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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-兰州资源环境职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题
Cancerhasalwaysbeenwithus,butnotalwaysinthesameway.Itscareandmanagementhavedifferedovertime,ofcourse,butso,too,haveitsidentity,visibility,andmeanings.Pickupthethreadofhistoryatitsmostdistantendandyouhavecancerthecrab—sonamedeitherbecauseoftheramifyingvenousprocessesspreadingoutfromatumororbecauseitspainislikethepinchofacrab’sclaw.Premodemcancerisalump,aswellingthatsometimesbreaksthroughtheskininulcerationsproducingfoul-smellingdischarges.TheancientEgyptiansknewaboutmanytumorsthathadabadoutcome,andtheGreeksmadeadistinctionbetweenbenigntumors(oncos)andmalignantones(carcinos).InthesecondcenturyA.D.,Galenreckonedthatthecausewassystemic,anexcessofmelancholyorblackbile,oneofthebody’sfour“humors”broughtonbybaddietandenvironmentalcircumstances.Ancientmedicalpractitionerssometimescuttumorsout,buttheprognosiswasknowntobegrim.Describingtumorsofthebreast,anEgyptianpapyrusfromabout1600B.C.concluded:“Thereisnotreatment.’’
Theexperienceofcancerhasalwaysbeenterrible,but,untilmodemtimes,itsmarkontheculturehasbeenlight.Inthepast,fearcoagulatedaroundotherwaysofdying:infectiousandepidemicdiseases(plague,smallpox,cholera,typhus,typhoidfever);“apoplexies”(whatwenowcallstrokesandheartattacks);and,mostnotablyinthenineteenthcentury,“consumption”(tuberculosis).Theagonizingmannerofcancerdeathwasdreaded,butthatfearwasnotcentrallysituatedinthepublicmind—asitnowis.ThisisonereasonthatthemedicalhistorianRoyPorterwrotethatcanceris“themodemdiseaseparexcellence,”andthatMukherjeecallsit“thequintessentialproductofmodernity.”
Atonetime,itwasthoughtthatcancerwasa“diseaseofcivilization”belongingtomuchthesamecausaldomainas“neurasthenia”anddiabetes,theformeranervousweaknessbelievedtobebroughtaboutbythestressofmodemlifeandthelatteraconditionproducedbybaddietandindolence.Intheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,somephysiciansattributedcancer—notablyofthebreastandtheovaries—topsychologicalandbehavioralcauses.WilliamBuchan’swildlypopulareighteenth-centurytext“DomesticMedicine”judgedthatcancersmightbecausedby“excessivefear,grief,religiousmelancholy”.Inthenineteenthcentury,referencewasrepeatedlymadetoa“cancerpersonality”,andinsomeversions,specificallytosexualrepression.AsSusanSontagobserved,cancerwasconsideredshameful,nottobementioned,evenobscene.AmongtheRomanticsandtheVictorians,sufferinganddyingfromtuberculosismightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinement;cancerdeathwasnothingofthesort.“Itseemsunimaginable,”Sontagwrote,“toaestheticize”cancer.
1.Accordingtothepassage,theancientEgyptians().
2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecancersofthepastisbestsupportedbythepassage?
3.Whichofthefollowingisthereasonforcancertobecalled“themoderndisease”?
4.“Neurasthenia”anddiabetesarementionedbecause()
5.Assuggestedbythepassage,withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?
问题1选项
A.calledcancerthecrab
B.wereabletodistinguishbenigntumorsandmalignantones
C.foundoutthecauseofcancer
D.knewaboutalotofmalignanttumors
问题2选项
A.Ancientpeopledidnotlivelongenoughtobecomepronetocancer.
B.Inthepast,peopledidnotfearcancer.
C.Cancerdeathmightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinement.
D.Somephysiciansbelievedthatone’sownbehavioralmodecouldleadtocancer.
问题3选项
A.Modemcancercareisveryeffective.
B.Thereisalotmorecancernow.
C.Peopleunderstandcancerinradicallynewwaysnow.
