考研语法讲义

考研基础语法什么是语法？语言的法则：也就是遣词造句的规律为什么学习语法？？学习的角度：输入与输出①输入一［初试］阅读、完型、翻译、新题型［复试］听力②输出~［初试］写作［复试］口语语法学习综述03年第二篇第二段第一句：Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffing（供职于）ananimalrightsbooth（摊,亭）atarecentstreetfair（市场,集市）wasdistributingabrochure（小册子）thatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals-nomeat,nofur（毛皮），nomedicines.04年考研写作真题：18分范文第一段：Thecartoondepictsavividpictureinwhichanathlete,drippingsweat,isrushingtotheend.Obviously,hewinsthematch,butthisisnotthekeymessageconveyedbythemencement18分范文第一段：,Thecartoondepictsavividpictureinwhichanathlete,drippingsweat,isrushingtotheend.Obviously,hewinsthematch,butthisisnotthekeymessageconveyedbythepicture.语法学习的一个基础、两条主线①基础：简单句 ②主线一词法、句法词法：动词的变化时态和语态时态时间状态“时”分为四种：过去时、现在时、将来时和过去将来时。“态”分为四种：•般状态、进行状态、完成状态和完成进行状态。一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesbedoing.Have/hasdone.Havebeendoing过去Didwas/weredoing.Haddone.Hadbeendoing将来Willdo.Willbedoing.willhavedone.Willhavebeendoing过去将来Woulddo.WouldbedoingWouldhavedoneWouldhavebeendoing常考时态难点解析(1)一般现在时：(do/does)①表示客观事实或真理e.gl.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.e.g2.Knowledgeispower.②表示习惯性、常规性的重复动作e.g.3.Jackalwaysgoestoschoolbybike.(2)一般过去时(did)•①过去特定时间的动作或状态•Isawhiminthelibraryyesterdaymorning.•②过去的重复性动作•IwrotealetteronceaweektomyfamilywhenIwasinmyfirstcollegeyear.【注】一般现在时vs一般过去时ThedogbitesXiaoQiang.见一次咬一次ThedogbitXiaoQiang.曾经咬过, (3)现在完成时：(have/has+done)•从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态；•强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。,常用的时间状语通常表示"一段时间"：already,yet,never,以及,since+点时间，,in/for/throughout/over/during+段时间；,e.g.IhaveworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.,e.g.Throughouthistorymanhashadtoacceptthefactthatalllivingthingsmustdie.,【注1】•主句的谓语动词一般是延续性动词；•如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词。【注2】一般过去时VS现在完成时,Shewasmygirlfriend.（当爱已成往事）Shehasbeenmygirlfriend（fortwoyears）.（依旧你侬我侬）（4）过去完成时（had+done）:a）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。e.g:Bynineo'clocklastnight,wehadgot200picturesfromthespaceship.b）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态e.g.:IhadstayedinAmericafor2yearsbeforeshemovedhere.,WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealingthat3monthsagoithadclonedanadultsheep（1999,阅读T4-P1-L1）一个苏格兰的研究团队三个月前克隆了一只成年绵羊，并于近期披露从而震惊了世界。（5）现在完成进行时（强调动作持续性）,havedone+bedoing=?havebeendoing动作或状态从过去某时开始，进行到现在，并将继续进行下去。e.g.Thesepopfanshavebeenwaitingforthefamoussingerfornearlythreehoursinthecold.•【注1】现在完成进行时可以是短暂性动词,表示不断重复的动作。,e.g:AmricanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.（1998阅读T4-P3-L1）•二战以来，美国人口一直在向南部和西部大量流动，这个趋势现在仍然在继续。,KoreanshavebeenmarryingUSsoldiersstationedheresincethe1950s.IIThepeakyearswereduringthe1970s,whenmorethan4000KoreansmarriedUSsoldiereachyear.,mai'ry短暂动词，表重复动作・自1950年代以来就不断有韩国人与当地美国驻军成婚，在1970年代达到了高峰，每年有4000多韩国人嫁给美国兵。•【注2】,现在完成时VS现在完成进行时如果现在完成时中没有表示一段时间的状语(since/for…)，那么它仅表示一个完成了的动作而不再继续。Shehasslept.她睡完了(不困了)Shehasbeensleeping.她一直在睡。(6)一般将来完成时(shall/willhave+done):将来某时必定会发生的事.IwillhavetaughtEnglishinNewOrientalSchoolforfiveyearsbytheendofnextmonth.语态语态描述主语和谓语间的关系语态分两种1.主动语态主语是动作的发起者，称为主动语态；Hecleansthewindow.2.