考研考博-英语-乌鲁木齐职业大学考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-乌鲁木齐职业大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

剽窃包括但不限于以下形式：为了完成学业所需要的论文，全部或部分抄袭他人的文章，不提原作者的名字；不经消化，也不顾是否符合自己的语言和风格，生搬硬套引用他人著作中的思想，同样是不提出处；巧妙地改写他人著作的某个章节，误导读者，伪装成自己的作品；未经任课老师同意，将同一篇论文用于多门课程；未经同意或授权，获取或使用同伴或他人的实际数据；更有甚者，为了验证所期待的实际结果，伪造或篡改实际数据。

【答案】Plagiarismincludesbutisnotlimitedtothefollowingforms:inordertofinishingtheacademic-neededpaper,inpartorinwholecopingothersthesiswithoutmentioningtheauthor’sname;regardlessofthelanguageandstyle,mechanicallycitingtheideaofotherpeople’spapersnotreferringtothesource;cleverlyadaptingthechapterofother’swritingtopassitastheirownanddeceivereaders;usingthesamepaperformorethanonecoursewithouttheadmissionoftheteacher;withoutconsentorauthorizing,acquiringorusingthecompanionother’sfactualdate;moreover,forgingortemperingthedatetoverifyingtheexpectedresult.

2.单选题

Thenewmanagerhadmanydifficultiestoovercomebuthe____themallinhisstride.

问题1选项

A.overlooked

B.obtained

C.tackled

D.took

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。overlook“忽略”；obtain“获得”；tackle“处理；抓住”；take“拿，带，抓，需要”。句意：新经理有很多困难需要克服，但是他从容应对，并且克服了困难。选项C符合题意。

3.单选题

Thegovernessagreedtoteachthetemperamentalchild______shewasgivencompleteauthority.

问题1选项

A.that

B.provided

C.whether

D.for

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查从句。句意：______赋予那位女家教老师完全的支配权，她答应去教那个脾气暴躁的孩子。横线面前部分是主句，横线后面部分是从句，根据语境，这里是一个条件状语从句，A选项that可引导宾语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等；B选项provided“假如，在……条件下，前提是”引导条件状语从句；C选项whether意思为“是否”时引导主语从句、宾语从句等，意思为“不论”时引导让步状语从句；D选项for“因为”引导原因状语从句。根据语境，教这个脾气暴躁的孩子是有挑战的事情，那位教师只有拥有完全的掌控权，她才肯做这件事，B选项provided“假如，在……条件下，前提是”符合题意。D选项for“因为”在这里不如B选项provided符合语境。因此B选项正确。

4.单选题

Anumberofresearchershavewrittenabouta“hiddencurriculum”inschools,definedasthesubtleinfluencesonstudentsthatreinforcesexistandracistmessages.Thehiddencurriculumminimizesand（

）thecontributionswomenhavemade.

问题1选项

A.eulogizes

B.maligns

C.maximizes

D.compliments

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项eulogize“颂扬”；B选项malign“诽谤；中伤”；C选项maximize“取……最大值”；D选项compliment“恭维；称赞”。句意：许多研究人员写了一篇关于学校的“隐性课程”的文章，定义为微妙地影响学生，加强性别歧视和种族歧视的信息。隐藏的课程将女性所做出的贡献最小化和……。B选项符合题意。

5.单选题

Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresultswould（

）herlongeffort.

问题1选项

A.justify

B.estify

C.rectify

D.verify

【答案】A

【解析】justify证明……是正当的/有理由的，替……辩护；testify作证，证明，证实；rectify改正，精馏，整流；verify核实，查证。句意：在确信结果会证明她的长期努力是值得的之前，她努力工作了。选项A符合语境。

6.单选题

Hethinksaboutnothingbutplayingchess.He’scompletely______toit.

问题1选项

A.addicted

B.ascribed

C.tempted

D.overcome

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.addicted沉溺于，入迷，上瘾B.ascribed归于，归咎于

C.tempted引诱，吸引D.overcome战胜，克服

【答案】A

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】由关键信息“Hethinksaboutnothingbutplayingchess（他只想着下棋）”可知，他对下棋入了迷，除了这件事无心去做其他。因此，只有A选项词义最符合句意。且固定搭配“beaddictedto”表示“对……上瘾，沉溺于”。故本题正确答案为A选项。

【干扰项排除】B项beascribedto（归结于）、C项betemptedto（受诱惑做某事）和D项不符合句意。

【句意】他只想着下棋。他完全上瘾了。

7.单选题

TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(an)（）ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.

