考研考博-英语-吕梁职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-吕梁职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Fred

always（）doingthewashing-up

bysayingthatheisbusyworkinginthegarden.

问题1选项

A.getsoutof

B.getsoverwith

C.getsridof

D.getsthroughwith

【答案】A

【解析】getoutof指设法避免承担责任或义务。；getoverwith指做完了事；getridof指摆脱不喜欢的事物；getthroughwith指完成,挺过来。句意：Fred总是说他在花园里忙着干活而不洗碗。选项A符合句意。

2.单选题

Rarely（

）atechnologicaldevelopment（

）animpactonmanyaspectsofsocial,economic，andculturaldevelopmentasgreatlyasthegrowthofelectronics.

问题1选项

A.has...had

B.had...had

C.has...has

D.have...had

【答案】A

【解析】考查倒装句。句首以否定词rarely“罕见地”开头，后面语句形成部分倒装。句意：很少有一项科技发展能像电子技术的发展那样，对方方面面比如社会、经济、文化等产生如此重要的影响。结合句意及由主语atechnologicaldevelopment可知谓语动词应为hashad。把has提前后可得A选项。

3.单选题

Inspiteofthe（

）economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.

问题1选项

A.gloomy

B.miserable

C.shadowy

D.obscure

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。gloomy意为“黑暗的，沮丧的，前景黯淡的”；miserable意为“痛苦的，可怜的”；shadowy意为“朦胧的，模糊的”；obscure意为“昏暗的，朦胧的”。句意：尽管经济预测不景气，制造业产出略有上升。

4.翻译题

与群众不同，知识分子喜欢推理，对事实感兴趣。他们思想上批判的习性，使他们成为那种很能蛊惑大多数人的宣传的抵制者。知识分子是那种重证据，厌恶不合乎逻辑和谬论的人。他们把过于简单化看作是思想上犯错误的根源，他们不喜欢口号、绝对肯定和总的概括，而这些恰恰是宣传家惯用的手法。在这个人口加速过度增长，组织加速过度膨胀，以及出现了更为有效的广泛宣传工具的时代里，我们如何能保存个性的完整，又如何能再坚持个人的价值呢？这是一个至今可提出并可能得到较好的回答的问题。再过一代，寻找答案可能为时已晚，而在那个未来的令人窒息的集体风气中，可能压根就想不起提出这样的问题了。

【答案】Unlikethemass,theintellectualsliketoreasonandareinterestedinfacts.Withcriticalthinkinghabits,theyhavebecomeleaderswhoresistpropagandaswhichconfusemostpeople.Theclerisylaystressonevidence,andarenottooreadytobelieveillogicalityandfallacy.Theyconsideroversimplificationastherootofthoughttomakeamistake.Meanwhiletheacademiciansdislikeslogan,absoluteaffirmationandgrossgeneralization,whichareapropagandist’susualmeasures.Therefore,howcanwekeepupintegrityofpersonality,andhowtocontinueupholdingthevalueofindividualinfaceofoverpopulationandoverexpansionoforganizationsaswellasmanymoreeffectiveandcomprehensivepropagandatools?Uptonow,itisaquestionthatcanbeproposedandgivenagoodanswertobutitwillbetoolatetofindoutananswertosuchquestionforthenextgenerationinthefuturewherethestiflingcollectiveatmosphereprevails,descendantsmaynotthinkofsuchquestionatall.

5.单选题

Sincethereissuchanabundanceoffoodinthesea,itisunderstandablethatsomeoftheefficient,highlyadaptable,warm-bloodedmammalsthatevolvedonlandshouldhavereturnedtothesea.Thosethatdiddothathaveflourished.Withinabout50millionyears—notimeatall,geologicallyspeaking—oneofthefourkindsofmammalsthathasreturnedtoamarineenvironmenthasdevelopedintothelargestofallanimalforms,thewhale.Asecondkind,theseal,hasproducedwhatisprobablythegreatestpopulationoflargecarnivorousmammalsonEarth.Thissuggeststhatthese“topdogs”oftheoceanareprosperingandmultiplying.However,suchhasnotbeenthecase,atleastnotforthelast150years.Troublehasclosedinonthesemammalsintheformofequallywarm-bloodedandevenmoreefficientandadaptablepredators,humans.Atsea,asonland,humanshavenowpositionedthemselvesontopofthewholegreatpyramidoflife,andtheyhavecausedseriousproblemsforthemammalsofthesea.

