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精选优质文档倾情为你奉上精选优质文档倾情为你奉上专心专注专业专心专注专业精选优质文档倾情为你奉上专心专注专业最牛英语口语培训模式:躺在家里练口语,全程外教一对一,三个月畅谈无阻!洛基英语,免费体验全部在线一对一课程:(报名网址)综合题,请根据题目给出的内容,来回答下面给出的试题。PartIWriting(30minutes)请根据上面给出的内容,来回答下面的简答题(共1题)。Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopic“Education:Examination-OrientedorQuality-Oriented”.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1.应试教育现状及其原因;2.素质教育的优点;3.你的观点。(本题0分)请填写答案:PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequickly.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.SellingExpertiseontheInternetforExtraCashTeresaEstes,alicensedmental-healthcounselor,watchedasbusinessatherprivatepracticedecreasedlastyear.Thenthesinglemotherturnedtoherkeyboardtoboostherincome.Ms.Estesappliedtobecomean“expert”onLivePersonInc.,aWebsitewhereclientspayforonlinechattimewithprofessionalsandadvisersofallfields.For$1.89aminute—aratesheset—the39-year-oldfromMarianna,Fla.,dispensesadvicetoclientsaroundtheglobe.Shespendsaboutfourhoursadayonline,oftenatnight,whenherdaughterhasgonetobed.“Itwastheeconomy,”shesaysofhermovetotakeherskillsonline.“LivePersonismoreprofitablethanmyprivatepractice.”Ms.Esteshadchargedherprivateclientsupto$75anhour.Astherecessiondeepens,asmallbutgrowingnumberofpeoplearetakingtheirskillsonline,offeringexpertiseorperformingspecifiedtasksforafee.Labor-at-the-keyboardsitesaregainingpopularityaspeopleincreasinglyturntotheWebinsearchofwork.Internetjob-searchsitessawa51%riseintrafficfromJanuary2008toJanuary2009,accordingtocomScoreMediaMetrix,to26.7millionuniquevisitors.Amongthemanyfee-for-serviceWebsitesoutthere,atleastthreeareattractingasignificantnumberofusers—thoughconsumersshouldexerciseahealthydegreeofskepticismwhenconsultinganyofthesesites.LivePersonseeksoutexpertsonaslewoftopics,includingmentalhealth,financialservices,shoppingandfashion,aswellaspsychicsandspiritualadvisers.MechanicalTurk,aWebservicerunbyAInc.,paysworkerstoperformtasks,suchascatalogingproductsonline.AssociatedContentpayscontributorstowritearticlesonawiderangeofsubjects,fromorganicflowergardeningtohowtoapplyforfinancialaid.LivePersonwentpublicin2001,andthecurrentversionofthesitewaslaunchedinlate2007.Today,thesitehas30,000registeredexperts,attractinganaverageof100,000peopleayearwhopayfortheofferedservices,saysChiefExecutiveOfficerRobertLoCascio.Roughly3,500peoplehavemadecontributingtothesitetheirfull-timejob,hesays.LivePersonsaysitvetscontributors’qualifications,suchasmedicallicensesorfinancialcertification,throughathirdparty,andreliesheavilyonitscommunityreviews.Some200peopleadayapplytobeLivePersonexperts,upfrom120ayearago,saysMr.LoCascio.Oncecleared,advisersworkwithclientsonacost-per-minutebasissetbytheadviser.Thesitetakesacommissionofbetween30%and35%.AssociatedContent,bycontrast,reviewssubmissionsinhouseandthendecideshowmuchtopayforthem.Thesite,whichspecializesinhow-topiecesandfeaturestoriesonnewstopics,had237,000registeredcontributorsandmorethanonemillioncontentpiecesasofFebruary,bothaboutdoublefromthesamemonthayearago.Afterpostingthecontent,thesitesellsadvertisementsagainstitanddistributesittoothercompanies,suchasonlineshoeretailerZappos,whichusethecontentontheirownWebsites.IfAssociatedContentacceptsasubmission(itsaysitrejectsabout25%ofthem),theauthorgetsbetween$5and$30,plus$1.50foreach