(A)英语翻译高级口译英译中经济科技(一)-真题-无答案

英语翻译高级口译英译中经济科技(一(90分钟)试题1Japan'sonceenviablejoblessratewillsoartodouble-digitlevelsif—andthewarningisabigone—firms opt for drastic Western-stylelayoffsto boost profits. While Japan's employmentsystemisvisiblyunravelling,manyeconomistsstilldoubtwhetherascenarioofsoaringjoblessnesswilloccur,giventhateconomicincentivestoslashpayrollsclashwithsocialandpoliticalpressurestosavejobs.Akinder,gentlerapproachtorestructuringwouldsoftenthesocialinstabilitymanyfearwouldresultfromdoublingthejoblessrate,alreadyatarecordhigh.531Criticsbelieveitwouldalsocapgainsinprofitmarginsandstifleeconomicvitality,especiallyintheabsenceofboldstepstoopenthedoortonewgrowth,industries.SomeeconomistsbelievedifferentmethodsofcountingmeanJapan'sjoblessrateisalreadycloseto7percentbyUnitedStatesstandards,notthatfarfromthe7.8percentpeakhitintheUSin1992whenitbegantoemergefromatwo-yearslump.Japan'sonceenviablejoblessratewillsoartodouble-digitlevelsif-andthewarningisabigone-firmsoptfordrasticWestern-stylelayoffstoboostprofits.WhileJapan'slife-timeemploymentsystemisvisiblyunravelling,manyeconomistsstilldoubtwhetherascenarioofsoaringjoblessnesswilloccur,giventhateconomicincentivestoslashpayrollsclashwithsocialandpoliticalpressurestosavejobs.Akinder,gentlerapproachtorestructuringwouldsoftenthesocialinstabilitythatmanyfearwouldresultfromdoublingthejoblessrate,whichisalreadyatarecordhigh.Criticsbelieveitwouldalsocapgainsinprofitmarginsandstifleeconomicvitality,especiallyintheabsenceofboldstepstoopenthedoortonewgrowth,industries.SomeeconomistsbelievedifferentmethodsofcountingmeanJapan'sjoblessrateisalreadycloseto7percentbyUnitedStatesstandards,notthatfarfromthe7.8percentpeakhitintheUSin1992whenitbegantoemergefromatwo-yearslump.试题2Thebiggestproblemofthethirdindustrialrevolutionisaseasytoexplainasitisdifficulttosolve.Technologyiscreatingaglobaleconomythatisrapidlysupplantingouroldnationaleconomies.Nationalgovernmentscannotcontrolthisneweconomy,yetnoone,leastofallAmericans,wantstocreatetheformofglobalgovernmentthatmightbeabletocontrolit.Asaresultweweregoingtobelivinginafundamentallyunmanagedeconomicsystem.Thedifficultiesofcontaining1997Asianeconomicmeltdownarejustthefirstofmanysuchdifficultieswecanexpect.Nationalgovernments,whichusedtoworryaboutmanagingandmaintainingtheireconomicsystems,areslowlybeingpushedoutofbusiness.Changesinglobalfinanceoverwhelmallbutthelargestgovernments.Governmentshavelostmuchoftheirinfluenceoverthemovementofinformationandcapital.Theycannotcontrolwhocrossestheirborderseitherphysicallyorculturally.Conversely,thepowerofglobalbusinessesisgrowing**panies'abilitytomovetothemostadvantageouslocationsandplaycountriesoffagainstoneanotherinbiddingforattractiveinvestmentprojects.Thebiggestproblemofthethirdindustrialrevolutionisaseasytoexplainasitisdifficulttosolve.Technologyiscreatingaglobaleconomythatisrapidlysupplantingouroldnationaleconomies.Nationalgovernmentscannotcontrolthisneweconomy,yetnoone,leastofallAmericans,wantstocreatetheformofglobalgovernmentthatmightbeabletocontrolit.Asaresultweweregoingtobelivinginafundamentallyunmanagedeconomicsystem.Thedifficultiesofcontainingthe1997Asianeconomicmeltdownarejustthefirstofmanysuchdifficultieswecanexpect.Nationalgovernments,whichusedtoworryabout managingandmaintainingtheireconomicsystems,areslowlybeingpushedoutofbusiness.Changesinglobalfinanceoverwhelmallbutthelargestgovernments.Governmentshavelostmuchoftheirinfluenceoverthemovementofinformationandcapital.Theycannotcontrolwhocrossestheirborderseitherphysicallyorculturally.Conversely,thepowerofglobalbusinessesisgrowing **panies'abilitytomovetomostadvantageouslocationsandplaycountriesoffagainstoneanotherinbiddingforattractiveinvestmentprojects.