初升高暑期衔接英语

句子成分及基本句型【句子的成分】在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁"。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如：Lucyisabeautifulnurse.（名词作主语）Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.（代词作主语）Smokingisharmfultothehealth.（动名词作主语）ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.（不定式作主语）Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.（主语从句作主语）（-）谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）♦须是动词|。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如：Hisparentsareteachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语）Westudyhard. （行为动词作谓语）Wedon'tfinishreadingthebook. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）HecanspeakEnglish. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（三）宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后.Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.（名词作宾语）Shesays（that）sheisill.（宾语从句作动词宾语）Weoftenhelphim.（代词作宾语）Helikestoplaybasketball.（不定式作宾语）Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语西画,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语相囚。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give,show（给……看），bring,pass,buy等。如：（1）Ourteachertellsusastory.（2）Thesungivesuslight.注意：间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词|“to”或“for”间接宾语前加“to”的有：give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise（答应）,refuse（拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：make,buy,do,get,play,order（命令）,sing,pay等Igivehimabook.Igiveabooktohim.Hewillbuymesomebooks.Hewillbuysomebooksforme.（四）宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如:Theymakeherhappy.（形容词）Iseeherdance.（不定式）We'HhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.（名词）Pleaselethimin.（副词）Weheardhersingingasong.（分词短语）（五）表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如：Iamateacher.（名词）Heisalwayshappy.（形容词）Theyareontheplaygroundnow.（介词短语）Itgetscold.（形容词）‘Be动词（am,is,are,was,were）系动词，表保持（keep,stay,remain）表改变（get,become,turn）感官动词（feel,sound（听起来），seem/look（看起来），taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来））如：Itsoundsinteresting.（sound为系动词，interesting为表语）Weshouldallremaincareful.Remain（为系动词，careful为表语）（六）定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：Theblackbikeismine.（形容词）What'syourname?（代词）Theymakepaperflowers.（名词）说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing,anything,everything,something等时，定语在不定代词后面。如：Itellhimsomethinginteresting. （形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语）Hehassomethingtodo. （todo为不定式作后置定语）说明2：|短语或从句|作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。如：TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.（intheroom是介词短语作theboys的后置定语。）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。如:Hediditcarefully.（副词）Weoftenhelphim.（副词）HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.（介词短语）WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.（从句作时间状语）Hesitsthere.（副词地点状语）【简单句的五种基本句型】A.主语+不及物动词（主谓）如：Thesunrises.太阳升起来。Thecarstopped.小汽车停下来了。rise和stop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。B.主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾）如：Ilovemycountry.Hehelpsme.Ilikeactionmovies.Ibuyabook.C.主语+系动词+表语（主系表）如：Herbrotherisadriver.Wefeelhappy.（feel为系动词,表示感到 ）Itgetsdark.天黑了。（get为系动词，表示变得）Tomlooksill.Tom看上去病了。（look为系动词，表示看上去，看起来）D.主语+及物动词+双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）（主谓+宜宾+间宾）如：HegivesTomapresenl.（双宾语） 他给汤姆一件礼物。Mothermakeanewdressforme.（双宾语） 妈妈为我做了一件衣服。E.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（主+谓+宾+宾补）如：TheycallherMary.（宾补）他们叫她Mary。Wemakeourclassroomcleanandtidy.（宾补） 我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。Healwaysmakesuslaugh.（宾补）他总使我们笑。一、典型例题写出划线部分的句子成分。Lilyiscleaningthedesknow.Hergardenisthebestinourtown.LiuMingisthirteenyearsold.Ilikethisbookverymuch.ThegirlonthebluebikeisJane'ssister.Shedidn'tcometomypartybecauseshewasill.WangPingdoeshishomeworkcarefully.WewillgototheChildren'sPalaceonceaweek.Theyareintheclassroom.Itsoundsgood.HjsnameisPaul.Wealwaysgotoschoolearly.