欧洲文化入门第十章课件

EuropeanCulture：

AnIntroductionDivisionTenModernismandOtherTrendsEuropeanCulture：

AnIntroduct1ModernismandOtherTrendsGeneralIntroductionContemporaryWesternLiteratureBefore1945LiteratureandPhilosophySince1945ArtandMusicModernismandOtherTrendsGene2GeneralIntroduction

1.ModernismDefinedModernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets,suchassymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.2.HistoricalContext1914-1918WorldWarI1917theOctoberRevolution1930stheGreatDepression1939-1945WorldWarIIGeneralIntroduction

1.Modern33.ProgressinScienceRontgen威廉·伦琴:thediscoveryofX-rays(1895)Becquerel贝克勒尔:thediscoveryoftheradioactivepropertiesofuranium(1896)Pierre皮埃尔andMarieCurie居里夫人:thediscoveryofradium(1898)Soddy索迪:thediscoveryofisotopes同位素(1912)Rutherford卢瑟福:thediscoveryoftheatomicnucleus(1919)Einstein爱因斯坦:SpecialTheoryofRelativity(1905)

GeneralPrinciplesofRelativity(1915)3.ProgressinScience44.NewIdeasandThoughtsSigmundFreud佛洛伊德a.TheUnconscious无意识b.Id,Ego,Superego本我、自我、超我c.OedipusComplex俄狄浦斯情节（恋母情结）4.NewIdeasandThoughts5ContemporaryWesternLiteratureBefore19451.EnglishLiteraturea.T.S.Eliot艾略特(1888-1965)Eliotbroadenedthescopeofarevolutioninpoetrystartedbyimagism.Headdednewcriticalofcomplexityandallusivenesstothoseofcorrectnessandprecision.Works:TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock普罗弗里克的情歌

FourQuartets四重奏,TheWasteLand荒原ContemporaryWesternLiteratur6b.JosephConrad康拉德(1857-1924)JosephConradwasaPolish-bornEnglishnovelist.HewasoneofthegreatnovelistsandstylistsofmodernEnglishliterature.Work:LordJim吉姆爷b.JosephConrad康拉德(1857-19247VirginiaWoolf沃尔夫(1882-1941)VirginiaWoolf,Englishnovelist,critic,andessayist,rankedasoneofthecountry’sdistinguishedwritersbetweenthetwoworldwars.Works:Mrs.Dalloway达洛维夫人,TotheLighthouse到灯塔去VirginiaWoolf沃尔夫(1882-1941)8DavidHerbertLawrence劳伦斯(1885-1930)D.H.Lawrence,novelist,poetandessayist,isoneofthemostoriginalandcontroversialEnglishwritersofthe20thcentury.Hewasconsideredoneofthe“makers”ofmodernEnglishfiction.Works:LadyChatterley’sLover查泰来夫人的情人,SonsandLovers儿子与情人,TheRainbow虹,WomeninLove恋爱中的女人,TheLostGirl迷失的女孩DavidHerbertLawrence劳伦斯(189IrishLiterature

a.WilliamButlerYeats叶芝(1865-1939)WilliamButlerYeats,Irishpoet,hasbeenconsideredtobethegreatestportofourtime.Therearethreebasicthemesinhispoetry.Thefirstistobeinthemidstofthings;thesecondistoriseabovethemelee,tocontemplate,thethirdistoseekgoodnessalone,tobecomeasbodilessaspossibleonearthandinheaven.Works:TheWanderingofOisinandotherPoems,Responsibilities,TheTower,TheWindingStairandLastPoemsIrishLiterature

a.WilliamBu10b.JamesJoyce乔伊斯(1882-1941)JamesJoyce,Irishwriter,wasperhapsthemostimportantfictionwriterinthe20thcentury,andthefountainheadofthesubjectivemovementinfiction.Works:Dubliners都柏林人,APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan一个青年艺术家的画像,Ulysses尤利西斯b.JamesJoyce乔伊斯(1882-1941)11AmericanLiterature

a.EzraPound庞德(1885-1972)HewastheleadingfigureoftheImagistmovement.Works:InaStationoftheMetro在地铁站AmericanLiterature