D.Thereisasharpincreaseinmortalityinmodemcancerworld.
问题4选项
A.theyareasfatalascancer
B.theywereconsideredtobe“diseaseofcivilization”
C.peopledreadthemverymuch
D.theyarebroughtbythehighpressureofmodernlife
问题5选项
A.Thecareandmanagementofcancerhavedevelopedovertime.
B.Theculturalsignificanceofcancershiftsindifferenttimes.
C.Cancer’sidentityhasneverchanged.
D.Canceristhepricepaidformodemlife.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:D
第3题:C
第4题:D
第5题:A
【解析】1.细节题。题干:根据这篇文章,古埃及人_______。由关键词定位到文章第一段第五句“TheancientEgyptiansknewaboutmanytumorsthathadabadoutcome”,可知古埃及人已经知道很多有不好的结果的肿瘤,对应第四个选项,malignanttumors是指恶性肿瘤。因此D选项符合题意。
2.细节推理题。题干:关于过去的癌症,下列哪一项陈述最能得到文章的支持?文章并没提到古人是否活到容易患癌症的年龄,排除A选项;第二段中提到“Theagonizingmannerofcancerdeathwasdreaded,butthatfearwasnotcentrallysituatedinthepublicmind”,说明过去人们不是不恐惧癌症,而是这种恐惧并没称为焦点,排除B选项;最后一段中提到“…sufferinganddyingfromtuberculosismightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinement”被认为优雅的是死于肺结核,排除C选项;最后一段中“somephysiciansattributedcancer…topsychologicalandbehavioralcauses”说明他们将癌症归因于心理和行为原因,因此D选项符合题意。
3.细节推理题。题干:下面哪个选项是被称为“现代病”的癌症的原因?根据题干关键词“themoderndisease”定位到第二段最后一句,上一句提到癌症死亡令人恐惧,下一句就说RoyPorter将其说成是“最卓越的现代病,Mukherjee称之为“现代最典型的产物”,说明人们对癌症的理解改变了。因此C选项符合题意。
4.细节推理题。题干:提到“神经衰弱”和糖尿病是因为_____。文中最后一句提到了关键词“Neurasthenia”和“diabetes”,文中提到“itwasthoughtthatcancerwasa“diseaseofcivilization”belongingtomuchthesamecausaldomainas“neurasthenia”anddiabetes,theformeranervousweaknessbelievedtobebroughtaboutbythestressofmodemlifeandthelatteraconditionproducedbybaddietandindolence”,在此提到癌症和神经衰弱以及糖尿病的病因相似,因此也就是在说神经衰弱和糖尿病都与心理压力有关。因此D选项符合题意。
5.判断推理题。题干:如文章所述,作者最可能同意下列哪一种说法?由第一段第二句中“Itscareandmanagementhavedifferedovertime”与全文,可知对于癌症的护理管理是一直发展的,因此A选项符合题意。B和D选项是作者饮用的他人观点,不不能代表作者自身。癌症由之前的不是焦点到现在人人恐惧,身份自然有改变,C选项由此可排除。
2.单选题
Severalinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelyto(),oratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.
问题1选项
A.revolt
B.revolve
C.reverse
D.revive
【答案】C
【解析】句意:90年代初期发生的若干国际事件,似乎有可能逆转或者至少能够缓解80年代出现的趋势。
考查动词辨析。revolt叛逆,反抗,不及物动词,故排除;revolve旋转,环绕,不及物动词,故排除。Reverse颠倒,逆转。Revive(使)苏醒,复兴,复活。根据句意“或者至少能够缓解”可知C正确。
3.单选题
Thewoodwassorottenthat,whenwepulled,it()intofragments.
