化学反应过量与少量

23233322233323322322222233222332233322442244222232223332323322323223222222222232223332323332223332332232222223322233223332244224422223222333232332232322322222222223222333222222322222322223222323232222232232222322244223244242324223242422422422232224242324222322242232242324223223222322223322321、（量过量与硝的应Fe+4HNO（稀）=Fe(NO)+NO↑+2HO2Fe(NO)+Fe=3Fe(NO)3Fe+8HNO（稀）=3Fe(NO)+2NO↑+4HO2、与酸浓变）应Cu+4HNO（浓）=Cu(NO)+2NO↑+2HO3Cu+8HNO（稀）=3Cu(NO)+2NO↑+4HO3、与酸浓变）应Zn+2HSO（浓）=ZnSO+SO↑+2HOZn+H2SO（稀）=ZnSO+H↑注意：常常结合定量计算考查硫酸的性质。4、化铁液与气少、量的应6FeBr+3Cl=2FeCl+4FeBr2FeBr+3Cl=2FeCl+3Br2FeBr+3Cl=2FeCl+2Br注意：该反应是离子方程式书写和定量判断产物的热点。5、化铁液与气少、量的应FeI+Cl=FeCl+I

NaS+2FeCl=2NaCl+2FeCl+S↓NaS+FeCl=2NaCl+FeS13、氧铁氢酸少、量的应2Fe(OH)+2HI=2Fe(OH)+I+2HOFe(OH)+2HI=FeI+2HO14、氧铁体盐（量过）反Fe(OH)（胶体）+3滴HCl→褐色沉淀Fe(OH)+3HCl=FeCl+3HO15、胶氢化（量过）液反硅胶+3滴NaOH→白色沉淀SiO•nHO+2NaOH=NaSiO+(n+1)HO16、化溶中滴入氧钠少、量溶AlCl+3NaOH=Al(OH)↓+3NaClAl(OH)+NaOH=NaAlO+2HOAlCl+4NaOH=NaAlO+3NaCl+2HO注意：氯化铝溶液中逐滴滴入氢氧化钠方法因为控制不好氢氧化钠的用量，不能用该方法制备氢氧化铝。2FeCl+Cl=2FeCl

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17偏酸溶中滴入酸（量过）2FeI+3Cl=2FeCl+2I6、化铁液与水少、量的应FeI+Br=FeBr+I

NaAlO+HO+HCl=Al(OH)↓+NaClAl(OH)+3HCl=AlCl+3HONaAlO+4HCl=AlCl+NaCl+2HO2FeBr+Br=2FeBr

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注意：偏铝酸钠溶液中逐滴加入盐酸的方法因为2FeI+3Br=2FeBr+2I7、化溶与碘质少、量的应KS+I=2KI+S↓KI+I=KI

控制不好盐酸的用量，不能用该方法制备氢氧化铝。18偏酸溶中入氧碳（量过）2NaAlO+3HO+CO=2Al(OH)↓+NaCO8、单（量过）浓氧钠液反

NaCO+HO+CO=2NaHCO

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NaAlO+2HO+CO=Al(OH)↓+NaHCO

33S+6NaOH浓）=2NaS+NaSO+3HONaS+（x-1）S=NaSx9、水亚酸钠少、量溶的应NaSO+Cl+HO=2NaCl+HSOHSO+NaSO=NaSO+HO+SO↑10、溴与硫钠少量过）液反NaSO+Br+HO=2NaBr+HSOHSO+NaSO=NaSO+HO+SO↑11、碘与硫钠少量过）液反NaSO+I+HO=2NaI+HSOHSO+NaSO=NaSO+HO+SO↑12、硫钠少、量）液氯铁液反

注意：可以用此方法制备氢氧化铝。19、矾液逐加氢化（量过）溶2KAl(SO)+3Ba(OH)=2Al(OH)↓+KSO+2BaSO↓2Al(OH)↓+KSO+Ba(OH)=BaSO↓+2KAlO+4HOKAl(SO)+2Ba(OH)=2BaSO↓+KAlO+2HO注意：本反应在离子方程式书写、结合图像进行计算方面多有考查。20、清灰中入氧碳少、量Ca(OH)+CO=CaCO↓+HOCaCO+HO+CO=Ca(HCO)Ca(OH)+2CO=Ca(HCO)21、白的溶中入冰少、量Ca(ClO)+HO+CO=CaCO↓+2HClOCaCO+HO+CO=Ca(HCO)1

222323223323223322232342422424224342233342423432234223223434234342424342434242342422332322232322332322332223234242242422434223334242343223422322343423434242434243424234242233232322343422233232342344342422344232323223424222323323224333223243423222243423322222243223322224232332224323322222323233232232323222323223232323232233232323223233232232注1次氯酸钙溶液通入二氧化碳的现象与澄清石灰水中通入二氧化碳的现象一样，但是对二者的产物进行光照，就会出现不同的结果，次氯酸光照分解反复出氧气的同时自身变成盐酸。盐酸可以溶解碳酸钙、碳酸氢钙，并放出二氧化碳。注2对次氯酸钙溶液通入二氧化碳后的产物进行光照是考试的热点。22、碳钠液滴盐酸少、量NaCO+HCl=NaHCO+NaClNaHCO+HCl=NaCl+HO+CO↑NaCO+2HCl=2NaCl+HO+CO↑注意：碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的混合物中，滴入盐酸，首先是碳酸钠先反应生成碳酸氢钠，然后碳酸氢钠再与盐酸反应。23、氢化溶中入碳氢溶（量过）Ba(OH)+NaHCO=BaCO↓+NaOH+HONaOH+NaHCO=NaCO+HO