a.EzraPo12WilliamFaulkner福克纳(1897-1962)WilliamFaulkner,Americannovelistandshortstorywriter,wasoneofthewinnersoftheNobelPrizeinthatcountry.Works:TheSoundandTheFury喧嚣与愤怒,AsILayDying在我弥留之际WilliamFaulkner福克纳(1897-19613ErnestHemingway海明威(1899-1961)ErnestHemingway,novelistandshortstorywriter,wasoneofthemostcelebratedandinfluentialauthorsofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizein1954forhismasteryoftheartofmodernnarration.hisstyleischaracterizedbyshortandsimplesentenceswithveryfewadjectivesandadverbs.Works:TheSunAlsoRises太阳照常升起,AFarewelltoArms永别了武器,ForWhomtheBellTolls丧钟为谁而名TheOldManandtheSea老人与海ErnestHemingway海明威(1899-19614GermanLiteratureThomasMann托马斯·曼((1875-1955)ThomasMannwasthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeGermanauthorofhistimeandoneofthemosteminentmenoflettersofthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1929.Works:TheBuddenbrooks布登勃洛克一家

,TheMagicMountain魔山GermanLiterature15FrenchLiterature

a.AndreGide安德烈·纪德(1869-1951)HewasadominantfigureinEuropeanlettersduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1947.Works:TheCounterfeiters伪钞制造者FrenchLiterature

a.AndreGid16MarcelProust马塞尔·普鲁斯特(1871-1922)MarcelProustwasoneofthemostoriginalwritersinthe20thcentury.HisnovelAlarecherchédutempsperdu(RemembranceofThingsPast),hasbeenconsideredoneofthemostremarkableworksinworldliterature.MarcelProust马塞尔·普鲁斯特(1871-17AlbertCamus加缪(1913-1960)AlbertCamuswasaFrenchnovelist,platwright,essayistandjournalist.HisworksexertedaprofoundinfluenceontheconscienceofWesternmaninthemiddleofthe20thcentury.HereceivedtheNobelPrizein1957.HisrepresentativeworkisTheStranger局外人.AlbertCamus加缪(1913-1960)18RussianandSovietLiteraturea.MaksimGorky高尔基(1868-1936)MaksimGorky,Russianauthorandfounderoftheliterarydoctrineofsocialistrealism,wasthegreatestRussianliteraryfigureofthe20thcentury.Works:Mother母亲Childhood童年,MyApprenticeship在人间,MyUniversity我的大学RussianandSovietLiterature19LiteratureandPhilosophySince1945

Thefeelingofuncertainfoundintheearly20thcenturyliteraturenowdevelopedintoaprotestagainsttraditionalculture.LiteratureandPhilosophySinc20AngryYoungMeninEngland“AngryYoungMen”wasatermreferringtoagroupofEnglishwriterswhofoundthemselvestobesocialmisfits.Theterm“AngryYoungMan”cametobewidelyusedonlyafterthepublicationofJohnOsborne’splayLookBackinAnger.AngryYoungMeninEngland21KingsleyAmis金斯莱·艾米斯(1922-)KingsleyAmisisbestknownforhisfirstnovelLucyJim幸运的吉姆,inwhichhecreatedacomicfigure,JimDixon,ananti-hero.KingsleyAmis金斯莱·艾米斯(1922-)22JohnOsborne约翰.奥斯本(1929-)JohnOsborne,Britishdramatist,usheredinanewperiodinmoderndramawithhisplayLookBackinAnger愤怒的回顾.JohnOsborne约翰.奥斯本(1929-)23BeatGeneration垮掉的一代inAmerica

ThedistinctivefeaturesoftheBeatGenerationareasfollows:theyusedaspecialslanglanguageandlovedjazz;manyofthemweredrugaddicts;theyoftenkeptanappearanceofdeliberateneglectinclothingandpersonalhygiene.BeatGeneration垮掉的一代inAmeric24AllenGinsberg金斯堡(1926)AllenGinsberg,Americanpoet,bestrepresentstheBeatGeneration.HeischieflyknownforhispoemHowl怒吼.AllenGinsberg金斯堡(1926)25MikhailAleksandrovichSholokhov(1905-1984)肖洛霍夫MikhailAleksandrovichSholokhov,Sovietauthor,wontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1965.heestablishedaninternationalreputationforhismonumentalnovelofCossacklife,TheDone.静静的顿河MikhailAleksandrovichSholokh26JackKerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克(1922-1969)JackKerouacwasanotherleaderofBeatGeneration.Hisfirstandbest-knownnovelisOntheRoad在路上.

JackKerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克(1922-1927NouveauRoman(NewNovel)

TheNewNoveltendstobeobjective.Humancharactersareonanequalfootingwiththings.Thingsandtheirinteractionsarethemajorinterestofthesenovelists.NouveauRoman(NewNovel)

The28AlianRobbe-Grillet阿兰·罗布-格里耶(1922-)Robbe-Grilletisknownasthefirst“cubist”novelist.Inhisnovels,onefindsaprecise,neutraldescriptionofthings,registeredwithacamera’seye.novels:TheErasers橡皮,LaJalousie嫉妒Film:LastYearatMarienbad.去年在马伦巴AlianRobbe-Grillet阿兰·罗布-格里耶(29NathalieSarraute娜塔丽·萨洛特(1902)NathalieSarraute,womannovelist,isoneoftheleadingtheoristsoftheNouveanRoman,andacreatoroftheanti-novel.Work:PortraitofAManUnknownNathalieSarraute娜塔丽·萨洛特(190230Existentialism

存在主义AkeyconceptofexistentialismisthatManisnothingbutwhathemakesofhimself.Existentialism

存在主义Akeyconce31Jean-PaulSartre萨特(1905-1980)Histheoryisthatlifehasnomeaningandpurposebeyondthegoalseachpersonsetsforhimself.Works:BeingandNothingness存在与虚无,CritiqueofDialecticalReason辨证理性批判,Nausea恶心,TheWall墙,Jean-PaulSartre萨特(1905-1980)32TheTheatreoftheAbsurd

荒诞派戏剧

Intheirplays,theseplaywrightsattemptedtoconveytheideathathumanexistenceispurposeless,meaningless,andthatinthisworldmanfeelsconstantlybewildered,troubledandthreatened.TheTheatreoftheAbsurd

荒诞派戏33SamuelBeckett塞缪尔·贝克特(1906-)SamuelBeckett,Irishwriter,wasawardedthe1969NobelPrizeforliterature.HismasterpiecewasaplaycalledWaitingfor

Godot,whichwasrememberedasoneofthemostfamousAbsurdDrama.Onebasicthemeoftheplayisthathumanlifeismeaningless.SamuelBeckett塞缪尔·贝克特(1906-)34EugeneIonesco欧仁·尤内斯库(1912-)Inhisworkshedramatizedtheabsurdityofhumanexperienceandthemeaninglessnessofclichés.Work:TheBaldPrimaDonna秃头歌女EugeneIonesco欧仁·尤内斯库(1912-)35BlackHumor黑色幽默

Blackhumorisakindofdesperatehumor.Itisthelaughterattragicthings.Inthismeaninglessworld,accordingtoBlackHumorists,man’sfateisdecidedbyincomprehensiblepowers.BlackHumor黑色幽默

Blackhumoris36JosephHeller约瑟夫·海勒(1923-)JosephHeller,Americanwriter,istheauthorofthebest-sellingnovelCatch-22第二十二条军规,whichhasbeenconsideredthemajorworkofBlackHumor.JosephHeller约瑟夫·海勒(1923-)37ArtandMusic

ArtIntheirrejectionofpastvaluesandtraditions,itbecameafashionforpainterstoreturntoanoriginalpoint;aworldofformlessness,aworldofprimitivenessandancientcivilization,aworldofsubconsciousnessandaworldoftheunknown.ArtandMusic

Art38Fauvism野兽派theFauvesexpressedtheiremotionalreactiontothesubjectintheboldestcolorandstrongestpatternoflines.Fauvism野兽派39HenriMatisse亨利·马蒂斯(1869-1954)Works:TheJoyofLife,HarmonyinRedHenriMatisse亨利·马蒂斯(1869-19540ii.AndreDerain安德烈·德朗(1880-1954)Work:LondonBridgeii.AndreDerain安德烈·德朗(1880-141Expressionism

表现主义Expressionistartismarkedbytheexpressionofrealitybymeansofdislocationtocommunicateone’sinnervision.Expressionism