问题1选项
A.brokeaway
B.brokeoff
C.brokeup
D.brokethrough
【答案】C
【解析】短语辨析。句意:木头腐烂成那样了,我们拉它的时候,它就
片了。
brokeaway脱离,放弃,裂开;brokeoff折断,突然停止;brokeup分手,破碎;brokethrough突破。
后半句有一个“fragments(碎片)”,C项符合句意。虽然A项breakaway也可表示“弄碎”的意思,但后面一般不与“into(sth.)”连用。
4.单选题
Consumersandproducersobviouslymakedecisionsthatmoldtheeconomy,butthereisathirdmajor(1)toconsidertheroleofgovernment.Governmenthasapowerful(2)ontheeconomyinatleastfourways:
DirectServices.Thepostalsystem,forexample,isafederalsystem(3)theentirenation,asisthelargeandcomplexmilitaryestablishment.Conversely,theconstructionand(4)ofmosthighways,the(5)oftheindividualstates,andthepubliceducationalsystems,despitealargefundingrolebythefederalgovernment,areprimarily(6)forbycountyorcitygovernments.Policeandfireprotectionandsanitation(7)arealsotheresponsibilitiesoflocalgovernment.
RegulationandControl.Thegovernmentregulatesandcontrolsprivate(8)inmanyways,forthe(9)ofassuringthatbusinessservesthebest(10)ofthepeopleasawhole.Regulationisnecessaryinareaswhereprivateenterpriseisgranteda(11),suchasintelephoneorelectricservice,orinotherareaswherethereislimitedcompetition,aswithrailroadsorairlines.Publicpolicypermitssuchcompaniestomakeareasonable(12),butlimitstheirabilitytoraiseprices(13),sincethepublicdependsontheirservices.Oftencontrolis(14)toprotectthepublic,asforexample,whentheFoodandDrugAdministrationbansharmfuldrugs,orrequiresstandardsof(15)infood.Inotherindustries,governmentsetsguidelinestoensurefaircompetitionwithoutusingdirectcontrol.
StabilizationandGrowth.Branchesofgovernment,includingCongressandsuchentitiesastheFederalReserveBoard,attempttocontroltheextremesofboomandbust,ofinflationanddepression,by(16)taxrates,themoneysupply,andtheuseofcredit.Theycanalso(17)theeconomythroughchangesintheamountofpublicspendingbythegovernmentitself.
DirectAssistance.Thegovernmentprovidesmanykindsofhelpto(18)andindividuals.Forexample,tariffs(19)certainproductstoremainrelativelyfreeofforeigncompetition;importsaresometimestaxedsothatAmericanproductsareableto(20)betterwithcertainforeigngoods.Governmentsupportsindividualswhocannotadequatelycareforthemselves,bymakinggrantstoworkingparentswithdependentchildren,byprovidingmedicalcarefortheagedandtheindigent,andthroughsocialwelfaresystem.
问题1选项
A.economy
B.horror
C.magnifier
D.element
问题2选项
A.elevation
B.emotion
C.effect
D.election
问题3选项
A.dripping
B.serving
C.diverging
D.clamping
问题4选项
A.clearance
B.combustion
C.commence
D.maintenance
问题5选项
A.commonplace
B.responsibility
C.conductivity
D.consequence
问题6选项
A.consoled
B.compacted
C.paid
D.bracketed
问题7选项
A.services
B.boycotts
C.budgets
D.charters
问题8选项
A.banquet
B.boom
C.arena
D.enterprise
问题9选项
A.assertion
B.purpose
C.asset
D.assumption
问题10选项
A.admiration
B.interests
C.adoption
D.accuracy
问题11选项
A.monopoly
B.acceptance
C.abolition
D.morality
问题12选项
A.proximity
B.blend
C.breast
D.profit
问题13选项
A.fairly
B.unfairly
C.friendly
D.unnecessarily
问题14选项
A.exercised
B.broadened
C.bankrupted
D.exemplified