问题1选项

A.altitude

B.latitude

C.multitude

D.attitude

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析。句意：英语中的单词，在曰常谈话中几乎用不到。altitude高度、海拔；latitude纬度；multitude多数；attitude态度。因此，C项符合句意。

8.单选题

（

）canhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.

问题1选项

A.Everybody

B.Anybody

C.Somebody

D.Nobody

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。nobodycanhelpbut“情不自禁”，相当于everybodycan'thelpbut.句意：大家都情不自禁地被他科幻小说所代入的世界所吸引。故D项正确。

9.翻译题

Francehasastrongregionalidentity.WhenaFrenchmantalksof”monpays"（mycountry）,heismorelikelytobereferringtotheareainwhichhegrewupthantothenationasawhole.SoNormandy（诺曼底）remainsresolutelyNorman.Brittany（布列塔尼）defiantlyBreton,andthevillagesofthesouthdecidedlycontrary.

Andbecauseofthislocalsenseofbeing,thebakerfromanotherregionbeyondthehillswillberegardedasmuchofaforeignerasthewelcomevisitorfromoverseas,clutchingaguidebook.Andregionalprideguaranteesthatshopkeepers,restaurateursandeventheoldmanplayingpetanque（滚球游戏）onadustyvillagesquarewillupgradethewelcometoanystrangerifonlytoprovethattheirregionistheonlytrueFrance.

You'llsoondiscoverthat,asmuchasthelandscape,itisthelocalfoodthatdefineseachregionofFrance.Chanceencountersaresometimesthebest一comingacrossastrawberryfairinthenorth,oranolivemarketinthesouth;happeninguponmonkstendingtheirvinesinawalledclos（庄园）fillingcuppedpalmsandanysparebottleswithmineralwaterinaspa-resort（温泉胜地）；orwatchingthemorningcatchspillontoaharborquayside（码头区）.

【答案】法国每个区域都有其强烈的特色。当一个法国人谈起“我的国家”，他很有可能指的是他所成长的区域，而非整个法国。因此诺曼底人一定会说起诺曼底区，布列塔尼人会直率的指出他是来自布列塔尼区，以及所有南方地区的村庄都是如此。

正因为区域意识的存在，从山的另一边的区域而来的面包师会被当地人当作手持旅行指南的外国人，或是受欢迎的海外观光客。区域的自豪感使得店主和饭店老板，甚至是正在满是灰尘的广场上玩滚球游戏的老人，都会增加对任何一个陌生人的欢迎程度，只要能证明他们所在的区域才是真正的法国。

你很快就会发现，和地图一样，每个地区的食物将每个地区区分开来。有时偶然碰上的反而是最好的！比如你在北部偶遇的草莓集市，或是在南部发现的橄榄集市；又比如碰巧在围墙内的庄园中遇见僧人正在照料葡萄藤，葡萄遍布在凹陷的棕榈植物中间，或是品尝了在温泉胜地中用多余的瓶子盛的矿泉水；又比如你恰巧看到清晨在码头区打捞后的漏网之鱼。

10.单选题

Amanufacturerofsportsshoesstartssellingconsumerelectronics.Asoftdrinklendsitsnametoarangeofurbanclothing.What’sgoingon?Insimplertimes,youknewwhereyouwerewithbrands.Onebrandnamemeantgood-qualitysportsshoes,anotherasoftdrink.Noconfusion.Today,however,bigcompaniestrytoredefinebrandsasnotsomuchaproduct,moreawayoflife,andstretchthemintonewareas.Intheearlyyearsoftheconsumersociety,abrandnameonaboxsimplyidentifiedwhatwasinside.Peoplewerelookingforproductsthatwouldimprovetheirqualityoflife,andchoosebrandsmostlikelytoachievethatpurpose.Butaspeopleinindustrializednationsbecamemoreaffluentandfulfilledtheirbasicneeds,brandsacquiredotherattributes.Thefunctionalityoftheproductwasstillimportant,butpeoplealsostartedusingbrandstosaysomethingaboutthemselves,forexample,choosingabrandofcosmeticswhichwouldsuggestthattheyweresophisticatedjet-setters.