表现主义Expressionis42i.EmilNolde埃米尔诺尔德(1867-1956）Works:TheProphet,ChristAmongtheChildren,ripeSunflowersThePropheti.EmilNolde埃米尔诺尔德TheProphe43ii.GeorgeGroz乔治·格罗兹(1893-1959Work:Punishmentii.GeorgeGroz乔治·格罗兹(1893-19544iii.MaxBeckmann马克思·贝克曼(1884-1950)HewasthemostpowerfuloftheGermanexpressionists.Work:TheDreamiii.MaxBeckmann马克思·贝克曼(188445iv.PaulKlee保罗·克利(1879-1940)Works:TwitteringBirdsiv.PaulKlee保罗·克利(1879-1940)46v.WassilyKandinsky瓦西里·康定斯基(1866-1944）Work:SketchIforCompositionVIIv.WassilyKandinsky瓦西里·康定斯基47Cubism

立体派Thisisatypeofabstractpaintingwhichaimstopenetratebeyondsurfaceappearanceandsinglevisionanddepictpersonsandobjectsfromvaryinganglessimultaneouslyandthree-dimensionally.Cubism

立体派Thisisatypeofab48i.PabloPicasso帕布罗·毕加索(1881-1973)Works:Demoisellesd’Avignon,TheMusicians,Guernica,ThreeDancers,AccordionistDemoisellesd’Avignon,i.PabloPicasso帕布罗·毕加索Demoise49ii.GeorgesBraque乔治·布拉克(1882-1963)Work:LeCourrierii.GeorgesBraque乔治·布拉克(188250Futurism未来主义

theworksoffuturismportraythedynamiclifeofthe20thcentury.UmbertoBoccini乌姆伯托·波丘尼(1882-1916)Works:TheCityRisesUniqueFormsofContinuityinSpaceTheCityRises,Futurism未来主义

theworksoffut51Dadaism

达达主义Dadaismcreatedworksthatwereanti-war,anti-modernlife,andindeed,anti-art.Dadaism

达达主义52i.MarcelDuchamp杜尚(1887-1968)Works:TheBride,MonaLisai.MarcelDuchamp杜尚(1887-196853ii.MaxErnest(1891-1976)Works:Frottage,ICopperPlateIZincPlate1RubberCloth2Calipers1DrainpipeTelescope1PipingMan

ii.MaxErnest(1891-1976)54Surrealism

i.SalvadorDali萨尔瓦多·达利(1904-)Work:PersistenceofMemoryii.JoanMiro安·米罗(1893-)Work:PaintingSurrealism

i.SalvadorDali萨尔瓦55AbstractExpressionism

抽象表现主义JacksonPollock波洛克(1912-1956)Work:OneAbstractExpressionism

抽象表现主义J56Sculpture

a.HenryMoor亨利·摩尔(1898-)Work:RecumbentFigure斜倚像b.ConstantineBrancusi(1876-1957)康斯坦丁．布朗库西Work:TheKissSculpture

a.HenryMoor亨利·摩尔(57Music

Modernmusicoftenusesnokeytoactasacentraltonearoundwhichthewholepieceofmusicturns.Eachofthe12tonesisequalandindependent.Modernmusicusescomplicatedrhythms.Music

Modernmusicoftenuses58ArnoldSchoenberg阿诺德-勋伯格(1874-1951)works:ViolinConcerto,Op.36StringQuartet,Op.37PianoConcerto,Op.42ASurvivorfromWarsaw.Op.46ArnoldSchoenberg阿诺德-勋伯格(18759IgorStravinsky斯特拉文斯基(1882-1971)Works:TheRiteofSpring,TheFirebirdBelaBartok巴托克(1881-1945)works；PianoConcertoNo.3ConcertoforOrchestraIgorStravinsky斯特拉文斯基(1882-1960DmitryShostakovich萧斯塔科维奇(1906-1973)works；SymphonyNo.1inFminor,Op.10SymphonyNo.5inDminor,Op.47SymphonyNo.7inCmajor,Op.60SymphonyNo.10inEminor,Op.93DmitryShostakovich萧斯塔科维奇(161EuropeanCulture：

AnIntroductionDivisionTenModernismandOtherTrendsEuropeanCulture：

AnIntroduct62ModernismandOtherTrendsGeneralIntroductionContemporaryWesternLiteratureBefore1945LiteratureandPhilosophySince1945ArtandMusicModernismandOtherTrendsGene63GeneralIntroduction