问题15选项
A.faculty
B.quantity
C.quality
D.fragment
问题16选项
A.applauding
B.assessing
C.ascending
D.adjusting
问题17选项
A.affect
B.accommodate
C.adhere
D.affirm
问题18选项
A.beverage
B.businesses
C.bondage
D.botany
问题19选项
A.perplex
B.permit
C.perturb
D.plunder
问题20选项
A.compensate
B.confront
C.console
D.compete
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:B
第4题:D
第5题:B
第6题:C
第7题:A
第8题:D
第9题:B
第10题:B
第11题:A
第12题:D
第13题:B
第14题:A
第15题:C
第16题:D
第17题:A
第18题:B
第19题:B
第20题:D
【解析】1.考查逻辑关系。element“元素、要素”;magnifier“放大镜”;horror“恐怖”;economy“经济”。文章开头第一句就讲到消费者与生产者会对经济产生影响,由此可以推出文章接下来要讲另一个影响因素,只有D符合题意。
2.考查词汇辨析。elevation”海拨,提高”;emotion“情感、情绪”;election“选举”;powerfuleffect“强大的影响力”,选项C符合题意。
3.考查逻辑关系。drip”滴下”;diverge“偏离、分叉”;clamp“夹住”。邮政系统属于服务行业,故选择B“服务”。
4.考查名词词义辨析。clearance“清除”;combustion“燃烧、氧化”;commence“开始,着手”;maintenance“维修;维护”高速公路除了建设,还需要对其进行保养,才保证正常使用。选项D符合题意。
5.考查名词词义辨析。commonplace“老生常谈、司空见惯的事”;conductivity“导电性”;consequence“结果,后果”。高速公路建设与保养问题,涉及一个归属与责任权的问题,句中提到individualstates(各个州)。由此可知选B(责任)符合题意。
6.考查动词词义辨析。console“安慰”;compact“压缩、压紧”;bracket“把...归入同一类”。句中提到thepubliceducationalsystems,despitealargefundingrolebythefederalgovernment(公共教育系统大多数的资金由联邦政府提供)。由此可知,接下来继续谈论费用的承担问题。选项C(支付)符合题意。
7.考查固定搭配。boycott“联合抵制”;budget“预算”;charter”宪章、特许状”;
service“局、部”。Policeandfireprotectionandsanitation
Services(警察局、消防部门、卫生局)。故选择A。
8.考查名词词义辨析。banquet“宴会”;boom“兴旺,繁荣”;arena“舞台”;enterprise“企业”。文章是讲政府在经济中发挥的作用,推动经济的发展很大程度上取决于企业的发展,句中business:此处理解为企业。选项D符合题意。
9.考查名词词义辨析。assertion“断言、声明”;asset“资产,财产”;assumption“假定,假设”。政府实施对企业的管理是为了达到某一目的,故选择B(目的,企图)。
10.考查名词词义辨析。admiration”钦佩,赞赏”;adoption“采用,收养”;accuracy“精确度,准确性”。政府指导企业的发展,让企业在盈利的同时,也需要满足全社会的利益,故选择B(利益)。
11.考查名词词义辨析。acceptance“接受”;abolition”废除,废止”;morality“道德,品行”。企业为了个人利益难免会垄断某个行业,Regulationisnecessaryinareas:政府在某些行业采取调控是有必要的。故得知选择A(垄断)。
12.考查名词词义辨析。proximity“接近,邻近”;blend“混合”;breast“胸怀,乳房”。
企业要生存就必须盈利,故选择D(利润)。
13.考查副词词义辨析。fairly“公平地”;friendly“友好的”;unnecessarily“不必要地”。企业为了赚得更多的利润,会打价格战,会恶意提高价格,故选择B(不公平地)。
14.考查动词词义辨析。broaden“扩大,变宽”;bankrupt“破产”;exemplify”例证,例示”。control此处理解为调控,而这一行为是需要实施,故选择A(运用,执行)。
15.考查名词词义辨析。faculty“科,系”;quantity“量,数量”;fragment“碎片,片段”。theFoodandDrugAdministrationbansharmfuldrugs,orrequiresstandardsof65infood:食品药品管理局禁止生产有害药品,提出食品加工的质量标准,由此可知选择C(质量)。
16.考查动词词义辨析。applaud“赞同,鼓掌”;assess“评定,估计”;ascend“上升,攀登”。...controltheextremesofboomandbust,ofinflation...:调控经济过热和过度衰退,抑制通货膨胀。要解决这些问题需要采用一些经济手段,如:调整税率,货币发行量(themoneysupply),故选择D(调整)。
17.考查名词词义辨析。accommodate“适应,调解”;adhere“坚持”;affirm“肯定,断言”。运用经济手段(调整税率、货币发行量),会对经济产生一定影响,故选择A(影响)。
18.考查名词词义辨析。beverage“饮料”;bondage“束缚,奴役”;botany“植物学”。individual:个人,政府要保证个体利益也需要照顾全局,由此可以得知选择B(企业)。
19.考查动词词义辨析。Perplex“困惑,为难”;perturb“扰乱”;plunder”抢夺,抢劫”。tariffscertainproductstoremainrelativelyfreeofforeigncompetition;为了企业的更好的发展,可以允许减免某些企业的税收,故选择B(允许)。
20.考查动词词义辨析。compensate“补偿、赔偿”;confront“面对,遭遇”;console“安慰,慰藉”。...Americanproducts...withcertainforeigngoods(美国产品、外国产品),可得知国内产品与外国产品为了争得市场,必然存在竞争,故选D(竞争)。
5.单选题
It’ssaidthat()isgoingtogiveusalecture.