Now,wehaveenteredathirdageofbranding,inwhichsomanycompaniesaremakingroughlythesameproductatroughlythesamepricethatfunctionalityrarelysucceedsasapointofdifferentiation.Instead,companiesaretryingtomaketheirbrandsstandoutbyemphasizingtheiremotionalaspects,hopingconsumerswillidentifywiththesetofvaluesthebrandrepresents.

Onedisadvantageofaproduct-basedbrandisthatiftheproductgoesoutoffashion,thebrandgoeswithit.Thisisaseriousconcernformanufacturesofbreakfastcereals,whoarestrugglingtocounterweakdemandfortheproductsthatbeartheirnames.Sofar,theirmarketingeffortsseemtobehavinglittleeffect.Theadvantageforemotionalbrandsisthatcompaniescantransfertheirbrandstrengthintootherareas,increasingrevenuesandreducingtheirexposuretothelifespanofasingleproduct.

Theelasticityofbrandsseemstoberelatedtotheirpositiononaspectrumrangingfromthoserootedinsolid,tangibleassetstothosewithhighlyintangibleemotionalqualities.Attheoneend,youhavetraincompaniesthattendtoassociatethemselveswithinfrastructureandtheirabilitytogetyoufromAtoB,andattheotherendwouldbealeisurebrandthatpositionsitselfondreamsandmakingpeoplehavefun.Itisthelatterwhichhasthemaximumpotentialforstretch.

Butevenemotionalbrandshavealimittotheirelasticity.Themerchandisehastobeconsistentwiththebrandpromise.Justtosellmerchandisewithyourlogoonitisashort-term,mistakenidea.Fromthisviewpoint,thedecisiontomovefromsportsshoesintoconsumerelectronicsmakessense.Mostitemsintherange,suchasthetwo-wayradioforhikers,aresports-focused,eventhoughtheproductsmaybeadoptedasfashionaccessories,andthesportsshoecustomerswillprobablysnapthemup.

Whenthemovewasmadefromsoftdrinksintoclothing,however,itleftthebrandingconsultantscold.Itwasadifficultmentalleapintoclothingfromthedrinksocloselyassociatedwiththatparticularbrandname.Ontheotherhand,theemotionalattributesthatyoungstersseemtofindappealinginthedrink,likeitsheritageandglobalappeal,arefashionableatthemoment,andinfactresponsetotheclotheswiththesamenamehasbeenoverwhelming.Maybethisjustshowsthataninspiredmove—andbyallaccountsasnapdecision—sometimespaysoffagainsttheodds,leavingthemanufacturerlaughingallthewaytothebank.

1.Accordingtothewriter,anattributeofthethirdageofbrandingisthat（

）.

2.Thewritermentionsmanufacturersofbreakfastcerealstoillustratehow

（

）.

3.Thewriterarguethatthestretchfromsportsshoesintoconsumerelectronicsislikelytobesuccessfulbecause

（

）.

4.Thewriterarguesthatthestretchformsoftdrinksintoclothing（

）.

