考研考博-英语-厦门大学考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-厦门大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

MissTracymovedtoNewYorkintheearly1960s,apparentlytoescapejealousfriendswhowerebecomingincreasingly（

）ofhersuccess.

问题1选项

A.delightful

B.graceful

C.resentful

D.respectful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。delightful“可爱的；令人愉快的”；graceful“优雅的”；resentful“气愤的；厌恶的”；respectful“恭敬的；有礼貌的”。句意：特雷西女士在20世纪六十年早期搬到了纽约，明显是为了逃离那些对她的成功嫉恨的朋友。选项C符合题意。

2.单选题

Agoodeducationisan（

）youcanfallbackonfortherestofyourlife.

问题1选项

A.asset

B.ethic

C.inventory

D.obligation

【答案】A

【解析】句意:好的教育是你余生能依靠的资产。

考查名词辨析。Asset资产,优点,有利条件;ethic道德准则,伦理标准;inventory清单,财产清单,(商店的)存货;obligation义务,职责,责任。因此A符合句意。

3.翻译题

世界需要和平，和平才能发展。中国要实现自己的发展目标，渴望有一个和平的国际环境。中国政府坚定不移地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，愿同各国加强合作，共同促进人类和平与发展的崇高事业。尊重主权和互不干涉内政是国与国之间发展关系的前提。一个国家丧失主权，人民就没有尊严和地位。中国坚决捍卫来之不易的国家主权和领土完整，决不允许任何外来干涉。同时，中国坚持平等相待，尊重别国的主权和领土完整，尊重各国人民自主选择的社会制度。

【答案】

Theworldneedspeace,foronlywithpeacecantherebedevelopment.Chinaearnestlyhopestohaveapeacefulinternationalenvironmentinordertoachieveitsdevelopmentgoals.TheChinesegovernmentiscommittedtoanindependentforeignpolicyofpeaceandstandsreadytoworkwithothercountriestoadvancethenoblecauseofpeaceandprogressofmankind.

Respectforsovereigntyandnon-interferenceintheinternalaffairsofothercountriesistheprerequisiteforsoundstate-to-staterelations.Whenacountrylosessovereignty,itspeoplelosedignityandstatus.Chinaisfirminupholdingitshard-wonsovereigntyandterritorialintegrityandwillnevertolerateanyexternalinterference.Atthesametime,Chinatreatseachotherasequals,Chinaalsorespectsthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofothercountriesaswellastheindependentchoiceoftheirpeopleforsocialsystemsanddevelopmentpaths.

4.单选题

Thetechnologicaladvancesmadeitpossibleforthemiddleclassestoenjoywhathadoncebeen（）onlytotheveryrich.

问题1选项

A.manageable

B.measurable

C.acceptable

D.affordable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。manageable“可管理的”；measurable“可衡量的”；acceptable“可接受的”；affordable“可负担得起的”。句意：技术的进步让中产阶级也能够享受原本只有富人能够供应得起的东西。D项符合题意。

5.单选题

Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,"shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too"shesays.

EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan'sadmissionthatAmerica'sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscoiningatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay.holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear'space.Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospect,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.

Consumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,"there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses.”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree."saysJohnDeadly,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.

Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantneedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.

1.By“EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet’’(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeans（）.

2.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?

3.Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange’’(Lines3,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout（）.

4.Whycanmanypeoplesee‘‘silverlinings”totheeconomicslowdown?

5.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness.

B.Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork.

C.Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit.

D.Speroisnotinadesperatesituation.

问题2选项

A.Optimistic

B.Confused

C.Carefree

D.Panicked.

问题3选项

A.goldmarket.

B.realestate.

C.stockexchange

D.ventureinvestment.

问题4选项

A.Theywouldbenefitincertainways.

B.Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.

C.Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom

D.Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.

问题5选项

A.Anewboom,onthehorizon.

B.Tightenthebelt，thesingleremedy.

