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第一章时态与语态一.动词时态一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时现在WritewritesAmIswritingarehaswrittenhaveHasbeenwritinghave过去wroteWaswritingwereHadwrittenHadbeenwriting将来ShallwritewillShallbewritingWillShallhavewrittenwillShall
havebeenwritingwill过去将来ShouldwritewouldShouldbewritingWouldShouldhavewrittenwouldShouldhavebeenwritingwould1.一般现在时1)表示现在经常/反复发生的动作/存在的状态
信号词:often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday,onceaweek等Eg;
我一般/经常/通常/6点起床。门是关着的。我每天下午去游泳。2)一般现在时可用来表示主语的特征,性格,能力,客观事实/普遍整理,表示安排好/计划好的将来发生的动作。Eg;他喜欢吃鱼。太阳东升西落。(rise,set)展会星期六开,下个星期五结束。3)还可以用来表示如电影的剧情介绍,新闻标题,小说章节题目,图片解说等。
2.一般过去式1)表示过去发生的而现在已结束的情况,也可以表示过去的习惯动作,或表示客气的。询问。
信号词:yesterday,lastweek,justnow,in1999,ago(带有ago),when引导的表示过去的时间状语从句。Eg;我昨天晚上上床很迟。3天前天气不是很热。我们小时候一起去学校。4.现在进行时1)说话时正在进行的动作或表示为将来安排好的活动和事件,常用的动词有go,come,start,stay,leave,arrive,flyEg;老师正在讲课。她正在过来。2)与always,constantly,repeatedly等连用表示不断重复的动作。Eg;你总是把钥匙忘在家里。5.过去进行时1)过去的某个时间正在进行的动作。(信号词为句中的表示过去的时间状语。)atthattime,while,justas等Eg;WhileIwasworking,mywifewaslookingafterthebaby.2)过去进行时常用来表示背景。Eg;Thesunwassettingandthewindwasblowing.6.将来进行时1)什么叫将来进行时?Eg;我明天这个时候正在家里看电视。7.现在完成时
表示过去某时间发生与现在有联系,或开始于过去并持续到现在的动作,不能和表示过去的副词连用,常和下列明确表示过去和现在联系的短语和结构连用。如:before,already,yet,recently,never,sofar,uptonow,Itisthefirst(second)time…,Itis(hasbeen)…since等Eg;我的作业已经完成了。他退休已经很长时间了。8.过去完成时过去某一时刻已经完成的动作。常用的句型Nosooner…than,hardly/rarely/scarcely…when从句中常用一般过去式,主句中用过去完成时Eg;Hehadhardlygotupwhenthetelephonerang.Ihadnosoonerbeganmyspeechthanhegottohisfeetandaskedforleave.过去完成时表示过去的过去。
HehasleftBeijingforalongtime.(×)HehasbeenawayfromBeijingfor…Hisfatherhasdiedfortenyears.(×)Hisfatherhasbeendead…第二章从句主句(mainclause;principalclause)即句子的主体,能单独使用或出现的句子。从句(surbordinateclause)是复合句里的一个句子成分。它不能独立成句,但是它也有自己的主语部分和谓语部分。就是句子一样,所不同的是,它必须由一个关联词来引导。从句的种类:名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句),副词性从句(状语从句),形容词性从句(定语从句)。4)whether引导的主语从句whether在句子中不承担任何的句子成分。作‘是否’讲,引导主语从句的语序用陈述句。位于句首时,只能用whether引导主语从句,位于句中可与if互换。WhetherTomwillcomeisuncertain.Itisnotknownwhether/iftheywillcometoday.5)用哪一个“wh-”词取决于从句中缺少或所需要的句子成分。Whatheneedsisthatbook.WhenTomwillcomebackisnotknown.6)-ever引导的主语从句whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever,比what,who,whom,when,where等语气强烈。WhateverIhaveisyours.Whoeveristiredmayrest.连接代词,连接副词和复合词引导主语从句时,本身有词义,在从句中充当主语,宾语,表语,定语,或状语等。从句的语序用陈述句语序。Whatheneedsisabook.WhenJackwillcomeisnotknown.主语从句需注意的问题(1)主语从句中用陈述语序WhatsheisafraidofistheirtakinghertoParis.(Whatissheafraidof…Wrong)(2)主语从句后谓语动词用第三人称单数Thattheyhaven’tphonedisstrange.(3)that引导的主语从句中,that不可被省略Thatpricewillgoupiscertain.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that则不然。例如:1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.What在此引导主语从句,又做said的宾语That只起连接作用,不做成分1.Whereshallwespendtheholidayisn’tdecided.2.Youhavemadeamistakeisafact.3.Thatiscertainthatwecanwin.4.Nomatterwholeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.weshallThatyouhaveItisWhoever改错练习否定的转移:若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。如:
Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.Roderickdon’tbelievethatamancansurviveinthecityforamonthwithonlyamillionpoundbank-noteinhispossessionIdon’tsupposeyouwillfinishtheworktoday.Ihopehewon’tgiveup.宾语从句注意点:注意!It作形式宾语:
it常可以放在动词think,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作为形式宾语.结构为:主语+hear/think..+it+adj./n.+宾语从句Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.Wethinkitimportantthateverystudentshouldobeyschoolrules.Whether,if以及whether,if和that动词后面的宾语从句中whether和if可以通用,但介词后的宾语从句只用whether,不用if.Heaskedwhether/ifIwouldattendthemeeting.Hewasworryingaboutwhetherhehadhurtherfeelings.⑤宾语从句的语序从句中用陈述语序。HeaskedmehowmuchIpaidforthebook.CanyoutellmehowIcangettothebusstop?特殊疑问词做主语时,次序不能再变化。Pleasetelluswhowillgiveusatalkthisafternoon?Idon’tknowwhathashappenedtoher.特殊疑问词+doyouthink(suppose,believe,imagine…)+陈述句语序的从句(插入语句式)Whodoyouthinkisthebeststudentsinourclass?WhydoyouthinkMarywasinsuchahurry?1.--Whatdidyourparentsthinkaboutyourdecision?--Theyalwaysletmedo___IthinkIshould.A.whenB.thatC.howD.what2.--Couldyoudomeafavor?--Itdependson____itis.A.whichB.whicheverC.whatD.whatever3.Thewayhediditwasdifferent_____wewereusedto.A:inwhichB:inwhatC:fromwhatD:fromwhich1.可接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that不可省略。表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。Thefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.ThefactisthatIdon’tknowEnglishatall.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwaswhatwedidthismorning.2.because,why及that引导表语从句,表示因果的不同。另外,常用的还有thereasonwhy…isthat…和Itisbecause…等结构。Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.--Hewasabsentfromthemeetingyesterday.--Thatwasbecausehewasseriouslyill.Thereasonwhyheislateforschoolisthathemissedthebus.(强调结果)(强调原因)5.连接副词引导的表语从句如:when,where,how,whyThisiswhereLuXunoncelived.Thetroubleiswhenhe’llcometohelpus.6.asif/asthough引导表语从句时通常置于seem,look,sound之后Itsoundedasthoughsomeonewascrying.ItlooksasifHenryisthebestmantodothejob.Exercises:ChoosethebestanswerCanyoutellme
therailwaystation?A.howIcangettoB.howcanIgettoC.whereIcangettoD.wherecanIgetto2.Heaskedme
hisstory.A.IlikedB.didyoulikeC.whetherIlikeD.ifIliked3.Timtoldhisteacherthathe
bornin1986.A.wasB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeen4.Acomputercanonlydo
youhaveinstructedittodo.A.howB.afterC.whatD.when5.Motheraskedthekid
withhistoycar.A.whatthematterwasB.whatwasthematterC.whatthematterisD.whatthematteris6.Shetoldmethatshe___youinLondonayearbefore.A.hadmetB.metC.wouldmeetD.hasmet7.Thisdependson
theweatherwillbefine.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD.how8.Parentsaretaughttounderstand
importanteducationistotheirchildren’sfuture.A.thatB.howC.suchD.so
appositiveclause同位语从句Theappositiveclauseisaclauseusedasanappositive.Theclauseisanexplanationtothenounbefore.同位语从句属于名词性从句,大多由从属连词that引导,常常跟在fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark,hope,belief等名词后面。同位语从句一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容,在逻辑上表现为同为关系。同位语从句,即从句在句中作主语或宾语的同位语,是对句子主语或宾语的解释、说明。e.g.Weheardthenews
thatourteamhadwon.Thefacthowourteamwonthegameisamystery.Thereasonwhyourteamwonthegameisobvious.上面句子划红线的部分在句中作名词的同位语从句,对名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容。你能找出它们所解释的名词吗?1.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.2.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.3.WordcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.4.Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.ThenewsideaWordthequestion巩固性练习:1.Thefact____sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.which2.Thefact____hewassuccessfulproveshisability.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.why3.Thenews____hewaskidnappedsurprisedusgreatly.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.when4.Hissuggestion____themeetingbedelayedwasturneddown.A.whichB.thatC./D.it5.Ihavenoidea____hewillstart.A.whenB.thatC.whatD./6.I'vecomefromthegovernmentwithamessage____themeetingwon'tbeheldtomorrow.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.which
综合练习定语从句Attributiveclause放在名词或代词后面,由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词。一.定语从句的基本定义Theboy
whoisreadingisTom.先行词关系代词Hospitalisaplace
whereadoctorworks.先行词关系副词
关系代词
2.