问题1选项

A.competingproductsmayservetheirpurposeequallywell

B.therangeofproductsavailableistoolargeforalltosurvive

C.consumersarebecomingconfusedabouttheproductsavailable

D.pricehasbecomeakeyfactorinconsumers'choiceofproducts

问题2选项

A.competitioncanhaveanimpactonaproduct

B.abrandcanloseitspopularitydespiteastrongmarketfortheproduct

C.advertisingcanaffectsalesofaproduct

D.changesinthepopularityofproductscancausedifficulties

问题3选项

A.existingcustomershavedemandedthenewproducts

B.theywillbesoldinthesameoutlets

C.thenewlineswillexpandthemanufacturer’smarket

D.thereisaconnectioninthewaythatthegoodscanbeused

问题4选项

A.wasagamblewhichsucceeded

B.builtonthepopularityofcertaintypeofclothing

C.showedthevalueofcarefulplanning

D.createdproductionproblemsforthemanufacturer

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Now,wehaveenteredathirdageofbranding,inwhichsomanycompaniesaremakingroughlythesameproductatroughlythesamepricethatfunctionalityrarelysucceedsasapointofdifferentiation.（现在，我们已经进入了品牌化的第三阶段，在这一阶段，许多公司以大致相同的价格生产大致相同的产品，而功能很少作为一个差异点成功）可知A选项“竞争产品可能提供相同的功能”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Onedisadvantageofaproduct-basedbrandisthatiftheproductgoesoutoffashion,thebrandgoeswithit.Thisisaseriousconcernformanufacturesofbreakfastcereals,whoarestrugglingtocounterweakdemandfortheproductsthatbeartheirnames.（以产品为基础的品牌的一个缺点是，如果产品过时了，品牌也会随之改变。这是早餐谷类食品制造商的一个严重担忧，他们正努力应对以其名字命名的产品需求疲软）可知D选项“产品受欢迎程度的变化可能会造成困难”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的Fromthisviewpoint,thedecisiontomovefromsportsshoesintoconsumerelectronicsmakessense.Mostitemsintherange,suchasthetwo-wayradioforhikers,aresports-focused,eventhoughtheproductsmaybeadoptedasfashionaccessories,andthesportsshoecustomerswillprobablysnapthemup.（从这个角度来看，决定从运动鞋转向消费电子产品是有道理的。该系列中的大多数产品，如徒步旅行者使用的对讲机，虽然可能会被当成是时尚配饰，但同样也是运动类产品，并且运动鞋的消费者可能会抢购这类产品）可知D选项“在产品使用方面存在联系”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Maybethisjustshowsthataninspiredmove—andbyallaccountsasnapdecision—sometimespaysoffagainsttheodds,leavingthemanufacturerlaughingallthewaytothebank.（也许这正好表明了一个富有灵感的行为——或者按大家说的是一个仓促的决定——有时可能也会一把赌赢，最后使得制造商轻而易举地赚大钱）可知A选项“是一场成功的赌博”符合题意。

11.单选题

Atthesametime,theFund,UnitedNationsFundforPopulationActivities,workstochangetheparadigmofmasculinitythatallowsfortheresolutionofconflictthroughviolence.

问题1选项

A.model

B.covenant

C.aspiration

D.hurdle

【答案】A

【解析】句意：与此同时，人口基金，即联合国人口活动基金，正在努力改变男子气概的……，这种……允许通过暴力解决冲突。A选项model“模式”；B选项covenant“契约”；C选项aspiration“抱负”；D选项hurdle“障碍”。由句意可知，“模式”更适合本句语境，因此A选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Theencouragingfactoristhatthe（

）majorityofpeoplefindtheideaofchangeacceptable.

问题1选项

A.numerous

B.vast

C.most

D.massive

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。thevastmajorityof指“绝大部分，绝大多数”。选项B正确。

13.单选题

W:Wouldyoulikemetogetyousometea?

M:Notnow,thanks.Maybelater.

Q:Whatdoesthemanwant?

问题1选项

A.Todrinkteainawhile.

B.Toprepareteahimself.

C.Togetthewomansometealater.

D.Todrinksomethingelse.

【答案】A

【解析】根据男士的回答“Notnow,thanks.Maybelater.现在不用，谢谢。可能一会儿会需要。”可知A选项‘一会儿再喝’正确。

14.单选题

Weather（）,wewouldliketohaveapicnictogetherbythemeadow.

问题1选项

A.permits

B.permitted

C.permit

D.permitting

【答案】D

【解析】考查独立主格结构。前后部分主语分别是Weather和we，不一致，因此是独立主格结构，在句中作条件状语。weather和permit这个动作之间为主动关系，表示“天气允许的话”，相当于Ifweatherpermits。句意：如果天气允许的话，我们明天去野餐。因此D选项符合题意。

15.单选题

Suchquestionsshouldbeapproachedhonestlyandinfullawarenessthat（

）loanagreementswillcostmoneyduetocancellationorothercharges.

问题1选项

A.compressing

B.terminating

C.conforming

D.contending

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:这些问题应该认真的探讨，要充分意识到终止贷款协议及其他事项是要花成本的。

compress(被)压紧;精简;浓缩;压缩;压缩(文件等)。terminate(使)停止，结束，终止;到达终点站。conform顺从，顺应(大多数人或社会);随潮流;遵守。contend(尤指在争论中)声称，主张，认为;竞争;争夺。

16.单选题

Providingfirstclassserviceisoneofthetacticstheairlineadoptstoattractpassengers.

问题1选项

A.attitudes

B.methods

C.solutions

D.thoughts

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：提供头等舱服务是航空公司吸引乘客的策略之一。A选项attitude“态度，看法”；B选项method“方法，条理”；C选项solution“解决方案”；D选项thought“想法”。tactic意为“策略，战略”，选项B代入最符合语境。

17.不定项选择题

“AHARMLESSdrudge.”OfthedefinitionsinSamuelJohnson'sgreatEnglishdictionaryof1755,thatof“lexicographer”,hisowncalling,isthemostfamous,anexampleofthesamewitthatledhimtodefine“oats”as“agrain,whichinEnglandisgenerallygiventohorses,butinScotlandsupportsthepeople”.