1,000pageviews.Anabilitytowrite“search-engine-optimized”content,anindustrytermforgeneratinggoodGoogleresults,helps,sayssitefounderLukeBeatty.Peoplearenotonlylookingforpaymentbutalsoestablishingtheircredentials“assomebodywithexperience”,hesays.Writingaboutaspecificprofession,suchaslaworrealestate,helpsraiseaperson’sprofileonline,enhancinghisjobsearches,saysMr.Beatty.SabahKarimi,a26-year-oldfromOrlando,Fla.,leftacareerinmarketingtobecomeafull-timefreelancewriterandnowspendsbetween8and10hoursaweekwritingforAssociatedContent.Shehasbeenatitforaboutthreeyearsandsayssheearnsroughly$1,000amonthfromherpastandcurrentsubmissions.Ms.KarimicautionsnewcomerstoAssociatedContentthatittakestimetobuildupearnings.Shesaysshelearnedhowtowritearticlesthatwouldbringtrafficandoftenlooksfornewsyideasthatwillattractreaders.MechanicalTurk,bycontrast,isbasedon“crowdsourcing”,orbreakingataskintolotsoftinypiecesandgivingittoabiggroupofpeopletocompletequickly.Mostofthesejobs—whichthesitecallsHITs,forhumanintelligencetasks—payjustafewcents.EfficientMTurkers,astheycallthemselves,canmakemorethan$100aweekdoingthingssuchasfindingsomeone’semailaddressorlabelingimagesofaparticularanimalinaphotograph.AmazonsaysthatMTurknowhas200,000workersfrom100differentcountries,butitdoesn’tkeeptrackofpastfigures.Thesite—namedforan18th-centurystuntinvolvingaturbanedchess-playing“machine”withanactualchessmasterhiddenwithin—beganasawaytohelpAmazonmanageitsproductdatabase,saysSharonChiarella,vicepresidentofAmazonMechanicalTurk.Amazonusesthesitetohelpsortimagesandcontent,payingpeopleafewcentsatask.MechanicalTurkalsoservesavarietyofcompanieswhoneedWebtasksperformed,especiallythosethatrequireahumanelement.Test-prepstartupKnewtonInc.,forexample,usesitextensivelyforfocus-group-typetasks,aswellasenlistingpeopletotakeitspracticetests.KeriKnutson,amotheroffivefromIndependence,La.,discoveredMechanicalTurkwhenhereldestsonwasheadedforcollege.Ms.Knutson,now45,neededmoneyforhistuitionandfees.Shetookonallkindsoflow-payingbuteasytasksatthebeginning,fromfindingaplacetopurchaseaspecificitemtoidentifyingthenameofastreetinaphotograph.Peoplelookingtomakemoneyonlineasfee-for-serviceexpertsshouldreadthefineprint.LivePersonhasoneofthemoreformalpaymentsystems,requiringuserstosignupforanaccountbeforetalkingwithanexpert.Somesites,includingAssociatedContentandMechanicalTurk,reservetherighttorefusepaymentifataskisnotcompletedsatisfactorily.Mostsiteshavearobustcommunityofworkerswhoregularlyofferoneanothertipsonwhichtaskspaythebest.MechanicalTurkusershaveanindependentsitecalledTurkerNation(),whichreviewsthecompaniesthatsolicit(索求)andpayfortaskssothatworkerscancheckacompany’srecordbeforetakingonatask.Consumerswhousethesesitesalsoneedtoexercisecaution.Relyingonlegalormedicaladvicefromanunknownonlinesourcehasobviousdrawbacks,andtheWebsitesacknowledgethatsomeusershaveregisteredcomplaintsabouttheadviceofferedonthesites.LivePersonwarnsconsumerstooffertheirfinancialandpersonaldetailswithcare.Fortheworkersonthesesites,evenincrementalsourcesofincomearehelpfulthesedays.Ms.KnutsonnowspendsthemajorityofhertimetranscribingWebaudioandvideoforclients,earningabout$250aweekfor30hoursofwork.Shesaysshehasseenmorecompetitionlatelybutisdeterminedtokeepupherweeklypace.“IfIdidn’thavethismoney,”shesays,“we’dbestrugglingtofindwhattoeateveryweek.”