二、课后练习（一）挑出下列句中的宾语Mybrotherdoesn'tdohishomework.ABCDTOC\o"1-5"\h\zPeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.ABC D（3）Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.AB CDHowmanynewwordsdoyoulearn?ABCDSomeofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?A B CD（二）挑出下列句中的表语Theoldmanisfeelingverytired.ABC DWhyisheworriedaboutJim?ABCDTheleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCDSoonTheyallbecomeinterestedinihesubject.ABCDSheisthe-rsttolearnaboutit.ABCD（三）挑出下列句中的定语TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.AB CDWhalisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.ABCDTOC\o"1-5"\h\z@Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.ABC DThemandownstairswastryingtosleep.ABCD(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.AB C DHeasksherlolake(heboyoulofschool.ABC D(3)Shefinditdifficulttodoihework.ABCDTheycallmeLilysometimes.ABCDIsawMr.Wanggelonthebus.ABC D(五)挑出下列句中的状语Thereisabigsmileonherface.ABCDEverynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA BCD(3)HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.ABC DThemanonthemotorbikeistravelingtofast.A B CDWiththemedicineboxunderherarm.MissLihurriedoff.A BCD(六)划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语()®Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Doesheleaveanymessageforme?主语从句subjectclause一、主语从句的连词分三类(1)从属连词引导的主语从句 (that/whether)that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义/在句中不做成分/不可以省。That引导主语从句通常用it作形式主语。例如：你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。Thatshesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.(改为it形式主语)她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。whether引导的主语从句:whether有含义（是否）/在句中不做成分/不可以省。我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。Whethersheiscomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.她来或者不来无关紧要。（2）用连接代词引导的主语从句在由连接代词who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引导的名词性从句中，其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分.例如：你所需要的是更多的训练。Whateverwedoistoservethepeople.我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。注：whatever/whoever的功用whatever,whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever=anythingthat;whoever=anyonewho。要注意和whatever,whoever弓I导的让步状语从句的区另h如：Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Whoeverbreaksthelaw,heshouldbepunished.（3）用连接副词when,where,why,how引导的名词性从句（其连接副词有含义，在句中作状语。）例如：Whereweshouldleaveitisaproblem.Whentheywillcomehasn'tbeenmadepublic.二、it作形式主语的主语从句有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it,而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分四种情况：（1）对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语it替代主语从句：<a>Itis+名词+从句Itisafactthat...事实是 ；Itisgoodnewsthat 是好消息；Itisaquestionthat 是个问题；discommonknowledgethat 是常识类似的名词还有：apity；awonder；agoodthing；nowonder；surprise等。鲸不是鱼是一个常识。ItisnosurprisethatBobshouldhavewonthegame.（不奇怪）<b>Itis+形容词+从句Itisnecessarythat...有必要 ；Itisclearthat...很清楚 ；Itislikelythat...很可能 ；Itisimportantthat...重要的是 类似的形容词还有：strange;natural;obvious;true;good;wonderful;possible;unlikely;quite;unusual;certain;evident;worth-while;surprising;interesting;astonishing,etc.Itseemsobviousthatwecannotgoonlikethis.（明显的是我们不能再这样继续下去）你有必要掌握电脑<c>Itis+过去分词+从句Itissaidthat...据说 ；Itisreportedthat...据报道 ；Ithasbeenprovedthat...已证明 ；Itmustbeprovedthat...必须指出 类似的过去分词还有：known;estimated;expected;believed;thought;hoped;noted;discussed;required;decided;suggested;demanded;madeclear;foundout,etc.例如：据说很多人在这次地震中丧生了Itissaidthatmanypeoplewaskilledintheearthquake.<d>Itseems（happened/appears/doesn'tmatter/makesnodifference/occurred.・.）that…主语从句不可提前Itmakesnodifferencewhetherhewillattendthemeetingornot.（他是否参加会议都无关紧要）ItdoesnotmatterIhatifImissedmyirain.（我有没有错过火车都不重要）IlhapDenedthatIsawhimyesterday.（我昨天碰巧碰到他）（2）对于以连接代词（副词）引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：Whethertheywouldsupportuswasaproblem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。（改写）（3）对关系代词型whal引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如：Whatweneedismoney.我们需要的是钱。WhatIwanttoknowisthis.我想知道的就是这一点。有时也可将助用形式主语。如：Itisclearenoughwhalhemeanl.他是什么意思很清楚。（4）如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构：Isittruethatheisthegirl'sfather?他是那女孩的父亲,是真的吗?Howisitthatyouarelateagain?你怎么又迟到了?四、连词that的省略问题引导主语从句的连词that有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略;若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it,则that可以省略：Thatyoudidn^gotothetalkwasapity.很遗憾你没去听报告。（that可省/不可省）Itwasapity（that）youdidn'tgotothetalk.很遗憾你没去听报告。（that可省/不可省）巩固提升.makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever.Itworriedherabitherhairwasturninggrey.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for.Whenandwhyhecamehereyet.A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotknown4.isnoreasonfordismissingher.A.BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB.OwingtoafewminuteslateC.ThefactthatshewasafewminuteslateD.Beingafewminuteslate.Tomlikedtoeatwasdifferentfrom.A.That...thatyouhadexpectedB.What...thatyouhadexpectedC.That...whatyouhadexpectedD.What...whatyouhadexpected.wegoswimmingeverydayusalotofgood.A.If...doB.That...doC.If...does D.That...doestBobdrivesbadly.A.thinksthatB.isthoughtwhatC.thoughtthatD.isthoughtthatt'suncertaintheexperimentisworthdoing.