Whynamealanguagecolumnafteraharmlessdrudge?BecauseJohnson,despitethedrudgery,knewthatlanguagewasnotharmless.Itspowertoinformandtoleadastray,toentertainandtoannoy,tobuildco-operationordestroyareputation,makeslanguageseriousstuff,TheEconomist's“Johnson”columnbeganin1992andwaslaterrevivedonline.Thisweekitreturnstotheprintedition,andhenceforthwillappearfortnightly.

Manyofthetopicstackledarefun:swearingandslang,preferencesandpeeves.Somearemorefundamental.Languagerevealsalotabouthumannature:howpeoplereasondifferentlyinaforeignlanguage,ortowhatextentdifferentlanguagesencodeaworldview,aresomeofthemostexcitingandcontroversialtopicsinlinguisticresearch.

Peoplecareintenselyabouttheirlanguage,andsolanguageinthewiderworldsometimescomesintoconflict.TheperceivedarroganceofCastilianstoCatalanthreatenstosunderSpain;“languagepolice”inQuebectellrestaurantownerstochange“pasta”and“grilledcheese”patesandfromaefondant.Attheextreme,thepassageofalawdowngradingRussianinUkrainehelpssparkwarinthatcountry;VladimirPutinhasuseditasevidencethatUkrainiannationalistsarebentonwipingoutRussianculturethere.Thewarhasrumbledonsince,withlanguagethemostobvioussymbolofwideridentityandsympathy.

SotheJohnsoncolumntreatstopicslightandheavyaswellaslanguagebothEnglishandinternational.Alanguagecolumnisexpectedtotacklequestionsofrightandwrong.Thereareroughlytwoviewsofhowtodothis:onetop-down,basedonauthority,prestige,writingandstability;onebottom-up,restingonhowmostpeopleactuallyusethelanguage,andopentochange.

Thetwoschoolsofthought,knownas“prescriptivism”(whichsetsdownhowthelanguageshouldbe)and“descriptivism”(whichtellshowitis),haveoftenbeenatdaggersdrawn:Englishteachersandsomeusage-bookwritersononeside,andacademiclinguists,lexicographersandotherusage-bookwritersontheother.Inthecaricature,prescriptivistsareauthoritarianswiththeirheadsinthesand,insistingonVictorian-eranon-rules.Thedescriptivistsaremockedas“anything-is-correct",embracingeveryfad,eventhatShakespeareshouldbetaughtintext-message-speak.

Anintellectualwritingforaneliteaudience,SamuelJohnsondidnotshyawayfrom“right”and“wrong”,even“barbarity”,“depravity”and“corruption”,inmattersoflanguage.Buthedeclaredhistaskwasnotto“form”butto“register”(thatis,describe)thelanguage;tryingtostopchangewasliketryingto“lashthewind”.Aboveall,hisyearsofdrudgingatthedictionaryhadtaughthimhumility:heknewhewassuretocommit“afewwildblunders,andvisibleabsurdities,fromwhichnoworkofsuchmultiplicitywaseverfree”.

Prescribingisnotreallytheoppositeofdescribing.LexicographersfromJohnson'sdayonmustdescribethelanguage,groundingtheirdefinitionsinreallivingEnglish.Butthatisinordertogivestrongerrootstoabooktheyknowpeoplewilluseforfirmguidance.Academiclinguists,thearch-descriptivists,areperfectlywillingtocallsomeusageswrongandothersplainugly.

1.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaboutSamuelJohnsonaccordingtothepassage?

2.Whyislanguageseriousstuffaccordingtothepassage?

3.FromPara4,theauthorhaslistedtheconflictscausedbylanguageinthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.SamuelJohnsononcecompiledagreatEnglishdictionary.

B.SamuelJohnsondefinedoatsasagrainwhichisgenerallygiventohorsesinEnglandbutsupportsthepeopleinScotland.

C.SamuelJohnsondefinedlexicographerasaharmlessdrudge.

D.SamuelJohnsonknewthatlanguagewasharmless.

问题2选项

A.Ithaspowertoinformandtoleadastray.

B.Ithaspowertoentertainandtoannoy.