请根据上面给出的内容,来回答下面的单项选择题(下列每小题备选答案中,只有一个符合题意的正确答案。每小题0分,共7题。)1.Whatisthepassagemainlytalkingabout?A:Theeconomicrecessionwilllastafewyears.B:Morepeoplearetakingtheirskillsonlinetomakemoney.C:AskingforadvicethroughtheInternetisagoodwaytosolveyourproblems.D:Peopleshouldn’treleasetheirfinancialandpersonaldetailsonline.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:2.LivePersonInc.isaWebsitewhere___________.A:peoplechatwitheachotherandmakefriendsfreelyB:professionalsandadvisershelpothersforfreeC:peoplepaymoneyforapplyingtobecomeanexpertD:clientspayforonlinechattimewithprofessionalsandadvisers请选择答案:A:B:C:D:3.Whyarelabor-at-the-keyboardsitesgainingpopularity?A:BecausepeoplelovetoworkontheInternet.B:BecausemorepeoplearefindingjobsontheInternet.C:BecausepeoplearebeingaskedtoworkontheInternet.D:BecauseworkingontheInternetiseasierthanotherwaysofworking.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:4.HowmuchwillanexpertgetthroughLivePersonifaclientpays$10?A:$3to$3.5.B:$10.C:$6.5to$7.D:$5.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:5.MechanicalTurkoriginatedasamethodto_________.A:labelimagesofaparticularanimalinaphotographB:serveavarietyofcompanieswhoneedWebtasksperformedC:helpAmazonmanageitsproductdatabaseD:findsomeone’semailaddress请选择答案:A:B:C:D:6.WhatdoesTurkerNationdo?A:Itreservestherighttorefusepaymentifataskisnotcompletedsatisfactorily.B:Itreliesonlegalormedicaladvicefromanunknownonlinesource.C:Itregisterscomplaintsabouttheadviceofferedonthesite.D:Itreviewsthecompaniesthatsolicitandpayfortasks.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:7.WhatdoesMs.Knutsonspendthemajorityofhertimedoing?A:Findingaplacetopurchaseaspecificitem.B:Identifyingthenameofastreetinaphotograph.C:TranscribingWebaudioandvideoforclients.D:Strugglingtofindwhattoeateveryweek.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:请根据上面给出的内容,来回答下面的简答题(共3题)。8.AssociatedContentpayscontributorstowritearticlesonawiderangeofsubjects,fromorganicflowergardeningtohowto______________.(本题0分)请填写答案:9.LivePersonsaysitvetscontributors’qualificationsthroughathirdparty,andreliesheavilyonits_______.(本题0分)请填写答案:10.AmazonsaysthatMTurknowhas200,000workersfrom______________.(本题0分)请填写答案:PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)请根据上面给出的内容,来回答下面的单项选择题(下列每小题备选答案中,只有一个符合题意的正确答案。每小题0分,共24题。)■SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.11.A:ItwillbebettertosaynothingtoPaul.B:Paulhimselfwillcometotalktothem.C:ThemanshouldbetheonetospeaktoPaul.D:ThemanshouldreplacetheradiobeforeshetalkstoPaul.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:12.A:NotgiveanysuggestionstoJack.B:NotseeJackanymore.C:NotlistentoJack’swords.D:NotsavehiswordsonJack.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:13.A:Theyshouldgiveuptalking.B:Theyshouldbothmakeacompromise.C:Theycanmeetnexttime.D:Theyarebothhalfway.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:14.A:Helikesringsverymuch.B:Heoftenburnsholesinhisnewcoats.C:He’sveryextravagantwithmoney.D:Heisverypoor.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:15.A:Shemissedthebus.B:Shecaughtthebus.C:Shegotupfiveminutesearlierthanusual.D:Shelikesgettingupearlyinthemorning.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:16.A:Inthelibrary.B:Inthecollegebookstore.C:Atanews-stand.D:Atadepartmentstore.