Thereisasimplereasonforthis.Marinemammalshavethemisfortunetobeswimmingaggregatesofcommoditiesthathumanswant:fur,oil,andmeat.Evenso,theymightnotbesovulnerabletohumandepredationiftheydidnot,likehumans,reproducesoslowly.Everyyearhumanstakemorethan50milliontonsoffishfromtheoceanswithoutcriticallydepletingthepopulationofanyspecies.Buttheslow-breedingmammalsoftheseahavebeenallbutwipedoutbyhumansseekingtosatisfytheirwantsandwhims.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmarinemammalsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

2.Whatadvantagedidsomelandmammalsgainbyreturningtothesea?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatduringthelast150yearshumanshave（）

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmarinemammalsarelikehumansinwhichofthefollowing

问题1选项

A.Theyhavetheiroriginsonland.

B.Theyhaveevolvedsuccessfullybutarenowthreatenedbyhumans.

C.Theycompetewithoneanotherfortheocean’sfoodsupply.

D.Theyhavemanyofthebiologicaltraitsofhumans.

问题2选项

A.Fewerpredatorsexistinthesea.

B.Morespaceisavailableinthesea.

C.Thereisagreatersupplyoffoodinthesea.

D.Theclimateismorehospitableinthesea.

问题3选项

A.constructedsubmarines

B.learnedhowtoswim

C.threatenedtheexistenceofsomemarinemammals

D.beguntoharvestcertainplantsfromtheoceanasfood

问题4选项

A.Thewhale’sancestorsweredrivenintotheseabyhumans.

B.Thefoodsupplyofsealsisbeingdepletedbyhumans.

C.Thewhaleevolvedfromaspeciesofland-dwellingmammal.

D.Whalesareamoreefficientandadaptablespeciesthanhumans.

问题5选项

A.Theysurvivedespitechangesintheirmetabolicrates.

B.Theyreproduceslowly.

C.Theyareprosperingandmultiplying.

D.Theyaredepletingthevegetationoftheseas

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文主要讲人类对海洋哺乳动物造成了威胁，选项B符合原文。选项A表述错误，海洋哺乳动物的起源不是陆地而是海洋；选项C和D在文中没有提及。所以本题选项B。

2.细节事实题。根据第一段的第一句“Sincethereissuchanabundanceoffoodinthesea,...havereturnedtothesea.”可知选项C符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据关键词定位到第一段的后半部分，在过去的150年里，情况并非之前提到的那样，是因为人类把自己置于整个生命金字塔的顶端，这给海洋哺乳动物带来了严重的问题。所以选项C符合原文。

4.细节事实题。选项A和B在文中没有提及；选项C鲸是从一种陆栖哺乳动物进化而来的，根据原文可知鲸是从陆地返回到海洋的物种之一，所以选项C正确；选项D很明显是错误的，所以本题选项C。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段的第三句“theymightnotbesovulnerabletohumandepredationiftheydidnot,likehumans,reproducesoslowly.”如果它们不像人类那样繁殖如此缓慢，它们可能就不会那么容易受到人类的掠夺。由此推断，海洋哺乳动物和人类一样繁殖很慢，选项B正确。

6.单选题

Hewasinextremestateofdistressanddepressionwhenheknewthathehad（）lungcancer.

问题1选项

A.extracted

B.contracted

C.abstracted

D.attracted

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配题。contractadisease为固定搭配,意为"感染疾病";extract"提取;搾出",一般与介词from连用;abstract"提取,摘要";attract"吸引,引起…的注意"。句意：当他知道自己得了肺癌时，他极度痛苦和沮丧。

7.单选题

Aircraftandrocketcanbeusedtocollectradioactivedebris,whilehigh-altitudesatellitescarrydetectorsforgammaraysandotheremissions.

问题1选项

A.diffusion

B.remains

C.glitter

D.transfer

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。debris表示“碎片，残骸”。A项diffusion“扩散，传播”，B项remain“遗留，残骸”，C项glitter“闪光，灿烂”，D项transfer“转移”。句意：飞机和火箭可以用来收集放射性碎片，而高空卫星携带探测伽马射线和其他辐射的探测器。根据句意，该题选B正确。

8.单选题

Theindividualmobility,convenience,andstatusgivenbytheprivatepassengercarofferaseeminglyunbeatableattraction.In1987,arecord126,000carsrolledoffassemblylineseachworkingday,andcloseto400millionvehicleschokeuptheworld’sstreetstoday.

Butthecar'susefulnesstotheindividualstandsinsharpcontrasttothecostsandburdensthatsocietymustshouldertoprovideanautomobile-centeredtransportationsystem.SincethedaysofHenryFord,societieshavemadeasteadystreamoflawstoprotectdriversfromeachotherandthemselves,aswellastoprotectthegeneralpublicfromtheunintendedeffectsofmassiveautomobileuse.Lawmakershavestruggledoverthecompetinggoalsofunlimitedmobilityandtheindividual’sfighttobefreeofthenoise,pollution,andphysicaldangersthattheautomobileoftenbrings.