被动语态主语是动作的承受者，称为被动语态。Thewindowiscleanedbyhim.动词主动时态一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesbedoing.Have/hasdone.Havebeendoing过去Didwas/weredoing.Haddone.Hadbeendoing将来Willdo.Willbedoing.willhavedone.Willhavebeendoing过去将来Woulddo.WouldbedoingWouldhavedoneWouldhavebeendoing动词的被动时态一般进行完成现在am/is/aredoneam/is/arebeingdonehave/hasbeendone过去was/weredonewas/werebeingdoneHadbeendone.将来Willbedone./Willhavebeendone.过去将来Wouldbedone./Wouldhavebeendone.•动词主动时态变被动：1.动词全部变成done2.done前加be（形式随be前一个词而变）•被动语态通式：（以一般现在时为例）,动作承受者+am/is/aredone+by施动者使用被动语态的目的①实现句式结构的多样性2006年考研写作真题通篇的汉语思维导致通篇的主动句式，所以我们呼唤被动句式！！范文末段倒数第二句Infact,somemeasureshavealreadybeentaken.Inmyuniversity,campaignshavebeenlaunchedtoeducatepeopletopaymoreattentiontoourtraditionalcultureandreadmorebooksinsteadoffocusingonourappearances.•②突出强调接受动作的一方省略动作发出者逃避责任,Ibrokethewindowthismorning.,Thewindowwasbrokenthismorning.③施动者不明或没必要提,IwasborninTianjin.ObamawaselectedasthepresidentofUSA（+bytheAmericanpeople）【注】：不及物动词没有被动语态主动语态中的宾语要变成被动语态中的主语带宾语的动词才能有被动语态。注：系动词没有被动语态Helookshandsome.Itfeelsfantastic.句法*基础：简单句*句法：从句二、简单句主+谓,主+谓+宾主+系+表主+谓+宾+宾,主+谓+宾+宾补①主语+谓语Manproposes;Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天②主语+谓语+宾语Beautywillbuynobeef.③主语+系动词+表语Itisnoneofyourbusiness.④主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语ChattingontheInternetbringsmealotoffun.⑤主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语Ahedge(树篱)betweenkeepsfriendshipgreen.君子之交淡如水1.什么能作主语？名词名词性词组代词,动名词•Doingbusinessisonethinganddoinggoodbusinessisanother.,不定式,Tohelpothersistohelpyourself.•名词性从句,Thattheworldisroundisfact.2.什么词能作谓语？动词①实义动词②情态动词,can/could,will/would,shall/should,may/might,must/need,haveto,oughtto,usedto…【注】i.一个简单句只能有一个谓语部分。2.并列句和复合句有两个及两个以上谓语部分。并列句:几个简单句由连词(andbutor…)连接而成复合句:一句为主句，其余为从句，中间有引导词。3.什么词能作系动词？be动词：am9is,are,was,werebeing,been感官动词：feel,look,sound,smel1,taste…4.什么词能作宾语？同主语5.什么词能作表语？①形容词,②名词③代词（宾格）④名词性从句,⑤动名词Myhobbyisswimming.⑥介宾短语,Theboxisonthedesk.⑦不定式Tohelpothersistohelpyourself.6.双宾语？直接宾语、间接宾语直接宾语一动作直接作用的宾语，常常是物间接宾语一动作间接作用的宾语，往往是人,Iboughtheragift.7宾语补足语？有些动词后面接宾语是意思不完整，因而还需要在宾语的后面接补充宾语的补足语。AllofuscalledRunningFanacoward.常见的带宾补的动词还有：,appoint,choose,voteprove,suppose,declare…•【注】双宾语vs宾语补足语Iboughtheragift.AllofuscalledRunningFanacoward.在两部分之间加入一个be动词，若能说得通就是宾补结构；若说不通就是双宾结构。三.定语从句定语？修饰名词的成分。①单重定语：一个词OR词组,Adam'sapple,anythingpossible,thecatunderthetable,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayer②多重定语：>一个词OR词组考研翻译1996（71）,reasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinscience考研翻译2007（46）,anecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.,Intellectual:adj.知识的，智力的, n.知识分子•定语从句就是用一句话做定语，放在被修饰名词的后面。,Thegirlwhoisdancingwiththatmanismygirlfriend.,thegirl：先行词（定语从句所修饰名词）who：引导词引导词①指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当成分②连接主句和从句定从引导词主要有：（that,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,why）【注】when =on/atwhichwhere =in/on/atwhichwhy=forwhich【注】定语从句不是完整句子！缺什么？缺先行词！Thegirlwhoisdancingwiththatboy先行词弓得词定语从句ismygirlfriend.定语从句：找先行词依据：①先行词先行于引导词出现②定语从句缺的就是先行词前溯找名词带入从句，看：语法是否正确意思是否正确【注】先行词一般是主句意思的中心词前溯找名词（2005—翻译一49）Creatinga"EuropeanidentityvthatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice（2005-翻译-49）CreatingaEuropeanidentity"thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinent运noeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice•前溯找名词•（2005阅读T4-P4-L3）Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatall

varietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.先行词+状语+定从andor连接的两个名词地位相等2004-完型Forexample,changesintheeconomythat_30_lead_tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment__31_ingeneral^makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.先行词+其他定语+定从例如，经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少，失业率上升，从而导致赚钱的工作日益难找。（1994完型-45）Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistenerinterferewithhiscomprehension.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]whatC2006完型-12Evenwhenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda_12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachdaywanderingthestreet.[A][B]lodgingshelter（寄宿处，临时住地）（避难所，收容所）[A][B]lodgingshelter（寄宿处，临时住地）（避难所，收容所）[C]dwelling[D]house（住处）（房屋）限定性定语从句VS非限定性定语从句⑴形式上的不同（如何识别）：引导词前有无逗号有逗号非限从无逗号限从⑵功能上的不同：①限定性定语从句：提供的是必要信息，且不能去掉，否则会引起读者理解上的困难;②非限定性定语从句：提供的是非必要信息，可以去掉，去掉不会引起歧义；非限先行词可以是词或词组，也可以是整个句子•WhoisMary'sboyfriend?•坐在角落里的男生是玛丽的男友。TheboywhositsinthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.Mygirlfriend1ikesdancingwithotherguys,whichreallydrivesmecrazy.（1998阅读-T2-P2-L3）Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-1987average.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear.■■Allthebookswhichhavepicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.Allthebookswerewrittenbyhim,whichhavepicturesinthem.Hehasafather,wholivesinYunnanHehasafatherwholivesinYunnan【注】当先行词充当定语从句的宾语时，引导词可以省略。,Theone（whom）Ilovemosthurtsmemostdeeply.我最爱的人伤我最深。定语从句的简化：分词结构从句的简化：句子一短语精简句子，并使句式多样！短语？①没有主语；②谓语动词f分词结构。注：定语从句的简化只能是引导词在从句中作主语的情况。,现在分词结构：v.+ing,过去分词结构：v.+ed取决于与所伴随的名词之间的关系：语态该名词发出动作：主动关系-现在分词该名词接受动作：被动关系一过去分词ThemanthatIsawatthepartyismyteacher.,先行词作宾语Themanthatsawmeatthepartyismyteacher.・先行词作主语,①从句含有be动词步骤：只需去掉引导词和be动词即可,BooksthatarewritteninEnglisharemoreexpensive.,BookswritteninEnglisharemoreexpensive.■■（2006阅读-T4-P4-L1）Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionwhichisalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?(2003-翻译63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.②从句不含be动词步骤：去掉引导词，把谓语动词变成现在分词TheboywhositsinthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.TheboysittinginthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.(2004-完型-24)TheoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchiIdrencommitcrimesinresponsetotheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,orasarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.(2004-完型-24)Theorieswhichfocusontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesinresponsetotheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,orasarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.分词结构定语从句可以简化成分词结构；但分词结构一定都作定语么？状语伴随关系Shecomesin,smilingatme.如何区分分词结构是定语还是状语？分词结构之前有无逗号！•一句话中同一主语发出多于一个的动作时，你选择其中一个动作作主要动作一谓语动词，其他几个动作作次要动作一分词结构。