C.Cautionallright,panicnot

D.Themoreventures,themorechances.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12toS50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.这位47岁的美甲师也没有像她想的那样修剪、填充或抛光那么多的指甲。她的大多数客户每周花费12至50美元，但上个月，两位老客户突然不再光顾。因此，斯珀罗开始缩减开支，在迪拉德位于克利夫兰郊区的家附近的中档百货商店购物，而不是去内曼•马库斯(NeimanMarcus)。由此段内容可知虽然Ellen的生意没以前好了，但Ellen的生活状况并没有陷入绝望的境地。故D项正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospect,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.但是现在还没有发出警报。消费者似乎只是担心，并没有惊慌失措，许多人说，他们对经济的长期前景仍持乐观态度，尽管他们采取了一些适度的紧缩措施。可知消费者对经济形势保持乐观态度，故A项正确。

3.判断推理题。由第三段Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,"there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses.”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree."在大多数地区，房价保持稳定。在曼哈顿，“新的淘金热在400万到1000万美元之间发生，主要是由华尔街的奖金推动的。”经纪人芭芭拉•科克伦说。在旧金山，房价仍在上涨，尽管疯狂的高出价已经平息。现在，你可能只会收到两三个offer，而不是20到30个。可知400万到1000万美元是指房价，整段都是围绕房价问题展开的，故B项正确。

4.判断推理题。由最后一段“Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantneedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.潜在的购房者会为更低的利率而欢呼。雇主们不会介意就业市场少一点泡沫。许多消费者似乎受到了股市波动的影响，投资者现在认为股市波动是持续繁荣的必要因素。用餐者可能也看到了好处。要在曼哈顿炙手可热的新阿兰杜卡斯(AlainDucasse)餐厅订到位子是不可能的，现在不是这样了。可知经济衰退也能带来一些好处。故A项正确。

5.推理判断题。本文开篇用事例引出经济滑坡的话题，随后表明人们对经济下滑仍然保持乐观态度，最后指出，人们可从中可以得到不少好处。C项的“适度谨慎是必要的，无需惊慌”与本文相符，故C项正确。

6.单选题

Thedecision______,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

问题1选项

A.hasbeenmade

B.weremade

C.havingbeenmade

D.making

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.hasbeenmade被做B.weremade被做

C.havingbeenmade被做D.making做

【考查点】独立主格结构。

【解题思路】句子主谓宾结构完整，所以空格处只能做非谓语，而decision和thenextproblem不是同一个逻辑主语，所以前半部分只能做独立主格结构；decision和make之间是被动的关系，而且是决定做出后，下个问题是怎么制定计划，所以只能用havingbeenmade，C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、B选项为谓语动词，不符合语法结构；

D选项不符合时态，排除。

【句意】决定做好之后，下一个问题是如何制定一个好的计划。

7.单选题

Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.Thebulkygenerationbornbetween1946and1964isheadingtowardsretirement.Thelooming“demographiccliff”willseevastnumbersofskilledworkersdispatchedfromthelaborforce.Theworkforceisageingacrosstherichworld.WithintheEUthenumberofworkersagedbetween50and64willincreaseby25%overthenexttwodecades,whilethoseaged20-29willdecreaseby20%.InJapanalmost20%ofthepopulationisalreadyover65,thehighestshareintheworld.AndintheUnitedStatesthenumberofworkersaged55-64willhaveincreasedbymorethanhalfinthisdecade,atthesametimeasthe35-to-44-year-oldsdeclineby10%.

Giventhatmostsocietiesaregearedtoretirementataround65，companieshavealoomingproblemofknowledgemanagement,ofmakingsurethattheboomersdonotleavebeforetheyhavehandedovertheirexpertisealongwiththeofficekeysandtheire-mailaddress.Asurveyofhuman-resourcesdirectorsbyIBMlastyearconcluded:“Whenthebaby-boomergenerationretires,manycompanieswillfindouttoolatethatacareer'sworthofexperiencehaswalkedoutthedoor,leavinginsufficienttalenttofillinthevoid.”

Somealsofaceashortageofexpertise.Inaerospaceanddefense,forexample,asmuchas40%oftheworkforceinsomecompanieswillbeeligibletoretirewithinthenextfiveyears.Atthesametime,thenumberofengineeringgraduatesindevelopedcountriesisinsteepdecline.

Afewcompaniesaresosqueezedthattheyarealreadytakingexceptionalmeasures.EarlierthisyeartheLosAngelesTimesinterviewedanenterprisingAustralianwhowasstayinginBeverlyHillswhilehetriedtopersuadelocalstoemigratetoToowoomba,Queensland,toworkforhisengineeringcompanythere.Toowoombatoday;therestofthedevelopedworldtomorrow?

