejobs

C.fewerundergraduateswanttomajorinhumanities

D.sometheoreticalapproacheshavebeenprovenwrong

问题5选项

A.haveresultedintenure-trackprofessors

B.haveattractedmoremaleandelitestudents

C.havebeenexpandingtooverseascountries

D.havebeguntoofferavarietyofvocationalprograms

问题6选项

A.aremoredesirablethaneverbefore

B.willcatertomiddle-classstudents

C.arelessappealingthanbusinessmajors

D.areascompetitiveasbusinessmajors

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:C

【解析】1.词汇推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第一段第一句。根据“EveryoneknowsthatEnglishdepartmentsareintrouble,butitisdifficulttoappreciatejusthowmuchtroubleuntilyoureadthereportfromtheModemLanguageAssociation(MLA).（每个人都知道英语系有麻烦了，但是在你读到来自现代语言协会(MLA)的报告之前，你很难理解到底有多大的麻烦。）”句中appreciate与句中know为同义词，即“理解，明白”的意思。从而得出本题答案。

2.细节事实题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位在原文第二段第一句到第二句。根据“today,itcantakealmostadecadetogetadoctorate,and,attheendofyourprogram,you’reunlikelytofindatenure-trackposition.（如今，获得博士学位可能需要近十年的时间，而且，在你的课程结束时，你不太可能找到一个终身职位。）”从而得出本题答案。

3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“MLAreport”将信息点定位至原文第三段最后一句。根据“Butthatleavesoutthethousandsofunemployedgraduatesfrompastyearswhoarestilljob-hunting.（但这还不包括过去几年来仍在找工作的数千名失业毕业生。）”即可得出本题答案。

4.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第四段。根据“Somecriticsthinkthatthehumanitieshavegottentooweird”“overlytheoreticalapproach”“teachingopportunitieshavedisappeared”（一些批评家认为人文学科已经变得太奇怪了，“过于理论化的方法”，“教学机会已经消失了”）”,即可得出本题答案。

5.细节事实题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第五段。根据“Essentially,collegesgrewlesseliteandmorevocational.（从本质上讲，大学变得不那么精英化，而是更加职业化。）”即可得出本题答案。

6.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据“collegeshavehadtooffermorecareer-focusedmajors,infieldslikebusiness（大学不得不提供更多以职业为导向的专业，比如商科）”“humanitiesdepartmentshavefoundthemselvesdriftingawayfromthecenteroftheuniversity（人文学系发现自己正在远离大学的中心）”即可得出本题答案。

11.单选题

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.

SectionF

AresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.

问题1选项

A.Abandonmentoffallowperiod

B.Disappearanceofoldplantvarieties

C.Increaseduseofchemicalinputs

D.Increasedirrigation

E.Insuranceagainstpestsanddiseases

F.Soilerosion

G.Cleaninglandforcultivation

问题2选项

A.Abandonmentoffallowperiod

B.Disappearanceofoldplantvarieties

C.Increaseduseofchemicalinputs

D.Increasedirrigation

E.Insuranceagainstpestsanddiseases

F.Soilerosion

G.Cleaninglandforcultivation

问题3选项

A.Abandonmentoffallowperiod

B.Disappearanceofoldplantvarieties

C.Increaseduseofchemicalinputs

D.Increasedirrigation

E.Insuranceagainstpestsanddiseases

F.Soilerosion

G.Cleaninglandforcultivation

问题4选项

A.Abandonmentoffallowperiod

B.Disappearanceofoldplantvarieties

C.Increaseduseofchemicalinputs

D.Increasedirrigation

E.Insuranceagainstpestsanddiseases

F.Soilerosion

G.Cleaninglandforcultivation

【答案】第1题:G

第2题:C

第3题:F

第4题:B

【解析】1.根据SectionC，“landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation”，用于农业的土地开荒是森林砍伐的最大原因。可判断出可能造成开发森林的农业活动是农地开荒。选项G符合题意。