采菊东篱下，悠然见南山(陶渊明)采菊东篱下，(陶渊明)悠然见南山Taopickedtheflower.Taosawthesouthmountain.Taopickedtheflower,seeingthesouthmountain.Pickingtheflower,Taosawthesouthmountain.Police (hunt)thekillerofapart-timepoliceofficer (stab)outsideherhomeinnorthwestLondonareseekingaman_(wear)aT-shirt_(see) (run)awayfromthescene.Policehuntingthekillerofapart-timepoliceofficerstabbedoutsideherhomeinnorthwestLondonareseekingamanwearingaT-shirtseenrunningawayfromthescene.有自己主语的分词结构:独立主格不同主语发出两个相关动作Thebeautifulgirlstoodthere.Tearsstreameddownhercheeks.-Thebeautifulgirlstoodthere,tearsstreamingdownhercheeks.ItisSpringFestivaltoday.Wedonotneedtogotoschool.fItbeingSpringFestivaltoday,wedonotneedtogotoschool.,现在分词vs动名词①动名词是动词的名词化，可视作名词，多数情况下属于句子的主干：②现在分词不是表伴随，就是作修饰（不是定语，就是状语），一般不是主干。现在弱幅祝群表即娓坏琪翦动名词作表语：居多说明句子的具体内容“是什么”XiaoQiang,sjobisfeedingdogs.,现在分词作表语：修饰句子主语，说明主语的性质特征，是别人对主语的感受Theresultofthismatchismostsatisfying.,过去分词作表语：主语对其他人或物的感受Allthepeoplearenotsatisfiedwiththequalityofmilkpowder.现在分词作定语：居多①一般表示被修饰名词的行为状态②通常具有进行时的意味③可以变为定语从句asleepingchild=achiIdwho/thatissleepingabarkingdog=adogwhich/thatisbarkingareadinggirl=agirlwho/thatisreading动名词作定语：一般表示被修饰名词的用途，不含有进行时的意味，不可直接变为定语从句asleepingbag=abagusedforsleepingvsasleepingchildareadingroom=aroomusedforreadingvsareadinggirl

四状语从句状语：修饰动词（主要）和形容词状语从句：用一句话作状语关键：不同连词引导不同状语从句，表示分句间不同逻辑关系。分类：①时间状语从句：when,while,until定从？状从？,有无一个表示时间的名词作先行词IwillneverforgetthatdaywhenImetyou.TheporkwasverycheapwhenIwasalittleboy②地点状语从句：where定从？状从？取决于引导词之前的名词是不是地点是地点一修饰地点一定语从句不是地点一修饰动词一地点状语从句Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkatthespotwhereyouhaveanyquestion.Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestion.③原因状语从句：because,for,as,since④目的状语从句：sothat（以便），inorderthat…（2003完型-35）Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized_35_participantscanremainactiveaslongifonlynowthatsothatremainactiveaslongifonlynowthatsothatevenif⑤条件状语从句：if,longas既然即使unless,providedthat,onconditionthat,ase.g:Idon'tcarewhoyouare,whereyouarefrom,whatyoudid,aslongasyouloveme.•⑥让步状语从句：though,although,eventhough(if)while,whereas(2006完型-7)NoteveryoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimatesrangeanywherefrom600,000to3million._7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessisincreasing.[A] Nowthat[B] Although[C] Provided[D] Exceptthat(2005完型-9)Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,_9_othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.[A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereasWhile位于句首，一般表让步(2005阅读-T4-P2-L6)Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.在20世纪60年代之前,当人们伏案写作时，即使受教育不多的人也追求一种高雅的风格，而从那以后，即使是令人景仰的文章也在追求口语风格。⑦比较状语从句as,thanthemore--(b)than前后必为同类事物•从句可倒装：(b)than前后必为同类事物•从句可倒装：than+助动词+主语• (2006阅读-T1-P4-L1)•Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks.”• (2000阅读-T4-P2-L6)•Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.(c)nomorethan=not…anymorethan(a)as+形容词+a(n)+可数名词+as(2006翻译-47)47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,IIwhomustaccepttheobligation||ofrevealing11inasobviousamanneraspossibleIIthecourseofreasoningIIwhichledhimtohisdecision.