Ifyoulookhardenough,youcanfindcompaniesthathavebeguntoadapttheworkplacetoolderworkers.TheAARP,anAmericanassociationfortheover-50s,producesanannuallistofthebestemployersofitsmembers.Health-carefirmsinvariablycomenearthetopbecausetheyareoneoftheindustriesmostinneedofskilledlabor.Othersectorssimilarlyaffected,saystheConferenceBoard,includeoil,gas,energyandgovernment.

NearthetopoftheAARP’slatestlistcomesDeere&Company,ano-nonsenseindustrial-equipmentmanufacturerbasedinIllinois;about35%ofDeere’s46,000employeesareover50andanumberofthemareintheir70s.Thetoolsitusestoachievethat—flexibleworking,telecommuting,andsoforth—alsocoincidentallyhelpolderworkerstoextendtheirworkinglives.Thecompanyspends“alotoftime”ontheergonomicsofitsfactories,makingjobstherelesstiring,whichenablesolderworkerstostayatthemforlonger.

Likewise,formorethanadecade,Toyota,arguablytheworld’smostadvancedmanufacturer,hasadapteditsworkstationstoolderworkers.Theshortageofskilledlaboravailabletotheautomotiveindustryhasmadeitunusuallykeentorecruitolderworkers.BMWrecentlysetupafactoryinLeipzigthatexpresslysetouttoemploypeopleovertheageof45.

Needsmustwhenthedevildrives.Otherfirmsarepolishingtheiralumninetworks.IBMusesitsnetworktorecruitretiredpeopleforparticularprojects.Ernst&Young,aprofessional-servicesfirm,hasabout30,000registeredalumni,andabout25%ofits“experienced”newrecruitsareformeremployeeswhoreturnafteranabsence.

Butsuchexamplesareunusual.AsurveyinAmericalastmonthbyErnst&Youngfoundthat“althoughcorporateAmericaforeseesasignificantworkforceshortageasboomersretire,itisnotdealingwiththeissue.”Almostthree-quartersofthe1,400globalcompaniesquestionedbyDeloittelastyearsaidtheyexpectedashortageofsalariedstaffoverthenextthreetofiveyears.Yetfewofthemarelookingtoolderworkerstofillthatshortage;andevenfewerarelookingtothemtofillanothergapthathasalreadyappeared.ManyfirmsinEuropeandAmericacomplainthattheystruggletofindqualifieddirectorsfortheirboardswhenthepoolofretiredtalentfromthoseverysamefirmsisgrowingbyleapsandbounds.

Whyarefirmsnotworkinghardertokeepoldemployees?Partofthereasonisthatthecrunchhasbeenbeyondthehorizonofmostmanagers.Norishangingontoolderworkerstheonlywaytocopewithafallingsupplyoflabor.Theparticipationofdevelopingcountriesintheworldeconomyhasincreasedtheoverallsupply—whateverthelocaleffectofdemographicsintherichcountries.AvastamountofworkisbeingsentoffshoretosuchplacesasChinaandIndiaandmorewillgoinfuture.Somecountries,suchasAustralia,arerelaxingtheirimmigrationpoliciestoallowmuchneededskillstocomeinfromabroad.Otherswillavoidtheneedforworkersbyspendingmoneyonmachineryandautomation.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themostseriousconsequenceofbaby-boomersapproachingretirementwouldbe（）.

2.ThefollowingareallthemeasuresthatcompanieshaveadoptedtocopewiththeageingworkforceEXCEPT（）.

3.“Thecompanyspends‘alotoftime’ontheergonomicsofitsfactories”meansthat（）.

4.Intheauthor’sopinion,Americanfirmsarenotdoinganythingtodealwiththeissueoftheageingworkforcemainlybecause（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sdevelopmentofargument?

