考研综合讲义

UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,47 ,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.[AladmittedfB]believed[Clclaimed[DIpredicted[AJplain[BJaverage[C]mean[D]normal[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude[AlOn[BlWith[C]For[D]By[AJbroadly[B]thoroughly[CJgenerally[DJcompletely[A]howeverfB]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover[AlatfB]in[ClaboutfD]for[Almanifested[B]approved[Clshown[D]speculated[A]notedfB]impressed[C]labeled(D]marked

Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety48 .Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman'sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.[AJatIB]in[CJon[D]with[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile[D]diverse[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance[DJrequirement[D]unless[D]distinguish[D]unless[D]distinguish[CJobserving[DJjustifyingfD]Still[AlalterfB]differ[Clshift[AJconstituting[B]aggravating[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even[AlcomesofffB]turnsup[C]paysoff[D]holdsup[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations[D]proclamations[AJanadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest[DJaprofitIfafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47 .Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof[D]morethan[A]onlyif[B]muchas[CJlongbefore[Djeversince[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards[A]replace[BJpurchase[C]supplement[DJdispose[A]enhance[B]mix[CJfeed[D]raise[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels[AJself-confident[B]self-sufficient[CJself-satisfied[D]self-restrained[A]search[B]save[CJoffer[D]seek[AlproportionfB]percentage[C]rate[DIratio[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[DIfrequently2001年完形填空Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot38sufficientcontrol.39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43 theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges/9hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised 49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[Clinparticular[D]suchas[AJillogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity[AJsince[BJif[C]before[D]as[A]sided[B]shared[CJcomplied[D]agreed[Alpresent[B]offer[C]manifest[D]indicate[A]Release[BJPublication[CJPrinting[DJExposure[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare[D]flash[Altranslation [B]interpretation[C]exhibition[D]demonstration[AJbetterthan [B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[DJsoonerthan[AJchanges[B]makes[C]sets[D]turns[Albinding[B]convincing[C]restraining[D]sustaining[AJauthorized[B]credited[C]entitled[DJqualified[A]with[B]to[C]from[D]by[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference[DJissue[A]stated[Blremarked[C]said[DItold[A]what[BJwhen[CJwhich[D]that[AJassure[B]confide[CJensure[D]guaranteeComparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened_21_.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot_22_the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic_23_,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe_24_oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution_25_up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading_26_throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures_27_the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin_28_.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,_29_,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,_30_bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,_31_itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately_32_.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal"too,aswellas_33_,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage_34_increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,_35—generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch_36—.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety^^begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe_37_withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas_38_bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen_39_viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.t€Benefits,9havebeenweighed_40_"harmful“outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult..[A]betweenfB]before[C]since[D]later.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until.[A]means[B]method[CJmedium[D]measure.[A]process[B]company[C]light[DJform.[A]gathered[BJspeeded[CJworked[D]picked.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off.[A]indeed[B]hence[Clhowever[D]therefore.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although.[A]apparentfB]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental.[A]ability[Blcapability[C]capacity(DIfaculty.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[CJwithregardto[D]inlinewith.[A]deeperlB]fewer[CJnearer[D]smaller.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected.[A]competitive[B]controversial[CJdistracting[Djirrational.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]withTeachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious_21_tohowtheycanbebest_22_suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand_23—,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition._24_theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe_25_thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare_26_byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe_27_toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,_28_,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,_29_studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide_30_opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful_31_dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe_32_ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult_33_visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave_34_attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized_35_participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto_36_elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants_37_.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility._38—theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby_39_forrolesthatarewithintheir_40_andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules..[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance.[A]care[B]nutrition[CJexercise[D]leisure.[A]IffB]Although[ClWhereas[D]Because.[A]assistance[B]guidance[Clconfidence[D]tolerance.[A]claimed[B]admired[Clignored[D]surpassed.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging.[A]durablefB]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple.[AJgroups[B]individual[CJpersonnel[Djcorporation.[A]consent[BJinsurance[C]admission[D]security.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely34,[A1similar[B]long[C]different[D]short.[A]ifonly[B]nowthat[C]sothat[D]evenif.[A]everything[B]anything[CJnothing[D]something.[AJoff[BJdown[C]out[DJalone.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage[C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheotherhand.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency[D]efficiencyManytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories(21)ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior(22)theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough(23)withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietythatchildrencommitcrimesin(24)totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus(25)asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,(26)thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes(27)lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare(28)tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly(29)juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat(30)tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment(31)makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin(32) leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso(33)changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;(34),childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome(35)wascommoninthetraditionalfamily(36) .Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other(37) causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased(38) ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing(39) ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,(40) adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished..[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]cementing.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock[D]reflect.