1.ModernismDefinedModernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets,suchassymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.2.HistoricalContext1914-1918WorldWarI1917theOctoberRevolution1930stheGreatDepression1939-1945WorldWarIIGeneralIntroduction

1.Modern643.ProgressinScienceRontgen威廉·伦琴:thediscoveryofX-rays(1895)Becquerel贝克勒尔:thediscoveryoftheradioactivepropertiesofuranium(1896)Pierre皮埃尔andMarieCurie居里夫人:thediscoveryofradium(1898)Soddy索迪:thediscoveryofisotopes同位素(1912)Rutherford卢瑟福:thediscoveryoftheatomicnucleus(1919)Einstein爱因斯坦:SpecialTheoryofRelativity(1905)

GeneralPrinciplesofRelativity(1915)3.ProgressinScience654.NewIdeasandThoughtsSigmundFreud佛洛伊德a.TheUnconscious无意识b.Id,Ego,Superego本我、自我、超我c.OedipusComplex俄狄浦斯情节（恋母情结）4.NewIdeasandThoughts66ContemporaryWesternLiteratureBefore19451.EnglishLiteraturea.T.S.Eliot艾略特(1888-1965)Eliotbroadenedthescopeofarevolutioninpoetrystartedbyimagism.Headdednewcriticalofcomplexityandallusivenesstothoseofcorrectnessandprecision.Works:TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock普罗弗里克的情歌

FourQuartets四重奏,TheWasteLand荒原ContemporaryWesternLiteratur67b.JosephConrad康拉德(1857-1924)JosephConradwasaPolish-bornEnglishnovelist.HewasoneofthegreatnovelistsandstylistsofmodernEnglishliterature.Work:LordJim吉姆爷b.JosephConrad康拉德(1857-192468VirginiaWoolf沃尔夫(1882-1941)VirginiaWoolf,Englishnovelist,critic,andessayist,rankedasoneofthecountry’sdistinguishedwritersbetweenthetwoworldwars.Works:Mrs.Dalloway达洛维夫人,TotheLighthouse到灯塔去VirginiaWoolf沃尔夫(1882-1941)69DavidHerbertLawrence劳伦斯(1885-1930)D.H.Lawrence,novelist,poetandessayist,isoneofthemostoriginalandcontroversialEnglishwritersofthe20thcentury.Hewasconsideredoneofthe“makers”ofmodernEnglishfiction.Works:LadyChatterley’sLover查泰来夫人的情人,SonsandLovers儿子与情人,TheRainbow虹,WomeninLove恋爱中的女人,TheLostGirl迷失的女孩DavidHerbertLawrence劳伦斯(1870IrishLiterature

a.WilliamButlerYeats叶芝(1865-1939)WilliamButlerYeats,Irishpoet,hasbeenconsideredtobethegreatestportofourtime.Therearethreebasicthemesinhispoetry.Thefirstistobeinthemidstofthings;thesecondistoriseabovethemelee,tocontemplate,thethirdistoseekgoodnessalone,tobecomeasbodilessaspossibleonearthandinheaven.Works:TheWanderingofOisinandotherPoems,Responsibilities,TheTower,TheWindingStairandLastPoemsIrishLiterature

a.WilliamBu71b.JamesJoyce乔伊斯(1882-1941)JamesJoyce,Irishwriter,wasperhapsthemostimportantfictionwriterinthe20thcentury,andthefountainheadofthesubjectivemovementinfiction.Works:Dubliners都柏林人,APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan一个青年艺术家的画像,Ulysses尤利西斯b.JamesJoyce乔伊斯(1882-1941)72AmericanLiterature

a.EzraPound庞德(1885-1972)HewastheleadingfigureoftheImagistmovement.Works:InaStationoftheMetro在地铁站AmericanLiterature