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:17.A:Teacherandstudent.B:Doctorandpatient.C:Managerandofficeworker.D:Travelagentandcustomer.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:18.A:Movethewashingmachinetothebasement.B:Turnthebasementintoaworkshop.C:Repairthewashingmachine.D:Finishherassignment.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.A:Shewillgotoseeherbrother.B:ShewillgotoHawaiiwithherfamily.C:Shewillstayathomewithherfamily.D:Shewillfindapart-timejob.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:20.A:Veryexciting.B:Toobad.C:Veryboring.D:Nottoobad.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:21.A:Anewbicycle.B:Anewdictionary.C:Anewcomputer.D:Anewcellphone.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.22.A:Shehasagoodchancetostudyabroadbutshedoesn’thaveenoughmoney.B:Herparentsdon’twanthertogotoofarawayfromthem.C:Shewon’thaveasmanyvacationsasshehasasastudent.D:Shewantstostudyabroadbutshehasbeenofferedagoodjob.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:23.A:Itisnotasgoodasstudyingabroad.B:Hethinksbeingateacherisboring.C:Itisagoodopportunity.D:Hethinksthesalaryforthejobistoolow.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:24.A:Askingherfriendsforadvice.B:Makingthechoicebyherself.C:Askingherparentsforadvice.D:Askingherteachersforadvice.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:25.A:ChoosetobeanEnglishteacher.B:Giveupbothopportunities.C:Studyoverseas.D:TeachEnglishforafewyearsbeforegoingabroad.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:■SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).PassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.A:About40%.B:About46%.C:About80%.D:About54%.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:27.A:PeopleinSouthKoreaarenolongerinterestedinHollywoodmovies.B:ItismuchcheapertoseealocalmoviethanaHollywoodone.C:Hollywood’sfilmsarenotasgoodasbefore.D:SouthKorea’sfilmindustryhasdevelopedalot.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:28.A:TheyarereleasingthemoviesfirstinAmericaandtheninothercountries.B:TheyarereleasingthemoviesinAmericaandothercountriesatthesametime.C:Theysendpeoplewhosellillegallycopiedmoviestocourt.D:TheyencouragepeopletobuylegalDVDsbygivingahighdiscount.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.30.A:Once.B:Twice.C:Threetimes.D:Fourtimes.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:31.A:Hewasthepresidentwiththelongestpresidency.B:HeledtheAmericanpeoplethroughtheGreatDepression.C:HeledtheAmericanpeoplethroughtheFirstWorldWar.D:HewasthemostinfluentialpresidentinAmericanhistory.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:32.A:OnApril12,1944.B:OnApril12,1945.C:OnJuly12,1944.D:OnJuly12,1945.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.A:Cookingfood.B:Boilingwater.C:Killingbacteria.D:Generatingelectricity.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:34.A:Theparaboliccooker.B:Thepanelcooker.C:Theboxcooker.D:It’snotmentioned.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:35.A:SolarCookersB:HowtoUseSolarOvensC:HowtoCookMealsD:HowtoChooseSolarOvens请选择答案:A:B:C:D:请根据上面给出的内容,来回答下面的简答题(共1题)。PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)请根据上面给出的内容,来回答下面的简答题(共1题)。■SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.RockandrollisagenreofpopularmusicthatevolvedintheUnitedStatesinthelate1940sandearly1950s.Its47liemainlyinblues,rhythmandblues,country,folk,gospel,andjazz.Thestylesubsequentlyspreadtotherestoftheworldanddevelopedfurther,leadingultimatelyto48rockmusic.Theterm“rockandroll”nowcoversatleasttwodifferentmeanings,bothincommonusage.TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryandtheMerriam-WebsterDictionaryboth49rockandrollassynonymouswithrockmusic.50,Adefinesthetermasreferringspecificallytothemusicofthe1950s.Classicrockandrollis51playedwithoneortwoelectricguitars,astringbassoranelectricbassguitar,andadrumkit.Inthe52rockandrollstylesofthelate1940s,eitherthepianoorsaxophonewasoftentheleadinstrument,buttheseweregenerally53orsupplementedbytheguitarinthemiddletolate1950s.Themassivepopularityandeventualworldwideviewofrockandrollgaveita54socialimpact.Farbeyondsimplyamusicalstyle,rockandroll,asseeninmoviesandinthenewmediumoftelevision,55lifestyles,fashion,attitudes,andlanguage.Itwentontospawnvarioussub-genres,oftenwithouttheinitially56backbeat,thatarenowmorecommonlycalledsimply“rockmusic”or“rock”.A)defineI)followedB)characteristicJ)modernC)uniqueK)explanationD)rootsL)ConverselyE)usuallyM)replacedF)BasicallyN)prepareG)earliestO)seldomH)influenced(本题0分)请填写答案:■SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Accordingtoareport,around30,000pupilsstartedsecondaryschoollastyearwiththemathskillsofaseven-year-old.MPs(国会议员)warnedthatmanyyoungpeoplewouldneed“expensive”remediallessonsinlaterlifetogetajob—posingmajorproblemsfortheeconomy.ThefindingscamejustmonthsafterOfsted(教育标准办公室)claimedalmosthalfofmathlessonsinEnglishschoolswerenotgoodenough.Itsaidmanyteachersreliedontextbooksandmundaneexercisestomakesurepupilspassedexamsattheexpenseofaproperunderstandingofthesubject.MPsbackedtheconclusions,sayingtoomanypupilsfoundlessons“boring”.TheyinsistedimprovementshadbeenmadeunderLaborbutachievementhad“leveledoff”inrecentyears.In2008,79percentofpupilsmettheGovernment’sexpectedstandardattheendofprimaryschool,wellshortofthe85percenttargetsetfor2006.Aroundfivepercentmovedtosecondaryschoolwiththemathskillsofaseven-year-old,saidthecommittee.In2006,£2.3billionwasspentteachingthesubject.Itequatestoaroundaquarterofthe£10billiontotalbudgetforprimaryteachingandsupportstaff.ThereportsaidtheDepartmentforChildren,SchoolsandFamilies(DCSF)neededto“radicallyrethinkitsstrategyforimprovingpupilattainment;otherwiseweseriouslydoubtthatthedepartmentwillmeetits2011target”.Thetargetdemandsthat84.5percentofpupilswillmakethenecessaryprogressbetween7and11.Lastyear,theDCSFpublishedamajorreviewofmatheducationinEnglandtobooststandards.Itcalledforamathspecialistineveryprimaryschoolwithin10yearsandmoreemphasisonmathematical“play”innurseryschools.Mr.Leighsaid,“Thedepartment’s10-yearprogramtotrain13,000specialistmathteacherswillnotbenefitsomeprimaryschoolsforanotherdecade.That’sfartoolong;thedepartmentneedstolookforwaystoacceleratetheprogram.”SarahMcCarthyFry,theSchoolsMinister,said,“Wehavealreadyacceptedthemainrecommendationfromarecentindependentreviewofprimarymaththateveryschoolshouldhaveaspecialistmathteacherandhavepledged£24millionoverthenextthreeyearsforatrainingprogramforteachers.”NickGibb,theToryshadowschoolssecretary,said,“TheGovernmentisnotgettingvalueforthemoneytheyhavepiledintoeducationandthecountryisfallingbehindininternationalleaguetablesasaresult.TheGovernmenthasfailedtoreplacemethodsofteachingwhichhavefailedwithtriedandtestedmethodsusedincountriesthathavemuchhigherlevelsofmathachievement.”