翻译为：…不能…，正如（than从句）不能…一样（2006翻译-49）49）Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.状语从句的简化只有当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，才可以进行简化。改错Whenattheageofeight,XiaoMing'sfathertaughthimtoclimbtrees.WhenXiaoMingwasattheageofeight,XiaoMing,sfathertaughthimtoclimbtrees.Whenattheageofeight,XiaoMingwastaughttoclimbtreesbyhisfather.①从句中含有be动词：只需去掉状语从句的主语和be动词WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Ialwaysgazeathotgirls.Whilewalkinginthestreet,Ialwaysgazeathotgirls.②从句不含be动词：去掉主语，把谓语动词变成现在分词BeforeIgraduatedfromcollege,Itookapart-timejobasaDJ.Beforegraduatingfromcollege,Itookapart-timejobasaDJ.五名词性从句一句话充当名词性成分①句子的类型？陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句②句中的名词性成分？主语、宾语、表语、同位语③名词性从句主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句①直接就是陈述句that+一句完整的陈述句（1998阅读-T5-P2-L1）Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.67.Theauthorbelievesthat[A]themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearthJsinteriorthegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobetruethehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirections[D]themovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapart（2006阅读-T3-P2-L1）Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.That能否省略？Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.常将it作形式主语置于句首,而将主语从句置于句末。（考研英语常用句型）Itis+过去分词+that+从句Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.ffIthasbeenknownforyearsthattheseasarebeingoverfished.尾重原则（2004阅读-T2-P2-L1）IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccars.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccars.Itisreportedthat据报道…Itshouldbenotedthat 应当注意Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须承认…Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出…Itisgenerallythoughtthat人们普遍认为②由一般疑问句转变而来引导词+一句话的其他部分（陈述句语序）Whether,if（只能引导宾语从句）Whether,if均不充当句中成分Whether…or是…还是1999-翻译-74）Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkortotheresearchtechniques.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkortotheresearchtechniques.（2005阅读-T1-P4-L6）However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependently,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestor,isanunansweredquestion.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependently,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestor,isanunansweredquestion.③由特殊疑问句转变而来疑问句引导词+一句话的其他部分（陈述句语序）What,Which,Who,Whom,WhoseWhy,When,Where,How以上词在句中充当成分•（2006阅读T3-P2-L1）,WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.,WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.同位语从句,同位语？这就是芙蓉姐姐。这就是芙蓉姐姐，一个新时代的偶像。这就是芙蓉姐姐，一个红遍大江南北、逼疯高矮胖瘦、秒杀男女老幼的新时代天皇级偶像。■1.名词+that+从句（2005阅读-T3-P1-L1）Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;•弗洛伊德阐述了他革命性的理论，即梦是我们不曾意识到的欲望和恐惧的反映2.名词+其他成分+that+陈述句例：Concernswereraisedthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.Concernswereraisedthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.这里先行词concern与that同位语从句被谓语wereraised隔开人们日益担心，证人会受到鼓励在法庭上夸大事实以保证有罪的判决。同位语从句VS定语从句同位语从句（完整句）定语从句（不完整，缺先行词）