C.Ithaspowertobuildcooperationordestroyareputation.

D.Alloftheabove.

问题3选项

A.Ukraine

B.Canada

C.Quebec

D.Spain

问题4选项

A.TheEconomist's“Johnson”columnbegunin1992treatsdifferenttopicsindifferentlanguages.

B.Bothprescriptivistsanddescriptivistsaremockedintheacademicarticles.

C.Tryingtostopchangeinlanguagewasliketryingto“lashthewind”.

D.LexicographersfromJohnson'sdayonmustgroundtheirdefinitionsinreallivingEnglish.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaboutSamuelJohnsonaccordingtothepassage?1.根据文章，关于塞缪尔•约翰逊，下列哪个选项是错误的？

A.SamuelJohnsononcecompiledagreatEnglishdictionary.A.塞缪尔•约翰逊曾编过一本伟大的英语词典。

B.SamuelJohnsondefinedoatsasagrainwhichisgenerallygiventohorsesinEnglandbutsupportsthepeopleinScotland.B.塞缪尔•约翰逊将燕麦定义为一种谷物，这种谷物在英格兰通常用来喂马，但在苏格兰却可以养活人民。

C.SamuelJohnsondefinedlexicographerasaharmlessdrudge.C.塞缪尔•约翰逊把词典编纂者定义为无害的苦工。

D.SamuelJohnsonknewthatlanguagewasharmless.D.塞缪尔•约翰逊知道语言是无害的。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第二段第二句“因为尽管约翰逊的工作很辛苦，但他知道语言并非无害（languagewasnotharmless）”，理解可知，“语言并非无害”即“语言是有害的”，所以D项与原文相反。该题选择D项符合题意。

【干扰项排除】A选项“塞缪尔•约翰逊曾编过一本伟大的英语词典”、B选项“塞缪尔•约翰逊将燕麦定义为一种谷物，这种谷物在英格兰通常用来喂马，但在苏格兰却可以养活人民”和C选项“塞缪尔•约翰逊把词典编纂者定义为无害的苦工”符合原文第一段“1755年塞缪尔•约翰逊的《英语大词典》中对‘无害的苦力’的定义中，‘词典编纂者’的定义是最著名的，也是一个机智的例子，使他将‘燕麦’定义为‘一种谷物，在英格兰通常是给马吃的，但在苏格兰是给人吃的’”的内容，属于反向干扰。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.Whyislanguageseriousstuffaccordingtothepassage?2.根据文章，为什么语言是严肃的东西？

A.Ithaspowertoinformandtoleadastray.A.它有提供信息和误导的力量。

B.Ithaspowertoentertainandtoannoy.B.它既有娱乐的力量，也有骚扰的力量。

C.Ithaspowertobuildcooperationordestroyareputation.C.它有能力建立合作，也有能力摧毁声誉。

D.Alloftheabove.D.以上都是。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据关键词seriousstuff定位至原文第二段第三句“它既能提供信息，也能误导人，既能娱乐，也能惹怒人，既能建立合作关系，也能毁掉声誉，这使得语言变得严肃起来”，理解可知，因为语言的双面性使得它成为一个严肃的事情。D选项“以上都是”完整地概括了原文的信息，该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】A选项“它有提供信息和误导的力量”、B选项“它既有娱乐的力量，也有骚扰的力量”和C选项“它有能力建立合作，也有能力摧毁声誉”根据解题思路可知，总结不全面，以偏概全。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.FromPara4,theauthorhaslistedtheconflictscausedbylanguageinthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT______.3.在第4段中，作者列举了除______以外的以下国家因语言而引起的冲突。

A.UkraineA.乌克兰

B.CanadaB.加拿大

C.QuebecC.魁北克

D.SpainD.西班牙

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第四段，该段提到“卡斯提尔人对加泰罗尼亚人的傲慢威胁着西班牙的分裂；魁北克的‘语言警察’要求餐馆老板更换‘意大利面’和‘烤奶酪’馅饼和方旦糖。在极端情况下，通过一项降低俄罗斯在乌克兰地位的法律，有助于在该国引发战争……”，从中可知，乌克兰、加拿大和西班牙这三个国家都有提到，而魁北克是加拿大的一个城市，不是国家，所以该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】A选项“乌克兰”、B选项“加拿大”和D选项“西班牙”都有提到，属于反向干扰。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthepassage?4.文章中没有提到下列哪项？