请根据上面给出的内容,来回答下面的单项选择题(下列每小题备选答案中,只有一个符合题意的正确答案。每小题0分,共5题。)57.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A:30,000pupilsstartedsecondaryschoolwithpoormathskills.B:MPsinsistmoreimprovementsshouldbemadeunderLabor.C:Youngpeopleneedmedicallessonstogetajob.D:HalfofEnglishschoolswerenotgoodenough.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:58.Accordingtothepassage,whathappenedin2006?A:21%ofpupilsdidn’tmeettheGovernment’sexpectedstandard.B:Thetargetsetfor2006was87percent.C:£2.3billionwasspentonmathteaching.D:Thetotalbudgetforprimaryteachingandsupportstaffwas£5billionin2006.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:59.WhatwillpeopleprobablydotoimprovematheducationinEngland?A:Spendmoneyontrainingspecialistmathteachers.B:Hireamathspecialistforeveryprimaryschool.C:Allowpupilstohavemoremathematical“play”.D:Spendmoretimeonmatheducation.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:60.WhatdoNickGibb’swordsmean?A:TheBritishgovernmentshouldputmoremoneyintomatheducation.B:Britainisfallingbehindintheinternationalknowledgecompetition.C:TheBritishgovernmentshouldlearnfromothercountries’failures.D:TheBritishgovernmentshouldchangetheirteachingmethodseveryfewyears.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:61.What’sthepassagemainlytalkingabout?A:Therearen’tenoughmathteachersinBritishprimaryschools.B:TheBritishgovernmentdidn’tspendenoughmoneyonmatheducation.C:Britishpupilsarenotgoodatmath.D:MathlessonsinBritishprimaryschoolsneedtobeimproved.请选择答案:A:B:C:D:PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Bananas,alwaysthefashionvictimsoftheproducesection,arewearinganothernewlabelthisspring.Bananaswith“FairTradeCertified”stickershavebeenavailableintheUnitedStatessinceOctober.Theyrepresentthenewfrontofaninternationalefforttohelpfirst-worldconsumersimprovethelivingstandardsofthethird-worldfarmerswhogrowmuchoftheirfood.Byexpandingitsreachtotheproducesection,FairTradeisnowtryingtoreachtheAmericansupermarketshopper.FairTradedealsdirectlywithfarmercooperatives.Ithelpsorganize,avoidingbrokers(代理人)andmiddlemen.Itguaranteeshigherpricesforthefarmers’goodsandhelpsthemsetupschoolsandhealthclinics.TheFairTrademovementtookrootinEuropeinthe1990’sasawayofbolsteringcoffeefarmersaspriceswerecollapsing.SinceFairTradebegan,morethanamillioncoffeegrowersandotherfarmershavejoinedcooperativesthatselltheirproductsthroughFairTradechannelsinsteadofdirectlytoacommercialproducer.NoteveryoneisgreetingtheFairTradelabelwithopenarms.SeveralAmericancoffeeimportersrecentlypulledoutofFairTrade,citingTransFair’s“corporatefriendly”policiesthatallowlargecompaniestousetheFairTradelogointheirmarketingevenifonlyasmallamountofthecompany’soverallpurchasesareFairTradecertified.EdmundLaMacchia,thenationalproducecoordinatorforWholeFoods,saidFairTradeisonlyoneofmanyconsumerchoices.“WholeFoodshasitsownteamofinspectorsandhasnoplanstocarryFairTradeproducts”,Mr.LaMacchiasaid.“OurstandardsarehigherthanFairTrade’s,actually.”FairTradeisonlyoneofseverallabelsyourbananasmightbewearingthisyear.
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