问题1选项

A.alossofknowledgeandexperiencetomanycompanies

B.adecreaseinthenumberof35-to-44-year-olds

C.acontinuousincreaseinthenumberof50-to-64-year-olds

D.itsimpactonthedevelopedworldwhoseworkforceisageing

问题2选项

A.makingplacesofworkaccommodatetheneedsofolderworkers

B.usingalumninetworkstohireretiredformeremployees

C.encouragingformeremployeestoworkoverseas

D.grantingmoreconvenienceinworkinghourstoolderworkers

问题3选项

A.thecompanyattachesgreatimportancetothelayoutofitsfactories

B.thecompanyimprovestheworkingconditionsinitsfactories

C.thecompanyattemptstoreduceproductioncostsofitsfactories

D.thecompanyintendstorenovateitsfactoriesandupdateequipment

问题4选项

A.theyhavenotbeenawareoftheproblem

B.theyarereluctanttohireolderworkers

C.theyarenotsureofwhattheyshoulddo

D.theyhaveotheroptionstoconsider

问题5选项

A.introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue—describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons.

B.describingtheactualstatus—introducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue—offeringreasons.

C.citingwaystodealwiththeissue—introducingtheissue—describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasons.

D.describingtheactualstatus—offeringreasonsintroducingtheissue—citingwaystodealwiththeissue.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：根据文章，婴儿潮一代（指出生于生育高峰期的人，生育高峰儿），即将退休的最严重后果将是_________。根据题干定位到第一段第一句话Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.Thebulkygenerationbornbetween1946and1964isheadingtowardsretirement.Thelooming“demographiccliff”willseevastnumbersofskilledworkersdispatchedfromthelaborforce.Theworkforceisageingacrosstherichworld.（上个月，婴儿潮一代迎来了60岁生日。1946年至1964年出生的庞大一代正走向退休。即将出现的“人口悬崖”将导致大量熟练工人从劳动力市场流失。发达国家的劳动力都在老龄化。），所以D选项“它对劳动力老龄化的发达国家的影响”，符合题意。A选项“对许多公司来说是知识和经验的损失”，在文中并未提及，故排除。B选项“35-44岁人数的减少”，C选项“50-64岁人数的持续增长”，都是工人年龄未来的趋势而不是后果，所以不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。

2.推理判断题。题干：以下是各公司为应付劳动力老化而采取的所有措施，除了_______。根据文章第六段第二句话Thetoolsitusestoachievethat—flexibleworking,telecommuting,andsoforth—alsocoincidentallyhelpolderworkerstoextendtheirworkinglives.（用来实现这一目标的工具—灵活工作、远程办公等等—也巧合地帮助了年长的员工延长了他们的工作寿命。），可知A选项“使工作场所适应年长工人的需要”和D选项“给年长的工人在工作时间上提供更多的便利”，是公司采取的措施，故排除A，D选项。根据文章第八段第二句话Otherfirmsarepolishingtheiralumninetworks.（其他公司也在完善他们的校友网络），可知B选项“利用校友网络来雇佣退休的前雇员”，也是公司采取的措施之一。只有C选项“鼓励前雇员到海外工作”，在文中没有提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。

3.推理判断题。题干：“公司在工厂的人体工程学上花费了‘大量时间’”，意味着_______。根据题干定位到文章第六段最后一句话Thecompanyspends“alotoftime”ontheergonomicsofitsfactories,makingjobstherelesstiring,whichenablesolderworkerstostayatthemforlonger.（该公司在工厂的人体工程学上花费了“大量时间”，使那里的工作不那么累人，从而使年老的工人在那里呆的时间更长。），A选项“公司非常重视工厂的布局”，B选项“公司改善了工厂的工作条件”，C选项“公司试图降低工厂的生产成本”，D选项“公司打算更新工厂和设备”，以上选项只有B选项才能是在人体工程学的基础上使工作不那么累人。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

4.事实细节题。题干：在作者看来，美国公司没有采取任何措施来解决劳动力老龄化问题，主要是因为_______。根据题干定位到文章最后一段第一句话Whyarefirmsnotworkinghardertokeepoldemployees?Partofthereasonisthatthecrunchhasbeenbeyondthehorizonofmostmanagers.Norishangingontoolderworkerstheonlywaytocopewithafallingsupplyoflabor.（为什么公司不努力留住老员工？部分原因是，问题已经超出了大多数管理者的能力范围。抓住老员工不放也不是应对劳动力供应下降的唯一办法。），所以D选项“他们会考虑其他选择”符合题意。A选项“他们还没有意识到这个问题”，B选项“他们不愿意雇佣年长的工人”和C选项“他们不确定他们应该做什么”，在文中均没有提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。

5.推理判断题。题干：下面哪一个最好地描述了作者的论证过程？文章第一段第一句话就引出话题，描述现状Lastmonththefirstbaby-boomersturned60.（上个月，婴儿潮一代迎来了60岁生日）。接下来第一、二、三段具体展开了带来的问题。第四、五、六、七、八段都在说明公司采取的一些措施，第九，十段则是在说明公司对劳动力老龄化问题不采取措施的原因，所以只有B选项符合文章的论述过程。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

8.填空题

THEIRONBRIDGE

TheIronBridgewasthefirstofaskindinEuropeandisuniversallyrecognizedasasymboloftheIndustrialRevolution.