A.TheEconomist’s“Johnson”columnbegunin1992treatsdifferenttopicsindifferentlanguages.A.《经济学人》的“约翰逊”专栏始于1992年，用不同的语言探讨了不同的话题。

B.Bothprescriptivistsanddescriptivistsaremockedintheacademicarticles.B.规范主义者和描述主义者都在学术文章中遭到嘲笑。

C.Tryingtostopchangeinlanguagewasliketryingto“lashthewind”.C.试图阻止语言的变化就像试图“鞭策风”。

D.LexicographersfromJohnson’sdayonmustgroundtheirdefinitionsinreallivingEnglish.D.从约翰逊时代起，词典编纂者们的定义必须以现实生活中的英语为基础。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第六段最后两句“在漫画中，规范主义者是躲在沙子里的威权主义者，坚持维多利亚时代的无规则。这些描述主义者被嘲笑为‘一切都是正确的’，他们拥抱每一种时尚，甚至认为莎士比亚应该用短信用语来教授。”，从中可知，规范主义者和描述主义者是在漫画中被嘲讽，而不是在学术文章中，所以B选项“规范主义者和描述主义者都在学术文章中遭到嘲笑”不符合原文，该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“《经济学人》的‘约翰逊’专栏始于1992年，用不同的语言探讨了不同的话题”定位第二段第二句“……《经济学人》的‘约翰逊’专栏始于1992年……”，以及第三段前两句“很多话题都很有趣：脏话和俚语，喜好和烦恼。有些是更基本的。”，理解可知，A项正确，属于反向干扰；

C选项“试图阻止语言的变化就像试图‘鞭策风’”定位至倒数第二段第二句“……试图阻止改变就像试图鞭策风’”，可知该项属于反向干扰；

D选项“从约翰逊时代起，词典编纂者们的定义必须以现实生活中的英语为基础”定位至最后一段第二句“从约翰逊时代起，词典编纂者就必须以真实的英语为基础来描述这种语言”，可知该项也属于反向干扰。

18.单选题

Hestoodthere,（

）apen.

问题1选项

A.askingfor

B.askfor

C.askedfor

D.toaskfor

【答案】A

【解析】句意:他站在那,想要一只笔。

语法题。考查动词的-ing形式作状语。此处已有谓语动词stood，所以后面是ask的Ing形式作伴随状语。故选A。

19.单选题

Please（）yourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,sincethelawforbidsthem.

问题1选项

A.restrain

B.hinder

C.restrict

D.prohibit

【答案】A

【解析】句意:请不要在公共场所吸烟以及随地吐痰！这可是违法的！

考查动词辨析。restrain制止，阻止，管制，忍住，后可接反身代词和from,构成restrainoneselffrom...表示戒掉…习惯，符合题意。hinder妨碍，阻止，后不接from,故排除。restrict限制，后接介词to,构成restrictto表示仅限于……，不符合句意，故排除。prohibit禁止，可以直接接宾语，后面不接from，也排除。因此选A。

20.单选题

Recentlythenewspapershavereportedseveral（）ontheboundariesofIsraelandJordan.

问题1选项

A.accidents

B.incidents

C.events

D.happenings

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。accidents“意外事故,交通事故”；incidents“事件，事变”；events“大事件，项目”；happenings“意外发生的事”。句意：最近，报纸报道了几起发生在以色列和约旦边境上的事件。首先可排除选项A和D；选项B含有“事变”的意思，更符合语境，所以正确。

21.翻译题

IfyoujudgetheprogressofhumanitybyHomerSimpson,ParisHilton,andGirlsGoneWildvideos,youmightconcludethatourevolutionhasstalledorevenshiftedintoreverse.Notso,scientistssay.Humansareevolvingfasterthaneverbefore,pickingupnewgenetictraitsandtalentsthatmayhelpussurviveaturbulentfuture.

Muchremodelinghasgoneonsciencethedawnofagricultureabout10millenniumsago.”Peoplewholived10000yearsagoweremuchmorelikeNeanderthalsthanwearelikethosepeople:saysJohnHawks,aprofessorofanthropologyattheUniversityofWisconsin."We’vechanged".