问题1选项
A.anAmericanfamousyoung
B.afamousAmericanyoung
C.afamousyoungAmerican
D.ayoungfamousAmerican
【答案】C
【解析】句意:据说,一个著名的美国年轻人会给我们演讲。
语法题。考查形容词的顺序位置。famous是描绘性形容词,应放在前面;American指的是国籍,表示“美国人”,应该放在young之后。因此选C项。
6.写作题
Directions:Inthispart,youareexpectedtowriteacompositionentitledProsConsofBuyingaCarinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines.
有人赞成买私家车
有人反对买私家车
我的看法
【答案】略
7.单选题
Asoneworkswithcolorinapracticalorexperimentalway,oneisimpressedbytwoapparentlyunrelatedfacts.Colorasseenisamobilechangeablethingdependingtoalargeextentontherelationshipofthecolortoothercolorsseensimultaneously.Itisnotfixedinitsrelationtothedirectstimuluswhichcreatesit.Ontheotherhand,thepropertiesofsurfacesthatgiverisetocolordonotseemtochangegreatlyunderawidevarietyofilluminationcolors,usually(butnotalways)lookingmuchthesameinartificiallightasindaylight.Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier.
Whentheeyeisfixedonacoloredarea,thereisanimmediatereadjustmentofthesensitivityoftheeyetocolorinandaroundtheareaviewed.Thisreadjustmentdoesnotimmediatelyaffectthecolorseenbutusuallydoesaffectthenextareatowhichthegazeisshifted.Thelongerthetimeofviewing,thehighertheintensity,andthelargerthearea,thegreatertheeffectwillbeintermsofitspersistenceinthesucceedingviewingsituation.AsindicatedbytheworkofWrightandSchouten,itappearsthat,atleastforafirstapproximation,fulladaptationtakesplaceoveraverybrieftimeiftheadaptingsourceismoderately,brightandtheeyehasbeeninrelativedarknessjustpreviously.Asthestimulusisallowedtoact,however,theeffectbecomesmorepersistentinthesensethatittakestheeyelongertoregainitssensitivitytolowerintensities.Thenetresultisthat,iftheeyeissoexposedandthenthegazeistransferredtoanareaoflowerintensity,thelossofsensitivityproducedbythefirstareawillstillbepresentandappearasan“afterimage”superimposedonthesecond.Theeffectnotonlyispresentoverthemutualareacausingthe“localadaptation”butalsospreadswithdecreasingstrengthtoadjoiningareasoftheeyetoproduce“lateraladaptation”.Also,becauseofthepersistenceoftheeffectiftheeyeisshiftedaroundfromoneobjecttoanother,allofwhichareatsimilarbrightnessorhavesimilarcolors,theadaptationwilltendtobecomeuniformoverthewholeeye.
1.Thisselectionisprimarilyconcernedwith().
2.Whetheracoloredobjectwould,ontwoviewingsseparatedintime,appeartotheviewerassimilarordifferentincolorwoulddependmostlyon().