关系副词关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,常用的关系代词有:关系副词在定语从句中作状语,常用的关系副词有:二.关系词的分类that,which,who,whom,whosewhen,where,why三.关系代词的基本用法和注意点1.关系代词的基本用法关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分whowhomwhichthatwhose人人主语、宾语宾语物主语、宾语主语、宾语、表语人或物人或物定语①who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。Theman
Italkedwithisourteacher.Aperson
stealsthingsiscalledathief.②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略。
Theman
InoddedtoisMr.Li.who,whom(who)who(whom)③which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。
Thesearethetrees
wereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder
heisusingismadeinJapan.whichwhich(which)Heistheman
Itoldyouabout.④that指人或物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。Aplaneisamachine
canfly.thatthat(that)⑤whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。Weliveinahouse
windowsfacesouth.Thisisthelittlegirl
parentswerekilledinthegreatearthquake.whosewhosewhose(1)that和which都可以指物,但以下5种情况只能用that不能用which。①当先行词中有人又有物时。如:Doyouknowthethingsandpersons
thattheyaretalkingabout?2.关系代词用法注意点
只能用that不能用which的5种情况②当先行词为不定代词等时。如:③当先行词被等修饰时。如:all,one,few,little,no,some,any,everything,nothing,nobody,noneonly,just,very,right,lastThisisall
thatIwantfromtheschool.ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingforthesedays.④当先行词被最高级修饰时。如:TheTVtoweristhehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthiscity.⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:Thefirstlesson
thatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.(2)that和who都可以指人,但下面两种情况,多用who。用who不用that的情况①先行词为all,anyone,one,ones等时。如:All
whoheardthenewswereexcited.②先行词为those,he和people时。如:Those
whowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.He
whodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.(3)whose引导的定语从句注意点①whose引导定语从句,其后应紧跟名词,构成名词短语。②whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如:Theboss
inwhosedepartmentheworkedhadheardthenews.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。④whose的先行词指物时,可用ofwhich代替,但语序不同,即whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhich,或=ofwhich+the+名词。如:Thenovel
whosetitle
(=thetitleofwhich或ofwhichthetitle)
isRedandBlackisveryinteresting.③whose引导的定语从句,其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。⑤whose的先行词指人时,可用ofwhom代替,但语序不同,即whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhom,或=ofwhom+the+名词。如:Theboy
mother
(=或)
isadoctorismyfriend.whosethemotherofwhomofwhomthemother(4)关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如:Those
who
areagainsttheplanputupyourhands.Tomisoneofthestudents
who
werepraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Tomistheonlyoneofthestudents
who
waspraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Thescientist
wemetyesterdayisveryfamousintheworld.
(2)Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedress
sheiswearingisnew.
(1)Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.
Wemetheryesterday.巩固练习:1.用定语从句合并句子巩固练习1:用定语从句合并句子whowhomthatØwhichthatØ(3)Heisthekindperson.Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.(4)Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.HeisthekindpersonIhaveeverworkedwith.