2.根据SectionC，“chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies”，化肥和杀虫剂可能污染水源。可判断出可能造成供水质量下降的原因是化学物品的使用。选项C符合题意。

3.根据SectionC，“moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion”，可判断出更密集的耕作和休耕期的丧失往往会加剧土壤侵蚀。可判断出密集的农业活动可能会导致土壤侵蚀。选项F符合题意。

4.根据SectionC，“thespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.”，随着单一栽培和高产作物品种的推广和使用，导致一些原来的粮食作物的消失，这可能为今后防治病虫害提供了一些保障。可判断出单一栽培方式的使用可能导致一些旧的粮食作物品种的消失。选项B符合题意。

12.判断题

判断题测试0.0

问题1选项

A.对

B.错

【答案】A

【解析】试题解析T.T

13.单选题

Mosttraditionalfolksongsareofanonymousorigin.

问题1选项

A.insignificant

B.inconspicuous

C.unusual

D.unknown

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。anonymous表示“匿名的，无名的”；A项insignificant“无关紧要的”，B项inconspicuous“不起眼的，不引起注意的”，C项unusual“不寻常的，与众不同的”，D项unknown“未知的”。句意：大多数的传统民间歌曲的作者都无从得知。根据句意该题选D。

14.单选题

He（

）hisassistanttopickuptheplansfromtheoffice.

问题1选项

A.dispose

B.dispensed

C.dispatched

D.dispersed

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词此词义辨析。dispose“处理；安排”；dispense“分发；分发；免除；执行”;dispatch“派遣；发送；分派”；disperse“分散；使散开；传播”。句意：他派助手去办公室取方案。选项C符合题意。

15.单选题

DrMeekwrote:“Asistruewithmostanimals,thewolfisanopportunistwhilstthedeerisoneoftheshyest（）animalsinexistence.”

问题1选项

A.savage

B.tame

C.wild

D.strange

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。选项A：savage“野蛮的，残酷的，狂怒的；荒凉的”;选项B:tame“驯服的，顺从的”；选项C:wild“野生的，野蛮的”；选项D：strange意为“奇怪的，陌生的”。根据题干意思，选项C更切合题意，正确。句意：Meek博士写道:“就像大多数动物一样，狼是机会主义者，而鹿是世界上最害羞的野生动物之一。”

16.单选题

Asenseofsmellissomethingwearebornwith.Orisit?

Untilrecentlyscientistsbelievedthatthecommonsenseviewwaswrong:researchhadsuggestedthatwelearntodistinguishbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsbyexperience.Fromearlyexperimentsthatinvolvedaskingchildrenbetweenthreeandfiveyearsoldwhattheythoughtofcertainsmells,researchersconcludedthatchildrenmustlearntheirappreciationofpleasantandunpleasantsmellsastheygetolder,ratherthanbeingbornwithit.Oneofthemostsurprisingresultsofthesetestswasthatthechildrensaidtheylikedthesmelloffaecesnearlyasoftenastheysaidtheylikedbanana.

PsychologistHilarySchmidtunderstandablyfoundthisresearchhardtoaccept.Shelookedatthewaythetestswereconducted,andappliedlessonsfromotherworkonchildpsychologytodesignherownexperiments.Shenotedthatchildrenyoungerthanfivewilloftenanswer‘Yes’toleadingquestionseveniftheanswersarecontradictory.Shethereforedecidedtosetherexperimentupasagame.SheaskedthechildreniftheywouldgiveaparticularsmellythingtoOscartheGrouch,apopulartelevisioncharacterwholivesinadustbinandlikes‘smelly’things,ortoBigBird,anothertelevisioncharacterwholikes‘nice’things.Shefoundthatthechildrendistinguishedbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsinmuchthesamewayasanadult.Withthehelpofyoungerandyoungersubjects,shehopestoshedlightontheimportanceoftheinheritedcomponentofthesense.

Childrenyoungerthansevenore