试题3BringingtheWorldCuptoAsiawassupposedtoexpandthereachoftheglobalgameinahappyconfluenceofgoodwillandgoodbusiness.Theactiononthepitchhascertainlybeendramatic,andmostfanswerethrilled.Butlessthanhalfwaythroughthemonth-longtournament,thegoodwillisalreadywearingthin-andbusinessseemsrelativelyslow,withfewervisitorsandCup-relatedsalesthanexpected.Deeplyembarrassedbytheimageofpart-emptystadiumsbesiegedbyangrytickethunters,Japaneseprimeministerorderedanofficialinvestigationintotheticketfiasco.Claiminglossesofmorethan ＄800,000pergame,Korea'ssoccerfederationeventhreatenedtosueByrom,theofficialticketagent,forfailingtoprintanddeliverticketsontime.JapanandKoreabothhopedtoscorebigpoints-athomeandabroad-withtheWorldCup.Perhapsitwasthememoriesofthe1964TokyoOlympicsandthe1988SeoulOlympics,whichwereconsideredturningpointsintheirnations'development.Miredinadecade-longslump,Japanlongsforanythingthatmightshockitseconomybacktolife.Korea,meanwhile,hopestheCupwillsteadyitshaltingrecoveryfromthe1997Asianfinancialcrisis-andhelpbranditasAsia'smostwirednation.Theirplan:injectbillionsofdollarsintonewfacilities,welcomethrongsoftouristsandforonegloriousmonthshowcasetheircountriestothebiggesttelevisionaudienceinworldhistory.BringingtheWorldCuptoAsiawassupposedtoexpandthereachoftheglobalgameinahappyconfluenceofgoodwillandgoodbusiness.Theactiononthepitchhascertainlybeendramatic,andmostfanswerethrilled.Butlessthanhalfway throughthemonth-longtournament,thegoodwill isalreadythin-andbusinessseemsrelativelyslow,withfewervisitorsandCup-relatedsalesthanexpected.Deeplyembarrassedbytheimageofpart-emptystadiumsbesiegedbyangrytickethunters,Japaneseprimeministerorderedanofficialinvestigationintotheticketfiasco.Claiminglossesofmorethan＄800,000pergame,Korea'ssoccerfederationeventhreatenedtosueByrom,theofficialticketagent,forfailingtoprintanddeliverticketsontime.JapanandKoreabothhopedtoscorebighomeandabroad—withtheWorldCup.Perhapsitwasthememoriesofthe1964TokyoOlympicsandthe1988SeoulOlympics,whichwereconsideredturningpointsintheirnations'development.Miredinadecade-longslump,Japanlongsforanythingthatmightshockitseconomybacktolife.Korea,meanwhile,hopestheCupwillsteadyitshaltingrecoveryfromthe1997Asianfinancialcrisis-andhelpbranditasAsia-smostwirednation.Theirplan:injectbillionsofdollarsintonewfacilities,welcomethrongsoftouristsandforonegloriousmonthshowcasetheircountriestothebiggesttelevisionaudienceinworldhistory.试题4Theeffectofgovernmentalexpendituresonthetotaleconomyvarieswithboththelevelofutilizationoflaborandcapitalintheeconomyatthetimeoftheexpenditure,andthesegmentoftheeconomywhichreceivestheexpenditure.Iftheeconomyasawholeorthesegmentoftheeconomywhichisthefocusoftheexpenditureisoperatingatcapacityorclosetocapacity,thentheexpenditure'smajoreffectswilltendtobe inflationary,and