Thisisthebestfilm
Ihaveeverseen.
whowhomthatØthatØ1.Thegirl__________isstandingnexttoourteacherisherdaughter.2.Thegirl_________________ourteacheristalkingwithisafamoussinger.3.Thegirl________motherisateachercanspeakEnglish
verywell.4.Ican’tfindthebook____________isborrowedfromthelibrary.5.Ican’tfindthebook________________youlenttome.who/that(who/whom/that)whosewhich/that(that/which)巩固练习:2.用适当的关系词填空巩固练习2:用适当的关系词填空1.介词的选用原则:根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8dollars.ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8dollars.四.介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
(2)根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。Iremembertheday
onwhichIjoinedtheParty.Irememberthedays
duringwhichIlivedthere.2.当介词放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用whom(指人)或which(指物),且关系代词不能省略。Theman
withyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.Ican’tfindthepen
withIwaswriting.介词位于关系代词前,关系代词的使用whomwhich3.当介词位于定语从句末尾时,可用which/that(指物),who/whom/that(指人)作从句中介词的宾语.而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。(whom/who/that)(which/that)Dadisaperson________________Icaneasilytalkto.Isthistheplay___________youweretalkingaboutjustnow?介词位于句末,关系代词的使用4.在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如:Thisisthewatch(that/which)Iamlookingfor.Thebabies(who/whom/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.含介词的固定搭配动词短语的使用5.先行词是theway,意为“方式,方法”时,引导定语从句的关系词用
Ididn'tliketheway_______________shetalkedtome.
Theway_________________heteachesEnglishisinteresting.(that/inwhich)(that/inwhich)先行词为theway,关系词的使用that/inwhich或省略。五.关系副词when,where和why的用法关系副词的基本用法关系副词指代的先行词充当从句的成分when表时间的名词/名词词组时间状语where表地点的名词/名词词组地点状语why表原因的名词原因状语用关系副词when时,先行词指时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语,when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如:Istillremembertheday
when(=onwhich)IfirstcametoNanjing.Myfatherwasbornintheyear
when(=inwhich)WorldWarⅡbrokeout.1.when用关系副词where时,先行词指地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语,where可换成“介词+关系代词”。如:Thisisthefarm
where(=onwhich)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.Theschool
where(=inwhich)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity.2.where用关系副词why时,先行词指原因,why在定语从句中作原因状语,why可换成“介词+关系代词”。如:Thereareseveralreasons
why(=forwhich)theboysshouldbepunished.Tomcouldn’tgivetheteacherthereason
why(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.3.why4.关系副词的用法注意点(1)当先行词为time,表示“次数”时,应用关系词that或省略。如:Thisisthefirsttime
(that)thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.(2)当point,situation,case等词作先行词表示“情况,境地,场合”等意思时,其后常由where引导定语从句,where在句中作状语。如:Canyouthinkofasituation
wherethisphrasecanbeused?巩固练习:用适当的关系词填空1)October1,1949wastheday______(________)Chinawasfounded.2)Beijingistheplace______(__________)Icame.
3)Isthisthereason____(________)hedidn’twanttoseeme?
whenonwhichwherefromwhichwhyforwhich
4)Isthistheroom______(________)wewerelivinglastwinter?5)Thedaysaregone_____(____________)weused“foreignoil”.6)
Yesterday,wehadameeting______(________)wediscussedmanyproblems.
whereinwhichwhenduringwhichatwhichwhere对比练习:用适当的关系词填空1.Theroom___________________heoncelivedisstillthere.
Theroom___________________Ihavetocleaneverydaybelongstomymother.where/inwhich(that/which)对比练习:用适当的关系词填空2.Iwillneverforgettheday_______________
Imetyou.Iwillneverforgettheday______________wespenttogether.when/onwhich(that/which)Thereason_____________Idon’tknowisknowntohim.(that/which)why/forwhich3.Thereason________________Idon’tknowthethingisthatIwasnotthereatthattime.六.非限制性定语从句1.非限制性定语从句的定义非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散,因此常用逗号隔开。Mywatch,whichisveryold,stoppedagain.2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切,若省去,主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较:ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词,也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时,一般用关系代词as或which引导。(4)在非限制性定语从句中,不能省略关系代词,而在限制性定语从句中则可以。(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导,而非限制性定语从句则不能。(5)关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时,介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如:(6)在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。Hehastwodaughters,theelderofwhomismarried.Heisill,inspiteofwhichhekeepsonstudying.3.关系代词as,which引导非限制定语从句时的区别(1)as和which都可指主句的整个意思,而不是主句中的某一个词。as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中;而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。如:Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsroundtheearth.(2)as多用于下列习惯用语中asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样asiswellknown=asisknowntoall众所周知aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述asismentionedabove正如上面提到的