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposingThehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,_1_thisislargelybecause,_2_animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare_3—toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,_4_themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,_5_,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,_6—wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof_7_humansmellsevenwhentheseare_8—tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,_9—othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate_10_smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend_11_tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell_12_cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen_13_toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit_14_tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan_15_newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay_16_explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot_17_oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe_18_newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors_19_forunfamiliarandemergencysignals_20_thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire..[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined.[A]catching[B]ignoring[CJmissing[D]tracking.[A]anyway[B]though[CJinstead[D]therefore.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif[D]asif.[A]distinguishingfB]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[CJdetermining[D]diffused.[A]when[B]since[C]for[DIwhereas.[A]unusualfB]particular[Clunique[D]typicalL[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge[D]attimes.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[DJnevertheless.[AJsure[BJsick[C]aware[D]tired.[A]tolerate[B]repel[Clneglect[D]notice.[A]available[B]reliable[Clidentifiable[D]suitable.[AJsimilarto[B]suchas[CJalongwith[D]asidefromThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica9spopulation._1_homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan'tpossibly_2_.Tohelphomelesspeople_3—independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,_4_theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing._5_everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates_6—anywherefrom600,000to3million._7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis_8_.Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies_9—thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto_10_thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult._11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda_12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13—thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,_14_notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday_15_skillsneedtoturntheirlives_16_.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare_17-programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless._18_EdwardBlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,_19_it,"Therehastobe_20_ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal.”.[A]Indeed[BJLikewise[C]Therefore|D]Furthermore.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain.[A]in[Blfor[Clwith[D]toward.[AJraise[B]add[C]take[D]keep.[A]generally[B]almost[CJhardly[DJnot.[A]coverfB]change[C]range[D]differ.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]ProvidedfD]Exceptthat.[A]inflating[Blexpanding[Clincreasing[D]extending.[A]predicts[B]displays[Clproves[DIdiscovers0.1A]assist[BJtrack[CJsustain[D]dismissl.[A]Hence[BJBut[CJEven[DJOnly.[A]lodging[B]shelter[Cldwelling[D]house.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering.[A]whenfB]once[C]while[D]whereas.[A]life[BJexistence[C]survival[DJmaintenance.[AJaround[BJover[C]on[D]up.[A]complexfB]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]ThusA]puts[BJinterprets[CJassumes[D]makes20.[A]supervision[BJmanipulation[C]regulation[D]coordinationBy1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million』ofthesenationslooked2_tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence3_theideasofrepresentativegovernment,careers4_totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the5toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety,6therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7setoflaws.Ontheissueof8ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,9_,therewaslessagreement_10theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyonej_l_bytheSpanishcrown,12mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicismj_3theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthej_4ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallyingL5fbrtheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad]_6inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain'sL7colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch垣becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpoliciesJ9Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_self-ruleanddemocracy..[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoplesfD]individuals.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedlyfD]hopefully.[A]sharedfB]forgot[C]attainedfD]rejected.[A]related[BJclose[C]open[D]devoted.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[DJreturn.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]ObviouslyfDlGenerally.[A]unique[B]common[ClparticularfD]typical.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeedfDlmoreover.[A]with[B]about[C]amongfD]byl.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[DJfunded.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[DJWhile.[A]as[B]for[ClunderfD]against.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusionfD]influence.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish.[A]urged[B]intended[CJexpected[DJpromised.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[DJoriginal.[A]slower[B]faster[CleasierfD]tougher.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributedfD]preferred.[A]puzzledby[B]hostileto[CJpessimisticabout[D]unpreparedforTheideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis』tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently^anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,9_12-15pointsabovethe]_0_valueof100,andhavecontributedHtotheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,_14avepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16ucation.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17geneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18isargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19emtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20ateofaffairs..[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased.[A]uniquelB]particular[C]special[DJrare.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against.[A]subsequentlyfBlpresently[C]previouslyfDllately.[A]OnlyfB]So[ClEvenfD]Hence.[A]thought[B]sightlC]cost[DJrisk.[A]advises[B]suggests[CJprotests[D]objects.[A]progressfB]factfC]needfD]question.[A]attainingfB]scoringfC]reaching[D]calculating.[A]normalfB]commonfClmean[D]totall.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitelylD]unaccountably.[A]missionsfB]fortunesfC]interestsfD]careers.[A]affirmfB]witnessfClobservefD]approve.[A]moreoverfBlthereforefC]howeverfD]meanwhile.[A]givenup[B]gotover[CJcarriedon[D]putdown.[A]assessing[B]supervisinglC]administering[D]valuing.[A]development[B]originfC]consequencefD]instrument.[A]linked[BlintegratedfC]wovenfD]combined.1A]limited[BJsubjected[CJconverted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[CJinevitable[D]continuousResearchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.]_thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer'spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2_toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3_bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4 innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,it5_out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,bumsmorefuelandisslow6_thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7_—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey'veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9_intelligence?That'sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10 atallthespecieswe'veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhattherealjjofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalI'veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning,webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya」9question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[BlConsider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[Cllighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority5.[A]insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsout[DIputsforward6.[AJoff[B]behind[CJover[DJalong7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[CJinevitable[D]gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubt[CJstop[D]think9.[AlinvisiblefB]limited[C]indefinite[D]different10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs12.[Aloutside[B]on[Clby[D]across[Aldeliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply[A]bychance[B]incontrast[C]asusual [D]forinstance[A]if[A]moderate[A]at[A]Aboveall[AJfundamental[A]if[A]moderate[A]at[A]Aboveall[AJfundamental[A]Byaccident[BJunless[Blovercomefor[C]as[C]determineafterID]lest[D]reachwith[B]Afterall[C]However [D]Otherwise[BJcomprehensive[CJequivalent[D]hostile[B]Intime [C]Sofar[D]BetterstillIn1924American,NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting_1_workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended_2 givingtheirname