willnotgenerateemploymentofcapitalandlabor.Iftheeconomyorsectorisoperatingatmuchlessthanfullemployment,theexpenditurewillproduceagenuine(non-inflationary)riseintheGNP.Atruemeasureoftheeffectofgovernmentalincreaseintheamountofmoneymadeavailable,then,isnotthesimpledollarvalueoftheinitialinjectionbutthecumulativeeffectofthisinjectionthroughspendingandre-spending.Intheoptimumcasetheinitialexpansionofincomeflowcouldbegreatenoughtoproducetaxrevenuesinexcessoftheoriginal"deficitspending"orthe"taxcut",sothatdeficitsarenotonlysmallerthantheincreasedGNPbutarerecouped.InKeynesianeconomicsthefundamentalpointofgovernmentpolicyclearlyisnotbudget-balancingbutspendingintheeventofunusedproductivecapacityandunemployment.Spendingincreasesproductivity.Thisproductivityresultingfromfederalspendinghasoverwhelmedtheoldereconomicmythsofthebalancedbudgetwheregovernmentisconceivedofasjustanotherbusinessfirm.Theeffectofgovernmentalexpendituresonthetotaleconomyvarieswithboththelevelofutilizationoflaborandcapitalintheeconomyatthetimeoftheexpenditure,andthesegmentoftheeconomywhichreceivestheexpenditure.Iftheeconomyasawholeorthesegmentoftheeconomywhichisthefocusoftheexpenditureisoperatingatcapacityorclosetocapacity,thentheexpenditure'smajoreffectswilltendtobeinflationary,andwillnotgeneratemuchemploymentofcapitalandlabor.Iftheeconomyorsectorisoperatingatmuchlessthanfullemployment,theexpenditurewillproduceagenuine(non-inflationary)riseintheGNP.Atruemeasureoftheeffectofgovernmentalincreaseintheamountofmoneymadeavailable,then,isnotthesimpledollarvalueoftheinitialinjectionbutthecumulativeeffectofthisinjectionthroughspendingandre-spending.Intheoptimumcasetheinitialexpansionofincomeflowcouldbegreatenoughtoproducetaxrevenuesinexcessoftheoriginal"deficitspending"orthe"taxcut",sothatdeficitsarenotonlysmallerthantheincreasedGNPbutarerecouped.In Keynesian economics the fundamental point of government policy clearly is budget-balancingbutspendingintheeventofunusedproductivecapacityandunemployment.Spendingincreasesproductivity.Thisproductivityresultingfromfederalspendinghasoverwhelmedtheoldereconomicmythsofthebalancedbudgetwheregovernmentisconceivedofasjustanotherbusinessfirm.试题5Ingeneral,investmentintheUnitedStateswillbeintheformofasubsidiary.Itispossibleforanon-U.ScorporationtooperateabranchofficeintheUnitedStates,buttherearesignificantdisadvantagestoabranch,particularlywithrespecttoitstaxtreatment.Branchesofnon-U.Scorporationsarenotsubjecttofederalregulationorregistrationrequirements.However,eachstatewillrequirea"foreign"corporationto"qualify"before"doingbusiness"inthatstate.Acorporationwillbeconsidered"foreign"ifitisorganizedunderthelawsofanothercountryoranotherstate,andsothisisnotarequirementimposedonlyonnon-U.Sinvestors."Doingbusiness"isatechnicaltermthatimpliesasubstantialpresenceinthestate.Thiswouldincludetheownershipofleasingofrealproperty,themaintenanceofastockofgoodsforlocalsale,employeeandthelike.Sellingproductstolocalcustomers,eitherdirectlyorthroughanindependentsalesrepresentativeordistributor,wouldnotitselfconstitute"doingbusiness".Thestatesactuallyexerciselittlecontroloverthequalificationprocessotherthantoensurethatthequalifyingentity'snameisnotconfusinglysimilartoanalreadyregisteredentityandthatallregistrationfeesandtaxesarepaid(qualificationisbasicallyaformoftaxation).Inmoststates,qualificationforanon-U.Scorporationconsistsofarelativelyeasyapplication,aregistrationfee,andanotarizedorlegalizedcopyofthecorporation'sarticlesofincorporation(inEnglishoracertifiedtranslation).Ingeneral,investmentintheUnitedStateswillbeintheformofasubsidiary.Itispossibleforanon-U.ScorporationtooperateabranchofficeintheUnitedStates,buttherearesignificantdisadvantagestoabranch,particularlywit