词汇学备考复习资料

第一讲：1.考试题形式分为：I.选择题（30分）：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是Theory，和，Example，的结合oH.填空（10分）：考特例，不是考简单的，ExamplesTTheory，而是考，Exceptions'.III.（10分）考试内容：i.Typesofmeaningchanges:词意变化的种类ii.Typesofmeaning:词义的种类,如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。iii.Languagesbranches:语系与语族，语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。iv.Feathersofidioms:习语的特点W.（10分）考试内容：i.TypesofBoundMorphemes:粘着词素的种类ii.TypesofWordFormations:构词法的种类iii.TypesofMeaning:词义的种类iv.TypesofMeaningofIdioms:习语涵义的种类.名词解释（10分）:.简答题（12分）：i.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说，概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。ii.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，in：AffectedMeaning名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：WhatisAffectedMeaning,brieflyexemplifyit.iii.Optional:可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子vn.分析题（18分）：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。二.串讲内容：Introduction部分：Lexicology这门课算哪•种学科的分支：Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系：l）Morphology2）Semantics3）Stylistics4）Etymology5）Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法：Diachronicapproach:历时语言学Synchronicapproach:共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪种模式？Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization第一章部分：Whatisword?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;Asoundunityoragivensound;aunitofmeaning;aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类(classificationofaword)词根据发音可以分为哪两种诃？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？simplewords2)complexwords单音节词例子：e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子：e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次戈ij分为manage和-mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mailWhatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?)Thereis'nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.cat2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?l)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：influencedbyRomanspronunciationchangedearlyscribesborrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音，拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是飞oundandform，不一致。Whatisvocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.ClassificationofWords(本课的一个重点，年年考试都考)Whatistheclassificationofwords?Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?Threecriteria:ByuseoffrequencyBynotionByoriginByuseoffrequency可划分为：ThebasicwordstockNonbasicwordvocabularyBynotion可划分为：1)Contentword2)FunctionalwordContentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的另ij称)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(Functionalwords的别称)Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stabilityAccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*(年年考试必考)theninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,youWhatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?AllnationalcharacterStabilityproductivitypolysemyCollocability要把握住'Allnationalcharacter'的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man,woman,fire,water...e.g.machine,video,telephone...e.g.bow,chariot,knightStabilityisrelative,notabsolute.根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？Terminologye.g.sonata,algebraJargone.g.Bottomline(Jargon)Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)Argote.g.persuaderDialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着StylisticdifferenceWhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalwords?Answer:ContentwordsWhatisnativewords?Answer:(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber.amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage什么口4borrowedwords?Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabularyTheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.什么叫Denizens?DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).Denizens'的例子都要记：Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier(F),porkfrompore(F).什么叫Translation-loans?Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas4longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian（Ch）什么叫Semantic-loans?wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant'joy'and'musicanditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.第二章：ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabularyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000（someputit5,000）languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar,重点：语系划分的标准）Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?Theanswer:1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar（重点）TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas（选择题内容：）Prussian,Lithuanian,polish,Czech,Bulgarian.SlovenianandRussian.'Indo-European'两大分支：.Easternset.WesternsetEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanianWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.Celtic：Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThefiveRomancelanguages,namelyPortuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:NorwegianJcelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikings'invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodemGerman.币:点句：ModemEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts)古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(earlyscripts)Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)如果从词汇变化的角度而言，ModemEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modemperiod.*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissanceModemEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入？TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodemEnglishperiod现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)TherichnessofModemEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage(市:要选择或填空内容)Growthofpresent-dayEnglishVocabularyThreemainsourcesofnewwords:l)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopmentl)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing2)Semanticchange(还包括外来词的Semanticloans)Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此乂可以被称作.重点句：borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案：ModernEnglishperiod文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段？答案：EarlyModemEnglishperiod在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiodeasel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案：MiddleEnglish,Dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案：Dutch(前年考题)据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少？答案：50,000to60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxontongue)第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present-dayEnglishVocabulary注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的strikingdistinction存在于哪一个方面？答案：OldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响？答案：Greek,Romanculture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段？答案：ModernEnglish十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?答案：Printing这导致soundandform出现concord,出现standardization.第三章复习：ThesmallestunitintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(morphemes)TheminimalfreeformintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(word)Inthepluralformchanging,someofthewordswilltakeinternalvowelchange,thisinternalvowelchangeiscalled(allomorphs)Deer复数没有变，还是deer,sheep复数没有变，还是sheep,因此，这种变化被称作(zeroderivation)名词解释：Morphemes:Theminimalmeaningfulunitsinalanguageareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemesis'thesmallestfunctioningunitincompositionofwordsAllomorphs:Thealternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs,e.g.themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incatsinbags,matchesItcanberealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelasinfoot-feet,man-men,goose-geeseorbyzeromorphsasindeer-deer,fish-fish简答题：whatarethetypesofmorphemes?(答简答题时，名词解释)答案：FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesFreemorphemes:Freemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemesandareconsideredtobefree.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreerootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreerootfreemorphemesarefreeroots.boundmorphemes:1)Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound..Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffixaffix分为两类：inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.Inflectionalaffixes:Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Derivationalaffixes:l)derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenowwords.Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.root:1)arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaworda'rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved'stem:1)astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironoroftworootmorphemesasinacompoundlikehandcuff.Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasinmouthful,underestimate.Therefore,astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.问题：Stem和root有•个最大的区别在哪里？(连着两年没有考过)答案：astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,diet请加以理论的分析?Bothnationanddietbelongtoroots,nationisfreeroot,whichcanfunctionaloneinasentence,Nationasafreeroot,hascompletemeaning,whenbothprefixesandsuffixesattachedtoitareremoved,nationasafreeroot,stillremainsDietisaboundroot,whichcannotfunctionalonegrammatically,dietcarriesthefundamentalmeaningofwords,diethastocombinewiththeothermorphemestocreatenewwords,forexample,dictionary,contradiction.问题：分析下面一句话：Heismuchmoreclevererthananyotheroneinthevillage,tooheadsarebetterthanone.请从构词角度分析以上的例子，cleverer,bettercleverer(-er:inflectionalaffixes)better(good,well的特殊变化)Itisallomorphofgoodandwell.第四章：问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种？答案：有七种：1)Affixation2)Compounding3)conversion4)shortening5)clipping6)acronymy7)blending有三种最常用：affixation,compoundingandconversion问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种？