Priortotheseventies,theauto’susefulnessandassuredroleinsocietywerehardlyquestioned.Evenworriesaboutuprisinggaspricesandfiiturefuelavailabilitysubsided（减退）intheeightiesalmostasquicklyastheyhademerged.Carsalesrecovered,drivingisup,andwealthycustomersareoncemoreshoppingforhighperformancecars.

Themotorvehicleindustry'sapparentsuccessindealingwiththechallengesoftheseventieshasobscuredtheharmfullong-termtrendsofautomobilecenteredtransportation.Risinggasolineconsumptionwillbeforelongputincreasedpressureonoilproductioncapacities.Inaddition,asmoreandmorepeoplecanaffordtheirowncarsandasmassmotorizationtakeshold,trafficjambecomesatoughproblem.Andmotorvehiclesareimportantcontributorstourbanairpollution,acidrain,andglobalwarming.

Society'sinterestinfuelsupplysecurity,theintegrityofitscities,andprotectionoftheenvironmentcallsforafundamentalrethinkingoftheautomobile’srole.Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsarethemostobviousandimmediatemeasuresthatcanbeadopted.Buttheycanonlybepartoftheanswer.Intheyearsahead,thechallengewillbetodevelopinnovative（革新的）transportationpolicies.

1.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

2.Thephrase"rolledoffassemblylines"（Para.I,Lines2）means（）.

3.Thepassagestatesthatthereis（）.

4.Itisimpliedthattheauto'sassuredroleinsocietyis（）.

5.Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsare（）.

问题1选项

A.Acarprovidesitsownerwithasenseofsafety.

B.Agoodcarallowsitsownertotravelfree.

C.Agoodcarindicatesitsowner'shighsocialposition.

D.Acaraddstoitsowner'sattractiveness.

问题2选项

A."wereturnedoutfromfactories"

B."movedalongproductionlines"

C."movedalongthestreets"

D."werelinedupinthestreets"

问题3选项

A.asharpcontrastbetweenthecostandusefulnessofthecars

B.asharpcontrastbetweenthecostandperformanceofthecars

C.asharpconflictbetweencardriversandtrafficrules

D.asharpcontradictionbetweentheconvenienceofcarownersandtheburdensofsociety

问题4选项

A.threatenedbytherisinggasprices

B.challengedbyaseriesoffundamentalproblems

C.protectedbylaw

D.firmlyestablished

问题5选项

A.onlypartofthesolutiontomassiveautomobileuse

B.thebestwaytocopewiththemassiveuseofcars

C.innovativetransportationpolicies

D.futurepoliciesoftheautomobileindustry

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段第一句“Theindividualmobility,convenience,andstatusgivenbytheprivatepassengercarofferaseeminglyunbeatableattraction.私人轿车给个人所带来的流动性、便利性和地位，似乎具有无与伦比的吸引力。”由此可知，一辆好车能够彰显车主较高的社会地位。选项C符合原文。

2.判断推理题。rolloff指的是“从...复印出...”；assemblylines指的是“工厂组装线”。车从工厂组装线复印出，也就是说，车被一辆一辆的组装生产出来，所以选项D为正确答案。

3.细节事实题。根据第二段首句“Butthecar'susefulnesstotheindividualstandsinsharpcontrasttothecostsandburdensthatsocietymustshouldertoprovideanautomobile-centeredtransportationsystem．但是汽车对个人的有用性与社会为提供一个以汽车为中心的交通系统所必须承担的成本和负担形成了鲜明的对比。”也就是汽车给车主带来的便利与给社会带来的负担之间的尖锐矛盾，所以选项D符合原文。

4.判断推理题。根据第三段的首句“Priortotheseventies,theauto’susefulnessandassuredroleinsocietywerehardlyquestioned.在七十年代之前，汽车的实用性和它在社会中的作用几乎没有受到质疑。”但是在最后一段首句，作者提到“Society'sinterestinfuelsupplysecurity,theintegrityofitscities,andprotectionoftheenvironmentcallsforafundamentalrethinkingoftheautomobile’srole.社会对燃料供应的安全性、城市完整性和对环境保护的关注，要求我们从根本上重新思考汽车的作用。”也就是说，曾经汽车在社会中可靠的角色现在受到了一系列根本问题的挑战，所以选项B正确。

5.细节事实题。根据最后一段第二、三句“Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsarethemostobviousandimmediatemeasuresthatcanbeadopted.Buttheycanonlybepartoftheanswer.更严格的燃油经济性和污染标准是可以采取的最明显和最直接的措施。但它们只是答案的一部分。”由此可知，这只是大规模汽车使用的部分解决方案。选项A符合原文。

9.翻译题

Motherlanguages,alongwithlinguisticdiversity,matterfortheidentityofindividuals.Assourcesofcreativityandvehiclesforculturalexpression,theyarealsoimportantforthehealthofsocieties.Notleast,languagesarefactorsfordevelopmentandgrowth.Weknowhowimportanteducationinthemotherlanguageisforlearningoutcomes.Motherlanguageinstructionisapowerfulwaytofightdiscriminationandreachouttomarginalizedpopulation.Aswellspringsofknowledge,languagesarealsostartingpointsforgreatersustainabilityindevelopment,formanagingmoreharmoniouslyourrelationshipwiththeenvironmentandchange.