3.Ifaperson'seyehasbeenlookingatanobjectinbrightsunlightforsometime,andthenshiftstoanobjectnotwelllit,wecanexpect().
4.Theword"superimpose"(Line12,Paragraph2)hastheclosestmeaningto().
5.Thepresentselectionhasapparentlybeenprecededbysomeexplanationof().
问题1选项
A.theeye’sadaptationtocolor
B.thepropertiesofcoloredsurfaces
C.thecolorofcolors
D.theeffectofchangesincolorintensity
问题2选项
A.thecolormechanismoftheeyeinuseatthetimeofeachviewing
B.whethertheobjectwasseeninartificialornaturallight
C.whatkindofviewinghadimmediatelyprecededeachoftheviewings
D.theindividual'spoweroflateraladaptation
问题3选项
A.atimelaginthefocusingabilityoftheeye
B.theimmediatelossofthe"afterimage"ofthefirstobject
C.someinabilitytoseecolorsofthelatter-namedobjectsuntillossofsensitivityhasbeenregained
D.theadaptationinthecentralareaoftheeyebutlittleadaptationinthelateralareastothenewintensitylevel
问题4选项
A.putsomethingover
B.forcesomethingtoappear
C.levysomethingupon
D.makesomethingavailable
问题5选项
A.someexperimentwithcolorpigments
B.thenatureofcolor
C.thecolorpropertiesofvarioussurfaces
D.themechanismoftheeye'sadaptationtocolor
【答案】第1题:A
第2题:C
第3题:C
第4题:A
第5题:D
【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。第一段提出:Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier(这两种效果在很大程度上都是由于前面提到的颜色适应机制),后面接着论述了眼睛对颜色的适应。由此可知A项“眼睛对颜色的适应”正确。
第2题:判断推理题。根据题干定位至第二段:Thelongerthetimeofviewing,thehighertheintensity,andthelargerthearea,thegreatertheeffectwillbeintermsofitspersistenceinthesucceedingviewingsituation(观看时间越长,强度越高,面积越大,在接下来的观察中存留的影响就越大)。由此可知答案为C项“快速转移视线前所见景物”.
第3题:判断推理题。根据题干定位到第二段第六句:Thenetresultisthat,iftheeyeissoexposedandthenthegazeistransferredtoanareaoflowerintensity,thelossofsensitivityproducedbythefirstareawillstillbepresentandappearasan“afterimage”superimposedonthesecond(最终的结果是,如果眼睛盯着某种颜色看,然后转移到较低强度的区域,由第一区域产生的灵敏度损失将仍然存在,并将会作为后像出现而叠加到第二个区域中)。由此可知C选项“直到失去的敏感度恢复了,才能看到后一个物体一些原本看不到的颜色”正确。
第4题:词义题。可参考第二段第六句:Thenetresultisthat,iftheeyeissoexposedandthenthegazeistransferredtoanareaoflowerintensity,thelossofsensitivityproducedbythefirstareawillstillbepresentandappearasan“afterimage”superimposedonthesecond(最终的结果是,如果眼睛盯着某种颜色看,然后转移到较低强度的区域,由第一区域产生的灵敏度损失将仍然存在,并将会作为后像出现而…到第二个区域中)。由此可知,superimposed指“叠加的”。因此A项“把某物放在上面”正确。
第5题:判断推理题。根据题干定位至第一段最后一句:Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier(这两种效应似乎和之前提到的颜色适应机制有很大关系)。由此可知D项“眼睛适应颜色的机制”正确。
8.单选题
Youinvestintheequitymarkettoprovideyourselfwithstreamoffuturedividendswhichwillhopefully_______inflation.
问题1选项
A.outpace
B.outface
C.outgrow
D.outlaw
【答案】A
【解析】outpace超过…速度,赶过;outface蔑视;outgrow出生,蜕变;outlaw将…放逐,宣布…不合法。句意:投资股票市场会给自己带来未来的红利,而且它将有望赶超通货膨胀。选项A符合句意。
9.单选题
Fromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirst(1),theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethis(2)tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankind’sfuture(3)andculturalgrowthincreased.
Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis(4)forourabilitytoproduceanduselanguage.They(5)thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesuswitha(n)(6)languageabilitynotfoundinlowerorganisms.Supportersofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour(7)forlanguageisinborn,butthat
languageitselfdevelopsgradually,asafunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.Thereforetherearecritical(8)timesforlanguagedevelopment.
Current(9)ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed;however,evidence(10)theexistenceofsome
innateabilitiesisundeniable.Indeed,moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtin(11)grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing(12)to
them,whileadultshaveamuch(13)timelearninganotherlanguageoncetherulesoftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.
(14)someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyin
avacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen(15)fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossesslanguage.This
demonstratesthat(16)withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguagedevelopment.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage(17)thananyinnatecapacities.
Thesetheoristsviewlanguage(18)imitative,learnedbehavior.(19),childrenlearnlanguage
fromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchild’slanguageskillsby(20)reinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.
问题1选项
A.generated
B.evolved
C.born
D.originated
问题2选项
A.valuable
B.appropriate
C.convenient
D.favorite
问题3选项
A.attainments
B.feasibility
C.entertainments
D.evolution
问题4选项
A.essential
B.available
C.reliable
D.responsible
问题5选项
A.confirm
B.inform
C.claim
D.convince
问题6选项
A.innate
B.basic
C.inspiring
D.outgoing
问题7选项
A.potential
B.performance
C.preference
D.passion
问题8选项
A.ideological
B.biological
C.social
D.psychological
问题9选项
A.reviews
B.reference
C.reaction
D.recommendation
问题10选项
A.opposing
B.supporting
C.encouraging
D.discouraging
问题11选项
A.various
B.different
C.thehigher
D.thelower
问题12选项
A.revealed
B.exposed
C.engaged
D.involved
问题13选项
A.hard
B.easy
C.harder
D.easier
问题14选项
A.Although
B.Whether
C.Since
D.When
问题15选项
A.distinguished
B.different
C.protected
D.isolated
问题16选项
A.exposition
B.comparison
C.contrast
D.interaction
问题17选项
A.acquisition
B.appreciation
C.requirement
D.alternative
问题18选项
A.tobe
B.into
C.as
D.of
问题19选项
A.Asaresult
B.Afterall
C.Inotherwords
D.Aboveall
问题20选项
A.negatively
B.positively
C.negative
D.positive
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:A
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:C
第6题:A
第7题:A
第8题:B
第9题:A
第10题:B
第11题:D
第12题:B
第13题:C
第14题:A
第15题:D
第16题:D
第17题:A
第18题:C
第19题:C
第20题:B
【解析】(1)动词词义辨析。generated生殖,发展;evolved逐渐发展,进化;born出世(bear的过去分词);originated起源。根据原文句意:当人类刚刚开始,他们跟新生儿一样不会运用这种工具。选项B更符合原文语境。
(2)形容词词义辨析。根据下文可知,填空处的词是用来修饰语言的。valuable珍贵的;appropriate合适的,适当的;convenient方便的,便利的;favorite最喜欢的。这里指语言工具,所以选项A更符合语境。
(3)名词词义辨析。attainments成就;feasibility可行性;entertainments娱乐;evolution进化。句意:语言一旦发展起来,人类未来取得成就和文化发展的可能性就增加了。选项A符合原文。
(4)beresponsiblefor对……负责,是……的原因。根据下文的内容可以推断,这里是指:进化是我们有能力发明和使用语言的原因,而不是说进化对我们有能力发明和使用语言很重要,所以选D而不选A。