A:TheIronBridgecrossestheRiverSeverninCoalbrookdale,inthewestofEngland.Itwasthefirstcast-ironbridgetobesuccessfullyerected,andthefirstlargecast-ironstructureoftheindustrialageinEurope,althoughtheChinesewereexpertiron-castersmanycenturiesearlier.

B:Riversusedtotheequivalentoftoday’smotorways,inthattheywereextensivelyusedfortransportation.TheRiverSevern,whichstartsitslifeontheWelshmountainsandeventuallyenterstheseabetweenCardiffandBristol,isthelongestnavigableriverinBritain.Itwasidealfortransportationpurpose,andspecialboatswerebuilttonavigatethewaters.Bythemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,theSevernwasoneofthebusiestriversinEurope.Localgoods,includingcoal,ironproducts,wool,grainandcider,weresentbyriver.Amongthegoodscomingupstreamwereluxuriessuchassugar,tea,coffeeandwine.Inplaces,theriverbankswerelinedwithwharvesandtheriverwasoftencrowdedwithboatsloadingorunloading.

C:In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.ThislaterbecamethepropertyofAbrahamDarby(referredtoasAbrahamDarbyItodistinguishhimfromhissonandgrandsonofthesamename.)AfterservinganapprenticeshipinBirmingham,DarbyhadstartedabusinessinBristol,buthemovedtoCoalbrookdalein1710withanideathatcokederivedfromcoalcouldprovideamoreeconomicalalternativetocharcoalasafuelforironmaking.Thisledtocheaper,moreefficientironmakingfromtheabundantsuppliesofcoal,ironandlimestoneinthearea.

D:Hisson,AbrahamDarbyII,pioneeredthemanufactureofcastiron,andhadtheideaofbuildingabridgeovertheSevern,asferryingstoresofallkindsacrosstheriver,particularlythelargequantitiesoffuelforthefurnacesatCoalbrookdaleandothersurroundingironworks,involvedconsiderableexpenseanddelay.However,itwashissonAbrahamDarbyIII(bornin1750)who,in1775,organizedameetingtoplanthebuildingofabridge.Thiswasdesignedbyalocalarchitect,ThomasPritchard,whohadtheideaofconstructingitofiron.

E:Sectionswerecastduringthewinterof1778-9fora7-metre-widebridgewithaspanof31metres,12metresabovetheriver.Constructiontookthreemonthsduringthesummerof1779,andremarkably,nobodywasinjuredduringtheconstructionprocess-afeatalmostunheardofeveninmodernmajorcivilengineeringprojects.Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781AbrahamDarbyⅢfundedthebridgebycommissioningpaintingsandengravings,buthelostalotontheproject,whichhadcostnearlydoubletheestimate,andhediedleavingmassivelargerdebtsin1789,agedonly39.Thedistrictdidnotflourishformuch1onger,andduringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesfactoriescloseddown.Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.UniversallyrecognizedasthesymboloftheIndustrialRevolution,theIronBridgenowstandsattheheartoftheIronBridgeGorgeWorldHeritageSite.

F:Ithasalwaysbeenamysteryhowthebridgewasbuilt.Despiteitspioneeringtechnologynoeye-witnessaccountsareknownwhichdescribetheironbridgebeingerected—andcertainlynoplanshavesurvived.However,recentdiscoveries,researchandexperimentshaveshednewlightonexactlyhowitwasbuilt,challengingtheassumptionsofrecentdecades.In1997asmallwatercoloursketchbyEliasMartincametolightintheSwedishcapital,Stockholm.Althoughthereisawealthofearlyviewsofthebridgebynumerousartists,thisistheonlyonewhichactuallyshowsitunderconstruction.