29、酸镁液滴澄石水少、量Mg(HCO)+Ca(OH)=MgCO↓+CaCO↓+2HOMgCO+Ca(OH)=Mg(OH)↓+CaCO↓Mg(HCO)+2Ca(OH)=Mg(OH)↓+2CaCO↓+2HO30磷溶中入氧钠液（量过）HPO+NaOH=NaHPO+HONaHPO+NaOH=NaHPO+HONaHPO+NaOH=NaPO+HOHPO+2NaOH=NaHPO+2HOHPO+3NaOH=NaPO+3HO31氢化溶中入酸液（量过）3NaOH+HPO=NaPO+3HO2NaPO+HPO=3NaHPONaHPO+HPO=2NaHPO2NaOH+HPO=NaHPO+2HONaOH+HPO=NaHPO+HO32、清灰中入酸液少、量3Ca(OH)+2HPO=Ca(PO)↓+6HOBa(OH)+2NaHCO=BaCO↓+NaCO+2HO

Ca(PO)+HPO=3CaHPO

424、碳氢溶中入氢化溶（量过）2NaHCO+Ba(OH)=BaCO↓+NaCO+2HONaCO+Ba(OH)=BaCO↓+2NaOHNaHCO+Ba(OH)==BaCO↓+NaOH+HO25、氢化溶中入碳氢溶（量过）Ba(OH)+NHHCO=BaCO↓+NH•HO+HONH•HO+NHHCO=(NH)CO+HOBa(OH)+2NHHCO=(NH)CO+BaCO↓+2HO26、碳氢溶中入氢化溶（量过）2NHHCO+Ba(OH)=(NH4)CO+BaCO↓+2HO(NH)CO+Ba(OH)=BaCO↓+2NH•HONHHCO+Ba(OH)=BaCO↓+NH•HO+HO27、碳氢溶滴氢氧钠液少、量Ca(HCO)+NaOH=CaCO↓+NaHCO+HONaHCO+NaOH=NaCO+HOCa(HCO)+NaOH=CaCO↓+NaCO+2HO28、氢化溶中入碳氢溶（量过）2NaOH+Ca(HCO)=CaCO↓+NaCO+2HO

CaHPO+HPO=Ca(HPO)Ca(OH)+HPO=CaHPO↓+2HOCa(OH)+2HPO=Ca(HPO)+2HO注意：澄清石灰水中滴入少量磷酸会产生沉淀，随着磷酸的滴入会发生沉淀的转移直至沉淀的消失，用互滴法可以鉴别磷酸和澄清石灰水。33、硫溶中入氧钠液少、量HS+NaOH=NaHS+HONaHS+NaOH=NaS+HOHS+2NaOH=NaS+2HO34氢化溶通硫氢体（量过）2NaOH+HS=NaS+2HONaS+HS=2NaHSNaOH+HS=NaHS35、清灰中入氧硫少、量Ca(OH)+SO=CaSO↓+HOCaSO+HO+SO=Ca(HSO)Ca(OH)+2SO==Ca(HSO)注意：二氧化碳与二氧化硫都可以使澄清石灰水变浑浊，气体过量后都澄清，因此不能说使澄清石灰水变浑浊的一定是二氧化碳。36亚酸液滴澄石水（量过）NaCO+Ca(HCO)=CaCO↓+2NaHCO

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2HSO+Ca(OH)=Ca(HSO)+2HONaOH+Ca(HCO)=CaCO↓+NaHCO+HO

Ca(HSO)+Ca(OH)=2CaSO↓+2HO2

244242422442424242422424424223332223223222323332323223223324424242244242424242242442422333222322322232333232322322333243323223323243243224242323422432342424Ba(OH)+NaHSO=BaSO↓+NaOH+HONaOH+NaHSO=NaSO+HOBa(OH)+2NaHSO=BaSO↓+NaSO+HO38、硫氢溶中入氢化溶（量过）2NaHSO+Ba(OH)=BaSO↓+NaSO+HONaSO+Ba(OH)=BaSO↓+2NaOHNaHSO+Ba(OH)=BaSO↓+NaOH+HO注意：此方程式的考查是高考的热点，滴加溶液的顺序不同，导致量就不同，产物就不同。39、亚酸溶滴盐酸少、量NaSO+HCl=NaHSO+NaClNaHSO+HCl=NaCl+HO+SO↑NaSO+2HCl=2NaCl+HO+SO↑40氢氧钠液逐滴氯铝液（量过）4NaO