a.EzraPo73WilliamFaulkner福克纳(1897-1962)WilliamFaulkner,Americannovelistandshortstorywriter,wasoneofthewinnersoftheNobelPrizeinthatcountry.Works:TheSoundandTheFury喧嚣与愤怒,AsILayDying在我弥留之际WilliamFaulkner福克纳(1897-19674ErnestHemingway海明威(1899-1961)ErnestHemingway,novelistandshortstorywriter,wasoneofthemostcelebratedandinfluentialauthorsofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizein1954forhismasteryoftheartofmodernnarration.hisstyleischaracterizedbyshortandsimplesentenceswithveryfewadjectivesandadverbs.Works:TheSunAlsoRises太阳照常升起,AFarewelltoArms永别了武器,ForWhomtheBellTolls丧钟为谁而名TheOldManandtheSea老人与海ErnestHemingway海明威(1899-19675GermanLiteratureThomasMann托马斯·曼((1875-1955)ThomasMannwasthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeGermanauthorofhistimeandoneofthemosteminentmenoflettersofthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1929.Works:TheBuddenbrooks布登勃洛克一家

,TheMagicMountain魔山GermanLiterature76FrenchLiterature

a.AndreGide安德烈·纪德(1869-1951)HewasadominantfigureinEuropeanlettersduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1947.Works:TheCounterfeiters伪钞制造者FrenchLiterature

a.AndreGid77MarcelProust马塞尔·普鲁斯特(1871-1922)MarcelProustwasoneofthemostoriginalwritersinthe20thcentury.HisnovelAlarecherchédutempsperdu(RemembranceofThingsPast),hasbeenconsideredoneofthemostremarkableworksinworldliterature.MarcelProust马塞尔·普鲁斯特(1871-78AlbertCamus加缪(1913-1960)AlbertCamuswasaFrenchnovelist,platwright,essayistandjournalist.HisworksexertedaprofoundinfluenceontheconscienceofWesternmaninthemiddleofthe20thcentury.HereceivedtheNobelPrizein1957.HisrepresentativeworkisTheStranger局外人.AlbertCamus加缪(1913-1960)79RussianandSovietLiteraturea.MaksimGorky高尔基(1868-1936)MaksimGorky,Russianauthorandfounderoftheliterarydoctrineofsocialistrealism,wasthegreatestRussianliteraryfigureofthe20thcentury.Works:Mother母亲Childhood童年,MyApprenticeship在人间,MyUniversity我的大学RussianandSovietLiterature80LiteratureandPhilosophySince1945

Thefeelingofuncertainfoundintheearly20thcenturyliteraturenowdevelopedintoaprotestagainsttraditionalculture.LiteratureandPhilosophySinc81AngryYoungMeninEngland“AngryYoungMen”wasatermreferringtoagroupofEnglishwriterswhofoundthemselvestobesocialmisfits.Theterm“AngryYoungMan”cametobewidelyusedonlyafterthepublicationofJohnOsborne’splayLookBackinAnger.AngryYoungMeninEngland82KingsleyAmis金斯莱·艾米斯(1922-)KingsleyAmisisbestknownforhisfirstnovelLucyJim幸运的吉姆,inwhichhecreatedacomicfigure,JimDixon,ananti-hero.KingsleyAmis金斯莱·艾米斯(1922-)83JohnOsborne约翰.奥斯本(1929-)JohnOsborne,Britishdramatist,usheredinanewperiodinmoderndramawithhisplayLookBackinAnger愤怒的回顾.JohnOsborne约翰.奥斯本(1929-)84BeatGeneration垮掉的一代inAmerica

ThedistinctivefeaturesoftheBeatGenerationareasfollows:theyusedaspecialslanglanguageandlovedjazz;manyofthemweredrugaddicts;theyoftenkeptanappearanceofdeliberateneglectinclothingandpersonalhygiene.BeatGeneration垮掉的一代inAmeric85AllenGinsberg金斯堡(1926)AllenGinsberg,Americanpoet,bestrepresentstheBeatGeneration.HeischieflyknownforhispoemHowl怒吼.AllenGinsberg金斯堡(1926)86MikhailAleksandrovichSholokhov(1905-1984)肖洛霍夫MikhailAleksandrovichSholokhov,Sovietauthor,wontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1965.heestablishedaninternationalreputationforhismonumentalnovelofCossacklife,TheDone.静静的顿河MikhailAleksandrovichSholokh87JackKerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克(1922-1969)JackKerouacwasanotherleaderofBeatGeneration.Hisfirstandbest-knownnovelisOntheRoad在路上.

JackKerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克(1922-1988NouveauRoman(NewNovel)

TheNewNoveltendstobeobjective.Humancharactersareonanequalfootingwiththings.Thingsandtheirinteractionsarethemajorinterestofthesenovelists.NouveauRoman(NewNovel)

The89AlianRobbe-Grillet阿兰·罗布-格里耶(1922-)Robbe-Grilletisknownasthefirst“cubist”novelist.Inhisnovels,onefindsaprecise,neutraldescriptionofthings,registeredwithacamera’seye.novels:TheErasers橡皮,LaJalousie嫉妒Film:LastYearatMarienbad.去年在马伦巴AlianRobbe-Grillet阿兰·罗布-格里耶(90NathalieSarraute娜塔丽·萨洛特(1902)NathalieSarraute,womannovelist,isoneoftheleadingtheoristsoftheNouveanRoman,andacreatoroftheanti-novel.Work:PortraitofAManUnknownNathalieSarraute娜塔丽·萨洛特(190291Existentialism

存在主义AkeyconceptofexistentialismisthatManisnothingbutwhathemakesofhimself.Existentialism

存在主义Akeyconce92Jean-PaulSartre萨特(1905-1980)Histheoryisthatlifehasnomeaningandpurposebeyondthegoalseachpersonsetsforhimself.Works:BeingandNothingness存在与虚无,CritiqueofDialecticalReason辨证理性批判,Nausea恶心,TheWall墙,Jean-PaulSartre萨特(1905-1980)93TheTheatreoftheAbsurd

荒诞派戏剧

Intheirplays,theseplaywrightsattemptedtoconveytheideathathumanexistenceispurposeless,meaningless,andthatinthisworldmanfeelsconstantlybewildered,troubledandthreatened.TheTheatreoftheAbsurd

荒诞派戏94SamuelBeckett塞缪尔·贝克特(1906-)SamuelBeckett,Irishwriter,wasawardedthe1969NobelPrizeforliterature.HismasterpiecewasaplaycalledWaitingfor

Godot,whichwasrememberedasoneofthemostfamousAbsurdDrama.Onebasicthemeoftheplayisthathumanlifeismeaningless.SamuelBeckett塞缪尔·贝克特(1906-)95EugeneIonesco欧仁·尤内斯库(1912-)Inhisworkshedramatizedtheabsurdityofhumanexperienceandthemeaninglessnessofclichés.Work:TheBaldPrimaDonna秃头歌女EugeneIonesco欧仁·尤内斯库(1912-)96BlackHumor黑色幽默

Blackhumorisakindofdesperatehumor.Itisthelaughterattragicthings.Inthismeaninglessworld,accordingtoBlackHumorists,man’sfateisdecidedbyincomprehensiblepowers.BlackHumor黑色幽默

Blackhumoris97JosephHeller约瑟夫·海勒(1923-)JosephHeller,Americanwriter,istheauthorofthebest-sellingnovelCatch-22第二十二条军规,whichhasbeenconsideredthemajorworkofBlackHumor.JosephHeller约瑟夫·海勒(1923-)98ArtandMusic

ArtIntheirrejectionofpastvaluesandtraditions,itbecameafashionforpainterstoreturntoanoriginalpoint;aworldofformlessness,aworldofprimitivenessandancientcivilization,aworldofsubconsciousnessandaworldoftheunknown.ArtandMusic

Art99Fauvism野兽派theFauvesexpressedtheiremotionalreactiontothesubjectintheboldestcolorandstrongestpatternoflines.Fauvism野兽派100HenriMatisse亨利·马蒂斯(1869-1954)Works:TheJoyofLife,HarmonyinRedHenriMatisse亨利·马蒂斯(1869-195101ii.AndreDerain安德烈·德朗(1880-1954)Work:LondonBridgeii.AndreDerain安德烈·德朗(1880-1102Expressionism

表现主义Expressionistartismarkedbytheexpressionofrealitybymeansofdislocationtocommunicateone’sinnervision.Expressionism

表现主义Expressionis103i.EmilNolde埃米尔诺尔德(1867-1956）Works:TheProphet,ChristAmongtheChildren,ripeSunflowersThePropheti.EmilNolde埃米尔诺尔德TheProphe104ii.GeorgeGroz乔治·格罗兹(1893-1959Work:Punishment