(5)根据原文可知that后面的从句是生物学家们提出的观点,所以用claim(声称)符合原文语境。
(6)上下文语义。根据下文“innatenesstheory”可知,此处也应填入innate。
(7)名词词义辨析。根据句意:人类的语言潜能是与生俱来的,但语言本身也在逐渐发展。选项A符合原文。
(8)形近词辨析。ideological思想上的;biological生物的;social社会的;psychological心理的。根据上文“asafunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood”可以推断,语言的发展有一个关键的生物变化的时期,选项B符合原文。
(9)名词词义辨析。reviews评论;reference参考;reaction反应;recommendation推荐。根据原文可知,这里指人们对天赋论的评论不一。选项A符合原文。
(10)上下文语义。根据evidence可知,只有supporting符合逻辑关系。句意:支持某些先天能力的证据却是毋庸置疑的。所以本题选B。
(11)上下文语义。根据下文“Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguages”可推断,学外语要从低年级开始教起。选项D符合原文。
(12)固定搭配。engaged通常与介词in或者with搭配;involved通常与介词in搭配。这里指长期处于……环境中,所以选项B更符合原文。
(13)上下文语义。根据while可知,成年人和孩子们想比应该是相反的情况,所以排除选项B和D,再根据副词much可知,这里应填入比较级,选项C正确。
(14)逻辑关系。根据句意:语言的某些方面确实是与生俱来的,语言不是凭空自己发展的。所以,前后应该为转折关系。选项A符合原文语境。
(15)上下文语义。根据上文语言不是凭空自己发展的,也就是说不能在与世隔绝的环境中发展。所以这里应该选D。
(16)上下文语义。根据句意:这说明与他人的互动对于语言的正常发展是必要的。只有选项D符合原文。
(17)上下文语义。acquisition获得;appreciation欣赏;requirement要求;alternative可供选择的。根据句意:一些语言学家认为,这比任何先天能力对人类语言习得更为基础。选项A符合原文。
(18)固定搭配。viewas意为:认为……是……;把……看作……,符合原文句意。所以选项C正确。
(19)上下文语义和词组辨析。Asaresult结果是;Afterall毕竟;Inotherwords换言之;Aboveall首先。下句是对上句的一个举例,所以选项C正确。
(20)副词词义辨析和上下文语义。根据下文“negativelyreinforcingimprecise”可知这里应填入positively。选项B正确。
10.单选题
Thedoctorwasina()astowhethertotellthepatientthetruthoralie.
问题1选项
A.prudence
B.dilemma
C.secrecy
D.psychology
【答案】B
【解析】名词辨析题。prudence谨慎;dilemma困境,进退两难;secrecy保密;psychology心理学。句意:医生陷入进退两难的困境,不知该告诉病人真相还是谎言。选项B符合句意。
11.写作题
Directions:Writeacompositioninthetitle“HowtoEliminateFakeDiplomas”basedonthefollowinggivenoutlineinChinese.Yourcompositionshouldbeabout150Englishwords.PleasewriteyourcompositionontheAnswerSheet.
Outline:
1.现在社会上的假文凭屡见不鲜。
2.如何杜绝假文凭现象?
【答案】HowtoEliminateFakeDiplomas
Inthelastfewyears,thephenomenonoffakediplomasismoreserious.Plentyofpeopleusefakediplomasto
findagoodjob.Besidesthelowcostofthefakediplomasappealslotsofpeoplewhohavenotreceivedhighereducationwhichmakefakediplomasbecomemorecommon.
Fakediplomasdoharmtobothemployersandpersonswhohaverealdiplomas.Ifemployersappointemployeeswhoarenotqualifiedforacertainposition,theircompaniesmaysufferheavylosses,evenfacehugecrisis.Besides,it’sunfairforpeoplewithrealdiplomaswhenthosewhobuyfakediplomasdonotpayanyeffortsandmoneyinhighereducation.Soitistimetodealwiththefakeevent.
Tobeginwith,governmentshouldreleasesomelawstopunishthosepeoplewhofabricateandbuythefakediplomastolimitthefakeevent.Inaddition,theuniversitycanmaketheirdiplomaswithspecialmaterialtolimitthefakediplomas’spreading.Furthermore,universitiesshouldmatchupthecompaniestochecktherecordofformalschoolingoftheiremployees.Inthoseways,thefakeeventsmaybecontrolled.
12.单选题
ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.
Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identify,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”
Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.
“Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,”saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”
Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.
Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmasses
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