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.how.theboydidn'ttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Which.wecan'tgelseemsbetterthanwehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what.youdon*tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whethere'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where13.isgoingtodothejobwillbedecidedbythePartycommittee.A.ThatB.WhyC.HowD.Who.wellfinishtranslatingthebookdependsonthetime.A.WhenB.WhyC.WhatD.That.hewon*tgothereiscleartoallofus.A.HowB.WhatC.WhyD.This.thehousewillbebuiltwillbediscussedattomorrow'smeeting.A.IfB.WhereC.ThatD.Whatoucomeornotisuptoyou.A.WhatB.IfC.WhyD.Whetherakesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.Anybodyeamwillwinthematchisamatterofpublicconcern.A.WhichB.ThatC.IfD.Howeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who宾语从句TheObjectClause宾语从句的概念：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。句子结构：主句+连词（引导词）+宾语从句I know him.（简单句）主语 谓语 宾语Iknowwhoheis.(复合句)主语谓语连词从句主语 从句谓语主句 宾语从句一、连词(引导词).当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句)，连词由ihal引导，因为ihal在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略❖LinTaofeels(that)hisownteamisevenbetter.❖她说她不会参加下个星期天的运动运。。Jimthought(that)thetrainwaslikeabigmovingparty.Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.注：在主句为动词be加某些形容词(如sorry,sure,afraid,glad等)作表语时，后面所跟的省略thal的从句也可算是宾语从句❖I'msorry(that)Idon'lknow.。We'resure(that)ourteamwillwin.❖I'mafraid(that)hewon'lpasstheexam..当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导(口语中常用if),因为if/whether翻译成：“是否"，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略❖Lily想要知道她奶奶是否喜欢这个手包。❖Let'sseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.Sheaskedmeif/whethershecouldborrowthesebooks.❖Iwonderwhether/ifsherememberedtocomeearlier.只用whether不用if的情况：放在句首时 Whetherhewillcomeisnotsure.放在be等系动词之后Theproblemiswhetherhewillcome.放在介词后 Heisthinkingaboutwhetherhehasshutthedoor.和ornot连用Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.whethertodoIamnotsurewhethertoaccepthisinvitation.3.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词(what,who,whom,which,whose)或连接副词(when,where,how,why)引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。❖ 你知道他刚刚说什么了吗？❖Idon'trememberwhenwearrived.❖ 1askedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.❖Pleasetellmewho/whomwehavetosee.Doyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句CouldyoutellushowmuchitcoststoflytoHainan?❖Couldyoutellushowlongthemeetingwilllast?Pleasetellushowmanystudentsthereareinyourschool?Canyoutellushowoldhisbrotheris?Pleasetellushowsoonyouwillbeready.二、时态.如果主句是现在的时态(包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定任何一种时态。。1knowheliveshere.❖Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.

❖Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow..如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）❖Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenit.3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。。Theteachersaidthatthesuntravelsaroundtheearth.(1)IhearthatJimIhearthatJim(1)IhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJim(be)anEnglishteachernow.(cook)dinnertomorrow.(sing)apopularsongnow.(be)totheGreatWalltwice.(play)basketballwhenhisfathercameback.(2)HewillgotoHongKong.---HesaidthathetoHongKong.Heissick.---Hesaidthathesick.Heisreadingabook.Hesaidthatheabook.Hehasfinishedhiswork.--Hesaidthathehiswork三、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分Whenwillhegotothelibrary?Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.Hisbrotheraskswhenwillhegotothelibrary.Whatdoeshewanttobuy?Idon'tknowwhathewantstobuy.Idon'tknowwhatdoeshewanttobuy.Whoarewegoingtomeet?Canyoutellmewhowearegoingtomeet?Canyoutellmewhoarewegoingtomeet?DoesheknowFrench?Wewanttoknowif/whetherheknowsFrench.Wewanttoknowif7whetherdoesheknowFrench.WilltheygotoCanadainsummer?They'renotsureif/whethertheywillgotoCanadainsummer.They'renotsureif/whetherwilltheygotoCanadainsummer.注意事项1.could/would是委婉语气，不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。❖Couldyoupleasetellmewhereweshowourtickets?Wouldyouliketoknowwhenhewillcomeback?2.如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用thatShesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.Hesaid(that)hewasgoingtotakecareofthechild.HeasksifIlikeplayingthepiano.Youmayaskthemanovertherehowyoucangettothebusstation..