G:Upuntilrecentlyithadbeenassumedthatthebridgehadbeenbuiltfrombothbanks,withtheinnersupportstiltedacrosstheriver.Thiswouldhaveallowedrivertraffictocontinueunimpededduringconstruction.Butthepictureclearlyshowssectionsofthebridgebeingraisedfromabargeintheriver.Itcontradictedeverythinghistorianshadassumedaboutthebridge,anditwasevenconsideredthatthepicturecouldhavebeenafakeasnootherhadcometolight.Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.Meanwhile,adetailedarchaeological,historicalandphotographicsurveywasdonebytheIronbridgeGorgeMuseumTrust,alongwitha3DCAD(computer–aideddesign)modelbyEnglishHeritage.

H:Theresultstellusalotmoreabouthowthebridgewasbuilt.Wenowknowthatallthelargecastingsweremadeindividuallyastheyareallslightlydifferent.Thebridgewasn’tweldedorboltedtogetherasmetalbridgesarethesedays.Insteaditwasfittedtogetherusingacomplexsystemofjointsnormallyusedforwood—butthiswasthetraditionalwayinwhichironstructureswerejoinedatthetime.Theconstructionofthemodelprovedthatthepaintingshowsaveryrealisticmethodofconstructingthebridgethatcouldworkandwasinallprobabilitythemethodused.

I:NowonlyonemysteryremainsintheIronBridgestory.TheSwedishwatercoloursketchhadapparentlybeentornfromabookwhichwouldhavecontainedsimilarsketches,ithadbeendrawnbyaSwedishartistwholivedinLondonfor12yearsandtravelledBritaindrawingwhathesaw.Nobodyknowswhathashappenedtotherestofthebook,butperhapstheothersketchesstillexistsomewhere.IftheyareeverfoundtheycouldprovidefurthervaluableevidenceofhowtheIronBridgewasconstructed.

1.WhenwasthefurnaceboughtbyDarbyoriginallyconstructed?

2.Whenweretheroadsleadingtothebridgecompleted?

3.Whenwasthebridgeclosedtotraffic?

4.Whenwasamodelofthebridgebuilt?

【答案】1.1638

2.1781

3.1934

4.2001

【解析】1.根据文章C段，“In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.”，1638年，BasilBrooke申请了炼钢工艺专利，并在科尔布鲁代尔建造了一座熔炉。可知这个熔炉是在1638年建成的。

2.根据文章E段，“Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781…”，修路工作又持续了两年，大桥于1781年通车。持续两年是在1779年大桥开始施工的基础上计算的。可判断出通往那座桥的路是1781年修完的，才能使大桥在1781年通车。

3.根据文章E段，“Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.”，自1934年以来，这座桥只对行人开放。可判断出大桥从1934年开始不通车。

4.根据文章G段，“Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.”，2001年，这座桥的半尺度模型建成，以判断它是否能够按照水彩画中的方式建造。可判断出2001年建成了这座桥的模型。

9.单选题

Agoodcitizenisexpectedto（）tothelawofhiscountry.

问题1选项

A.confront

B.comply

C.conform

D.confirm

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。A选项confront“面对，遭遇”；B选项comply“遵守，顺从”，不及物动词，常和介词with搭配。例句：Shemustbemadetocomplywiththerules.（必须让她遵守规则。）；C选项conform“符合；遵照”，不及物动词，常和介词to搭配。例句：Thelamphasbeendesignedtoconformtonewsafetystandards.（该灯设计得符合新的安全标准。）D选项confirm“确认，确定”。句意：一个好公民应该遵守国家的法律。由选项意思和介词搭配可知，C选项符合句意。

10.单选题

Havinghadherasaprofessorandadviser,Icantellyouthatsheisan（）forcewhopushesherstudentstoexcelfarbeyondtheirownexpectations.

问题1选项

A.inspirational

B.educational

C.excessive

D.instantaneous

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。inspirational鼓舞人心的；educational教育的；excessive过度的；instantaneous即刻的。句意是：由于她是我的教授兼指导老师，不妨告诉你，她具有一种（

）力量，激发着她的学生超越自我的期望。因此，A选项符合句意。

11.单选题

Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioral”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.

Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehavioralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?

InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCommission（FTC.proposedaddinga"donottrack"（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance（DAA.agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.

OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.

Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavioraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.

AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhuge'sellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavorablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."