定语从句练习同位语从句与定语从句区别1.从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。Hetoldmethenews
thathewouldcomehomefromaboardsoon.Wordcamethathehadbeenabroad.据说他已经出国了。Ourteamhaswonthegame,whichmadeusveryhappy.我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(同位语从句)(定语从句)
2.从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:Thenews
that
ourteamhaswonthegameistrue.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息)Thenews
that
hetoldmeyesterdaywastrue.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语)3.从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别有些引导词如how,whether,what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。如:Thatquestionwhetherweneedithasnotbeenconsidered.我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替。如:Theorderthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroupswasreceivedyesterday.我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释that虽不作成分,但不能省略)Theorderthatwereceivedyesterdaywasthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略)Thenewsthatwehadsuccessfullysentupanothercommunicationsatellitespreadthroughouttheworld.2.That’sthebestpieceofnewsI’veheard.3.I’venohopethatmyparentshavebeenexpectingtome.判断下列哪些含有同位语从句,哪些含有定语从句。定语从句定语从句同位语从句4.Isthereanyhopethathewillbehomeat7:30?5.Thepossibilitythatyoureferredtodoesn’texistatall.6.Thefactthatwetalkedaboutisveryimportant.7.ThereisastrongpossibilitythatwemaybeinFranceforthenextweek.定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句六、that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别:同位语从句定语从句语法角度(that功能)连词关系代词连接作用连接作用不充当成分充当成分(主宾)语义角度(与前面名词关系)同位关系所属关系说明名词具体内容限定名词范围逻辑上主表关系修饰与被修饰关系That省略角度一般不能省略作宾语时可以省略不可用which指物时可用which替比较:1.Weexpressedthehope(that/which)theyhadexpressed.(定语从句)WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(同位语从句)2.Thenews(that/which)hetoldmejustnowistrue.(定语从句)ThenewsthatIhavepassedtheexamistrue.(同位语从句)3.Theadvice(that/which)hegavewassupportedbyusall.(定语从句)4.Theadvicethatwe(should)setoutatoncewassupportedbyusall.(同位语从句)状语从句在复合句中用从句表示状语称作状语从句。它可以用来修饰谓语,定语或状语,或是整个句子。
1.AdverbialClausesofTime:(时间状语从句)DifferentKindsofAdverbialClauses:
2.AdverbialClausesofReason(原因状语从句)
3.AdverbialClausesofConditions(条件状语))
4.AdverbialClausesofPlace(地点状语从句)
5.AdverbialClausesofPurpose(目的状语从句)
6.AdverbialClausesofResult(结果状语从句)
7.AdverbialClausesofComparison(比较)
8.AdverbialClausesofConcession(让步)
9.AdverbClausesofManner(方式状语从句)1、时间状语从句:引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:when,while,as,whenever,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas,once…等引导。如:
Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforcedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons.Ithasbeen15yearssinceheleft.I’lltellhimthenewsassoonasIseehim.
Onceyouhavegotusedtoit,youwilllikeit.Iwaitedtillhehadfinishedhiswork.注意:(1)when,as,whilewhen即可引导持续性动作,又可引导短暂性动作。它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。如:WhenIwasaboy,IusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.(同时)
Whenthelessonwasover,webeganourwriting.(从句动作在前)as引导持续性动作,侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Isawyoursisterasshewasgettingonthebusyesterday.Hesangashewalked.While:指的是“在某一时间里”,“在…期间”,从句里的动作必须是持续性的,它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生,往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。如:
WhilehewasinLondon,hestudiedmusic.
WhilewewerewatchingTV,hewaswritingacomposition.while也可做并列连词,表示对照的意思。如:Heistallwhilehisbrotherisshort.当when,as,while表示“在…一段时间里”,主从句的动作同时发生时,可以换用。如:
While(When或As)wewerediscussing,Mr.Smithcamein.(2)如果when和before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时不能译成“当…时候”和“在…之前”,而要译成“就”、“才”、“这时”等。如:ThestrugglelastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthemansawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.IwaswalkinginthestreetwhenIsawhim.(3)bythetime,eachtime,everytime,immediately,themoment,theinstant,theminute,soonafter,shortlyafter都可以作为连词,引导时间状语。如:
Bythetimehewasfourteen,hehadtaughthimselfadvancedmathematics.