先行词（抽象名词）：conclusion,news,fact,先行词（抽象名词）：conclusion,news,fact,idea,suggestion,view,evidence,opinion,problem,thought,understanding,assumption-**几乎所有名词和名词性短语Wehavetofacethefactthatheisnothere.（同）Wehavetofacethefactthatheislookingfor.（定）（2005阅读-T3-P1-L3）Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.（2001-完型-49）Concernswereraised_witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]thatD六倒装.全部倒装（FullInversion）,又称主谓倒装整个谓语部分全部放在主语之前例：Nowcomesyourturn,

fNowyourturncomes.（1）表示地点/位置的介宾短语置于句首Fromthewindowcamesoundofmusic.（2003-翻译-P5-L7）WithinTylor*sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.TheconceptiswithinTylor'sdefinitionthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.（2）here,there,now,then等地点或时间状语置于句首Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadafar-reachingeffects..部分倒装PartialInversion）只将谓语的二W提到主语之前。①助动词②情态动词③be动词, （1）句首为否定词：never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,rarely,nowherenotuntil,nosooner•••than,notonly*but（also）,never/neither••,nor（不，,•也不）（2005翻译-46）46）Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecenteventsinEurope.（1998阅读-T4-P10-L1）Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingnowherethanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate., （2）.“Only+状语”置于句首方式状语/地点状语/时间状语①方式状语：,由介词in/by/through引导Yourdreamofbeingagraduatecancometrueonlybystudyinghard.Onlybystudyinghardcanyourdreamofbeingagraduatecometrue.②地点状语：（1993阅读-T3-P3-L1）Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.Thelifespanofapatentisextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofeventsonlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances.③时间状语：Icangetmarriedonlywhenthepriceofrealestatefalls.Icangetmarriedonlywhenthepriceofrealestatefalls,ffOnlywhenthepriceofrealestatefallscanIgetmarried.七.专题：长难句解析最高境界不是逐字翻译,搞清楚句子结构长难句解决的具体步骤1、抓主干（五种基本句型）2、理顺主从句子关系找长句主干，常需反其道而行之。你能一眼挑出长句的主谓宾/主系表？主语易寻、谓语难找！怎么办？先去枝叶，主干立现！•方法：去枝去叶；切分得当•枝叶标志：①标点一一包括冒号，逗号，破折号②引导词 that/which/who；that作引导词时拆分，当代词时不能分割Helikesthatgirl.③连词 并列的：and/but/or；从属连词：表因果关系的：becausefor/as/so/since;时间关系连词：when/while/until；条件关系：if；让步关系：though/althougho等@to——1）to当不定式的连接符号时，不定式短语做定语或状语；2）to可以作介词⑤介词一一介词常构成介词短语做定语或状语in/on/of/with ⑥分词一一现在分词-ing/过去分词-ed分词常常构成分词短语作定语或状语•【注】从句自引导词开始到下一个动词结束综合练习一（2003阅读-T2-P1-L1）Allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcause运thatgoodpeopledonothing.All||thatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseis||thatgoodpeopledonothing.①Allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcause定语从句②thatgoodpeopledonothing表语从句综合练习二（2003阅读-T4-P5-L1）IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Ialsoknow||thatpeopleIIvnJapanandSweden,||countriesIIthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,||haveachievedlonger,healthier1ivesthanwehave.综合练习三（2003阅读-T2-P2-LI）Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Forexample,agrandmotherlywoman||staffingananimalrightsboothIIatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.①Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfair②abrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals-nomeat,nofur,nomedicinesabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthat...abrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals―nomeat,nofur,n