连词if和when在不同从句中的区别：❖Doyouknowifbacknextweek?Ifheback,pleaseletmeknow.A.hecomes,willcome B.willhecome,comesC.hewillcome,comes D.hewillcome,willcome❖Idon'lknowwhenhe(come).Ican'lwaithereanymore.Whenhe(come),wouldyoupleaseaskhimtocallme?.连词+宾语从句=二二连词+todo❖Idon'tknowwhatIshalldonext.===1don'tknow.❖Shedidn'tdecidewhichoneshewouldchoose.===Shedidn'tdecide.Pleasetellmewhomyou'11givetheletterto.===Pleasetellme..it可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。。我认为每天喝大量开水是有必要的.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。(否定前移的条件是：主句主语时一人称)❖我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意：这种句型的反义疑问句，应与从句主谓保持一致。❖Idon'tthinkthatyoucandoit,?❖Wedon'tbelievethatthenewsistrue,?.虚拟语气的运用在表建议：suggest,advise,propose;表要求：demand,desire,request;表决定：decide；表命令：order,command,require;表坚决主张：insist；等动词后的宾语从句，用(should)+doIsuggestthatyoushouldstudyhard.❖Heorderedthatweshouldgooutatonce.宾语从句中that不能省的情况a.当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上的宾语从句是，可以省略第一个that,其他不能省Ibelieve(that)youhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillgetbetter.b.当it作形式宾语时Shemadeitclearthatshehadnothingtodowithhim.c.当宾语从句前置时❖Thatourteamwillwin,Ibelieve.巩固提升Theyoungmanaskedit'ssummerorwinter.A.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whetherWedon'tknowtheydidit.A.how B.whoC.what D.whichTheteacherasksusJimcancomebackontime.A.that B.if C.when D.whattimeDoesanybodyknowwewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.if B.whereC.whetherD.thatwonderheiscryingnow.A.that B.whyC.howD.whenHaveyoufoundoutwecandoonHainanIsland?A.whatB.howC.if D.whether

Lilysaidshehadfinishedhercomposition.A.if B.thatC.whenD.wheredon'tknowhestillliveshere.A.whereB.whatC.whenD.whetherCouldyoushowme?howcanIgettothestationCouldyoushowme?howcanIgettothestationC.howIcouldgettothestation10.Pleasetellme.whereisthestationD.howIcanreachthestationA.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelikeMysistertoldhimA.whatdaywasitCouldyoutellmewhereweB.whenthetrainarrivedC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyoulivenextweek.A.wouldgoB.togoCouldyoutellmehowmuchA.doitcostA.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelikeMysistertoldhimA.whatdaywasitCouldyoutellmewhereweB.whenthetrainarrivedC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyoulivenextweek.A.wouldgoB.togoCouldyoutellmehowmuchA.doitcostB.doesitcostC.hadtogotoflytoHainan?C.itcostD.willgoD.itcostsThesmallchildrendon'tknow.A.whatistheirstockingsinB.whatisintheirstockingsC.whereistheirstockingsin D.whatintheirstockingsSomeoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitisCouldyoutellmehowlong?youhaveboughtthewatchyouhavekeptthissciencebookhaveyoubeenawayfromChinahaveyoubeenamemberofGreenerChinaHesaysthatifittomorrow,hefishing.A.willrain,won'tgoB.rained,wasn'tgo C.rains,won'tgoD.rain,willPredicativeClauses表语从句一、定义：在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于主句的系动词后。表语从句说明主语是什么或者怎么样，对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内具体化。二、表语从句的构成一结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”This is whyhedidit.主语系动词 表语从句常见的系动词分为以下几种：A.Be动词类B.表示持续的系动词：keep,remain,stayC.感官动词：look,sound,taste,smell,feelD.表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：get,become,grow,turn,fall,go,come,runE.表终止的系动词：prove,turnout,seem,appear三、引导表语从句的关联词的种类：（引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。）从属连词：that/whether/asif/aslhough/as/because（注：if不引导表语从句）连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what连接副词：when/where/why/how/because.that引导的表语从句Dthat在从句中仅起连接作用，无实际意义，在句中不做任何成分，不能省略。我们的目的是他能意识到自己的错误。事实是她就是我们正在找的那个人。ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.Thereasonwasthathewaslateforschool.2）在表“建议，劝说，命令”的名词idea,suggestion,request,proposal后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可省略Mysuggestionisthatwe（should）startearlytomorrow..whether在表语从句中表是否、究竟、到底，但不充当句子的成分。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.Thequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.Whatthedoctordoubtsiswhethermymotherwillrecoverfromthediseasesoon.关键是我们是否能解决问题。.由asif,asthough引导表语从句，表示好像。句子中的系动词常用be,look,appear,seem,sound等。常用虚拟语气，表示不存在的动作或状态。Theyoungmanwithlonghairlooksasifhewereagirl.Itseemsasifshehadbeentothemoonmanytimes.看起来好像要下雨。听起来好像有人在敲门。.as引导表语从句。HelookediustashehadlookedCenyearsbefore.他看起来还与10年前一样。.because引导表语从句。常用结构：This/That/Itis/wasbecause...Myangerisbecauseyouhaven'twrittentomeforalongtime.ThatisbecauseIdon'tlikeEnglish.我想这是因为你做得太多。这是仅仅因为他不认识她。.连接代词what,which,who,whom,whose,wh・ever除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中从当主语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.Theimportantthingiswhosenameshouldbeputonthetopofthelist.Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。我想问的是谁离开了。.连接副词where,when,why,how除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语，本身具有词义。That'swhereIcan'tagreewithyou.Thisishowtheyovercomethedifficulties.MystrongestmemoryiswhenIattendedanAmericanwedding.这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。问题是他是如何做此事的。注意：.当主句的主语为reason,或者是由why引导的从句时，与它们相关的表语从句用that来引导，而不能由because引导:because引导表语从句时只能用于This/That/Itis/wasbecause...ThereasonwhyIwaslatewasthatImissedthetrain.Iwaslate.It/That/ThiswasbecauseImiesedthetrain..Thatiswhy...与thatisbecause...1)Thariswhy...(why引导表语从句)=Thatisthereasonwhy...(why引导定语从句)Thatiswhyshefailedtopasstheexam.Thatisthereasonwhyshefailedt。passedtheexam.2)Thatiswhy…指各种原因所造成的后果，Thatisbecause…指原因或理由Iwasangry.Thatisbecausehedidn'tunderstandme.Thaliswhyhegotfiredfromthatfirm.3.Thereason(why.../for...)is/wasthat 的原因是 ThereasonforhisabsenceisthathegotuplateThereasonwhyheisabsentisthathegotuplate.四、表语从句引导词注意事项.that引导表语从句时不能省..if不能引导表语从句..除that外的所有引导词都有自己的意义。.除that,whether外的所有引导词都须在从句中充当相应的成分巩固提升Thal's thePartycalledonustodo.A.whyB.whatC.howD.thatThereasonis heisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.Whether.Thatis theyseparated.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whereJaneisnolonger shewasfouryearsago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.whenThequestioniswewillhaveoursportsmeetnextweek.A.thatB.if C.whenD.whetherThereasonwhyhefailedishewastoocareless.A.becauseB.thatC.forD.becauseofGoandgetyourcoat.It'syouleftitA.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethereTheproblemistotaketheplaceofTedA.whocanwegetB.whatwecangetC.whowecangetD.thatwecangetWhatIwanttoknowishelikesthegiftgivenbyus.A.thatB.if C.whetherD.不填ThereasonisImissedthebus.A.thatB.whenC.why D.what.Theproblemishehasenoughtime.A.if B.whether C./D.thathereallymeansishedisagreeswithus.A.What...that B.That...whatC.What...whatD.That...what她不能理解越来越少的学生对她的课不感兴趣。我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。定语从句AttributiveClauses一、定义：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先侬之后。二、结构：先行词+关系词+句子.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。三、关系代词引导的定语从句who指人，在定语从句中作主语。正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.你正在等的教授已经来了。老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。Thehouse_whichisbythelakelooksnice.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。可翻译出【......的】我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：一Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.--Theclassroomthedoo。ofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.--Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?—Doyoulikethebookihecovoiofwhichisyellow?四、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Tomorrowrilbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.Tomorrowrilbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。TOC\o"1-5"\h\zThisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.( )ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.( )Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.( )Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.( ).若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用thato关系代词是所有格时用whoseoThemanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.( )Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.( )TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.( )TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.( ).“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中3部是关于农村生活的。五、关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasbom.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用''介词+关系代词''引导的定语从句来表示。如：Fromtheyearrwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,形式上：限制性定语从句不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。非限制性定语从句用逗号“，”与主句隔开。.意义上：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。非限定性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。.译法上：限定性定语从句译成先行词的定语：・的''非限定性定语从句通常译成主句的并列句。限制性定语从句举例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。非限制性定语从句举例:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。LastsummerIvisitedthePeople'sGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如:Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知，中国是发展中国家。Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon"believe.张华己去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：Pveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他可不象他看上去的那样傻。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore..以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。Idon'tli