Eachtimehecame,hewouldcallonme.Youmustshowhiminimmediatelyhecomes.IrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.(4)till和until①如果主句谓语动词是持续动词,通常用肯定式的主句,表示“直到…为止”。如:Iworkedtill(until)hecameback.②如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词,则用否定式的主句表示“直到…才”。如:Ididn’tgotobeduntil(till)hecameback.③放在句首表示强调时一般用until。如:Untilhereturns,nothingcanbedone.(5)时间状语从句中谓语动词不能用任何一种将来时,只能用现在时和过去时表示将来时。2、地点状语从句:通常由连词where和wherever引导。如:Gobackwhereyoucamefrom.
Whereveryougo,youmustwritetoyourparents.
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
Wherethereistoomuch,thepoisonandwastemaydogreatharmtothethingsaroundus.3、原因状语从句:通常由连词:because,as,since,nowthat引导。区别是:because:表示“因为”,直接而明确的原因和理由,语气最强,why提问的句子,一般都用because回答。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill.since:表示“既然”,语气比because弱。Sinceyouarehere,youmustdoit.as:表示“因为”语气比because轻,引导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。Youneedn’tgowithme,asyouarebusy.AsIwasafraid,Ihidmyself.nowthat意思与since相似,表示“既然”。
NowthatyouareinHighSchool,youwillprobablyspendmoreinreading.
Nowthatalltheguestshavearrived,let’shaveourdinner.注意:①在强调句中强调原因状语从句,只能用because引导,不可用as或since,如:Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tgowithus.②because可以引导表语从句,而as,since不可以,这时状语一般都是it,this,thatIt’sbecauseheistoolazy.③for也表示“因为”,但是并列连词,它连接的不是状语从句,语气比较强。Itmustbemorning,forthebirdsaresinging.4、目的状语从句:通常由that,sothat,inorderthat,so…that,lest,incase(以防、免得)等引导:Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchtheearlybus.Shemarriedhimsothatshemighttendandcomforthim.Iexplainedagainandagainincaseheshouldmisunderstandme.lest(以免,免得),forfearthatIhidthebooklest(=forfearthat)heshouldseeit.※目的状语从句中谓语动词常含有may(might),can(could)should,will等情态动词。5、结果状语从句:由that,sothat,so…that,such…that引导:Itwasverycold,sothattheriverfroze.Thebookissowrittenthatitgivesaquitewrongideaofthefacts.Thereweresomanypeople(=suchalotofpeople)intheroomthatwecouldnotgetin.
Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.6、条件状语从句:由if,unless,aslongas(=solongas)(只要),incase(that)(如果,万一)等引导:
Ifplasticsandrubberareburned,theygiveoffpoisonousgases.Unlessyouworkhard,youwillfail,Youcangoout,aslongas(solongas)youpromisetobebackbeforeeleven.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutthat.注意:条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时,只能用现在时态或过去时态表示将来时。7、方式状语从句:由连词:as,asif,asthough引导:Theteachertoldthestudentstodoashedid.Leaveitasitis.Heheardanoise,asifsomeonewasbreathing.Isawthemanlookingabouthimasifhewishedtoimpressuponhismindeverything.asif和asthough意义和用法大致一样,引导的从句多用虚拟语气,但也可用陈述语气。HetreatsmeasifIwerehisownson.Hewalkedasifheweredrunk.
8、比较状语从句:由连词as…as,notso(as)…as,than等引导:Ihopeitwasasgoodastheoneyoulentme.Actuallytheoceanfloorarealmostasirregularastheexposedlandarea.Noonecanbemorefitforhisofficethanheis.Hecan’trunsofastasshe.注意:“the+比较级(接从句),the+比较级(接主句),这一句型也归在比较状语从句内。如:
Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.
Theharderwework,thehappierwefeel.9、让步状语从句:由though,although,as(虽然尽管),evenif,eventhough,wh-ever,nomatter-wh,whether引导.whateverwhoeverwhicheverwheneverwhereverhoweverwh-evernomatterwhonomatterwhatnomatterwhichnomatterwhennomatterwherenomatterhownomatterwh-
Thoughheisold,yetheisactive.
Althoughmostofthepeopleagreed,somewerenotwillingtoaccepted.
Proudasthenoblesare,heisafraidtoseeme.Wewouldn’tloseheartevenifweshouldfailtentimes.Whenever(=nomatterwhen)youcallonme,youarealwayswelcome.Wherever(nomatterwhere)youwork,youcanalwaysfindtimetostudy.Taketheoneyoulikebest,whichever(nomatterwhich)itis.NomatterwhatIsayorhowIsayit,healwaysthinksI’mwrong.Whetherhecomesornot,we’lldisc
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