答案：Extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式？答案：Narrowing问题：Affixation又被称为什么？它分为哪两类？答案：AffixationisalsoknownasderivationAffixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation要点:有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别：a-,non,ir:negativeprefixesde-,dis-(既属于negative,也属于reversativeprefixes)mal-,pseudo-,mis-:pejorativeprefixessuper,sur-,extra：prefixesofdegreeorsizeanti-,contra-,counter-,pro-:prefixesoforientationandattitudetrans-,fore-tele-:locativeprefixesfore-,post-:prefixesoftimeandorderbi-,uni-,semi-:numberprefixespan-,vice-:miscellaneousprefixessuffixation:1.NounsuffixesDenominalnounsDeverbalnounsDe-a(ijectivenouns:ity,-ness,Nounandadjectivesuffixes注意Compounding,acoronymy,blending,conversion,clipping的名词解释.要点：复合词分为哪三类：l)solid2)hyphenated3)open简答题：whatarethecharacteristicsofcompounds?Whatarethedifferencebetweencompoundsandfreephrases?答案：phoneticfeaturesSemanticfeaturesGrammaticalfeatures最常见的三种词性：1)Nouncompound2)Adjectivecompounds3)verbcompounds问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性，哪两种不具有多产性？在形容性复合词当中，哪三类有多产性？动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的？*名词解释:Conversion(重点，还没考过)Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=conversionZero-derivation(选择或填空要点)Adjectivetonoun:(1)fullconversion(2)partialconversion问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案：由Adjectivetoverbs:(1)Transitive⑵Intransitive简答题:形容词变动词的三种类别(没考过)问题：请你举出由conjunction变为noun的一个例子？答案：Ifsandbutsblendingarealsocalledblendsorportmanteauwords(选择或填空要点)问题：，blending，分为哪四类合成词？head+tailhead+headhead+wordword+tail问题:绝大多数blending都是什么词性？答案：nounsTheoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns;veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.问题：截短法clipping分为哪四类？答案：Therearefourcommontypesofclipping:1)Frontclipping2)BackclippingFrontandbackclippingPhraseclipping要注意clipping的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge(refrigerator截短之后在i,g中间加一个d),还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke(cocacola)问题：什么是acronymy?AcronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofneamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicaltermsAcronymy包含两类：1)initialisms(不发音)e.g.BBC,VOA,TB2)acronyms(形成新的发音)e.g.CORE,TEFLWordsfrompropernames有四大类：1.Namesofpeoplee.g.bobby:Namesofpeople2.Namesofplacese.g.champagne,rugbyNamesofbookse.g.utopiaTradenamese.g.cabal问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？e.g.diagnosis—?diagnose:（先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词，这种构词被称作）backformationbloomers（它的构词法满足哪一种词法）：属于Wordsfrompropernames中的NamesofpeopleVJ-day之这种构词法是由哪一种构成的）属于Initialisms中的AcronymsPop:（采用哪一种构词法构成的）:clippingSitcom:blendingFORTRAN:head+headBath（名词） bathe（动词）Bath和bathe存在一种什么关系？（Conversion）重点句：Conversionisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.问题：Noun+v・ing,这类词构成的词是什么词？答案：compounding问题：Record-breaking,它是属于复合法中的哪种？答案：Adjectivescompounds问题：请说出Adjectivescompounds中多产性强的有几类？答案：有三类n+v-ingn+an+v-ed问题：up-bringing是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？答案：nouncompounds（adv+v-ing）问题：复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么？答案：区别也就是复合词的特点：PhoneticfeaturesSemanticfeaturesGrammaticalfeatures问题：redmeat,greenhorn,它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词？答案：Semanticfeatures（也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义）问题：Compounding又被称作什么法？答案：composition问题：由compounding或composition构成的词被称作什么？答案：compounds问题：复合词分为几类？分别举例加以说明？答案：分为三类：solid,hyphenated,opensolid:blackmail,blackmarkethyphenated:brother-in-law,open:greenhorn,greenhand问题：当形容词转为动词时分为儿类：Adjectivestoverbs答案：有三类：BothtransitiveandintransitiveOnlytransitiveOnlyintransitive问题：由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性？答案：verbtonoune.g.catch问题：形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别？答案：分为两类：fullconversione.g.black,whitepartialconversione.g.therich,thepoor问题：名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？答案：1)Concrete2)abstracte.g.host:(可加-ess变成具体名词)friend:(加・ship可变成抽象名词)问题：(只作了解)Awordisunityofsoundandmeaning(trueorfalse)答案：true(可从word的四个特点看出)问题：Mostloanedwordsareborrowedfromforeignlanguageswithoutanychangeinsoundandspelling,(trueorfalse).答案：true外来词分为四类：Denizense.g.cupfromcuppa,portformportusAliense.g.garage,decorTranslation-loanse.g.longtimenoseeSemantic-loans.e.g.dream判断对错题：Conversionmeanstransferofawordfromoneclasstoanther.(trueorfalse)答案：trueTherelationshipbetweenawordsymbolanditsmeaningismostlyarbitraryandconventional.(trueorfalse).答案：trueawordusedindifferentcontextsmaycontrastwithdifferentantonyms.(trueorfalse)答案：trueanallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofmorphemes,(trueorfalse)答题：false重点句：Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.E.g.fast(fast在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念)选择题：Chineseisournativelanguage,butwecannotsaytheChineseisour?.a)mothertongueb)firstlanguagec)motherlanguaged)officiallanguage答案：C)mothei*language(不存在的一种说法)问题：以下的哪一个词isnotane