Hawksisamongagrowingnumberofscientistswhoareusingwhole-genomesequencing(全基因组测试)andothermodemtechnologiestozeroinonjusthowwe’vechanged.Theirresearchishelpingilluminatenotonlyhowhumansbecamewhatwearebutalsowherewemightbeheaded.Forinstance,somescientistsspeculatethatchangesinhumanmatingpatternsmaybecontributingtotheincreaseinautism.Otherstrackhowhumanshavemorphedinresponsetochangingcircumstance,includingenhancedabilitiestometabolizesugarandfightdisease.SomepeoplearegeneticallymoreresistanttotheHIVvirus,forinstance,andthattraitshouldbecomemorecommoninthefuture,asthosepeoplearemorelikelytosurviveandhavechildrenwhoareresistant.Yetforsomepeople,themakeoverisn’tbigenoughorfastenough.SomeparentshavestartedusingDNAtestingtochoosethegeneticmakeupoftheirchildren,rejectingembryoswithinheritedflawsorembracingthosewithdesiredtraits-suchasbeingtherightsex.

Untilrecently,anthropologistthoughtthathumanevolutionhadsloweddown,butlastDecember,Hawksreportedthatithadactuallyaccelerated100-foldinthepast5000to10000years.HefiguredthatoutbycomparingchunksofDNAamong269peoplefromaroundtheworld.Overtime,DNAaccumulatesrandommutations,justasthefrontofawhiteT-shirttendstoaccumulatespots.ThebiggerthechunksofDNAwithoutrandomspots,themostrecentlyithadbeenmimed.Usingthissystem,Hawksconcludedthatrecentgeneticchangesaccountforabout7percentofhumangenome.Muchoftheincrease,hesays,hasfueledbythegrowthoftheworld’spopulation,whichhasexpandedbyafactorof1000overthepast10000years.Havingmorepeopleincreasestheoddsofmutations.

Atthesametime,thehumangenomehasbeenscramblingtoadopttoarapidlychangingworld-11000yearsago,nobodyframed,nobodymilkeddomesticatedanimals,andnobodylivedinacity.Peoplewithamutationthataidedsurvivalweremorelikelytothrive,reproduce,andpassthatmutationalongtooffspringForexample,thecapacitytodigestlactose,thesugarinmilk,hasbecomecommononlyoverthepast3000years.Now,about95percentofthepeopleinnorthernGermanyhavethemutation,whichalsopoppedupindependentlyamongtheMasaiinAfricanandtheLappsinFinlandHawkssays:"thisisreallyrapidevolution."

Humanswillcontinuetochangetocopewithnewdiseases,ifhistoryisanyguideGenesthatdefendagainstinfectionsdiseasehavebeenamongthemostrapidlyevolvingpartsofthehumangenome.PeoplewhoseancestorslivedinEuropeancitiesaremorelikelytohavesomeresistancetosmallpox,whilepeopleinsub-SaharanAfricaaremorelikelytogeneticallyresistancetomalaria.Justweeksago,researchreportedthatonegeneticvariantthatonegeneticvariantthatprotectsagainstmalariaalsomakespeoplemoresusceptibletoAIDS,adiscoverythatcouldleadtotailoredtreatmentifforAIDSinAfrica.

Rightnow,ourgenesareplayingcatch-upagainstmodemscourges-likediabetes,NativeAmericansandPolynesians,whoseculturesonlyrecentlyadoptedaEuropean-styledietofdiabetes.Thetheoryisthatthe'thriftygenes"thathelpedthosegroupssurvivefamineshaven’thadtimetoadapttotheglucosespikescausedbyeatingstarchyfood."Howwemovesugarsaroundhowbumthemhavereallychangedalot,"saysGregoryWary,anevolutionarybiologistatDukeUniversity.

It’sevenpossiblethatveryrecentchangesinsocietyandtheworkplacecouldunderpintherecentriseincasesofautism.SimonBaron-Cohen,directoroftheAutismResearchCentreattheUniversityofCambridge,wasstruckbyhowmanyoftheparentsofchildrenwithautismwhohetestedwerereallygood‘‘systematizers”peoplewhounderstandtheworldaccordingtorulesorlaws.TheyalsoweremorelikelytohaveafatherwhoworkedinengineeringHewondersiftheincreaseinautismdiagnosescouldbepartlydueto‘assortativemating’thatis,peoplepickingmateslikethemselves.

Peoplewithautism(自闭症)spectrumdisorderareoftendetailorientedandanalytical,andtodaytheymighthaveaneasiertimefindingaspousewithsimilarabilitiesthantheywouldhaveinpasteras.Baron-Cohennotesthatinthelate1950s,onlytwopercentoftheund