【答案】母语，以及语言多样性，对个体的身份认同至关重要。作为创造力的来源和文化表达的工具，它们对社会的健康也很重要。重要的是，语言是发展和增长的因素。我们知道母语教育对学习成果的重要性。母语教学是消除歧视和接触边缘人口的有力途径。语言作为知识的源泉，也是提高发展可持续性、更和谐地管理我们与环境和变革的关系的起点。

10.单选题

Idon’treallyknowhowto（

）theproblem.

问题1选项

A.draw

B.deal

C.cope

D.tackle

【答案】D

【解析】根据句意可知这里指处理问题，选项A不符合句意；选项B和C后面都需要接介词with，所以只有选项D正确。

11.翻译题

Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehollow?Suddenlytheseclichésarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.

Afast-growingbodyofresearchisprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful;pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.“Ifyoucouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,”sayspsychologistCraig,“itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.”

Yourabilitiescount,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart,that’sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.

Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistSeligmanandhiscolleaguesurveyedsalesrepresentativesataLifeInsuranceCompany.Theyfoundthatthepositivethinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegativethinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20percentmore.Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimist’ssuccessisinhis“explanatorystyle.”Whenthingsgowrong,thepessimisttendstoblamehimself,whiletheoptimistlooksforloopholes.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.

Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.“Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,theydon’tbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed,”saysCraig.

Asenseofcontrolisthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Thepessimistfeelslikefate’splaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesn’tseeadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustifyandsometimesthat’swhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLeveyofPittsburgCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Leveyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.

【答案】【参考译文】你看到的玻璃杯是半满的还是半空的？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈还是中间的那个洞？当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的力量时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。

迅速增多的大量研究工作证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。心理学家克雷格说：“如果你能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”

你的能力固然重要，但你能成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

以你的工作为例。心理学家塞利格曼和他的同事对一家人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇佣的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。他们是如何做的呢？乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“归因方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责，乐观主义者则寻找漏洞。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者看成是自己的功劳，而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。

无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。克雷格说：“如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。”

控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。悲观者则感到自己只能任由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉•利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观主义者身上复发更早。

12.单选题

Mr.Coleman,presidentoftheCollegeBoard,announcednewprogramstohelplow-incomestudents,whowillnowbegiven（）allowingthemtoapplytofourcollegesatnocharge.

问题1选项

A.scholarships

B.tuitionfee

C.loans

D.feewaivers

【答案】D

【解析】名词词义辨析。scholarship“奖学金，学问”；tuitionfee“学费”；loan“贷款”；feewaiver“免除费用”。句意：这些学生将被给予免除费用的待遇，将允许他们允许免费申请四所大学。选项D符合题意。

13.单选题

IndescribingtheIndiansofthevarioussectionsoftheUnitedStatesatdifferentstagesintheirhistory,someofthefactorswhichaccountfortheirsimilarityamiddifferencecanbereadilyaccountedfor,othersaredifficultto（

）.

问题1选项

A.refine

B.discern

C.embed

D.cluster

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项refine“精炼；改善”；B选项discern“觉察出；识别”；C选项embed“栽种；使嵌入”；D选项cluster“使聚集”。句意：在描述不同历史阶段美国不同地区的印第安人时，一些说明印第安人差异中的相似处的因素可以很容易地加以说明，另一些就难以……。由此可知，我们需要找出的是accountfor的同义词，选项中只有B选项意义接近，因此B选项符合题意。

14.单选题

Whydowehavetoconsider______caseswhenwehaveactualcasehistorieswhichwemayexamine?

问题1选项

A.hypocritical

B.hypothetical

C.iconoclastic

D.imminent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项hypocritical表示“虚伪的，伪善的”，B项hypothetical表示“假设的，爱猜想的”，C项iconoclastic表示“打破旧习的，偶像破坏的”，D项imminent表示“即将来临的，迫近的”。根据句子可知，空格处应该是填入一个和actual（实际的，真实的）相对的词语，四个选项中只有B项符合。句意：当我们有实际案例记录可以检验时，为什么我们还要考虑假设性的情况？因此，该题选择B项正确。

15.单选题

ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreesmustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshavelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsavingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It’sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromiseofthe20thcentury.

Thepromisewasassuredeconomicsecurity-evencomfort-foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecavemandays-lackoffoodwarmth,shelter-wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmanyways.Governmentscreatedwelfaresystemsforanyoneinneedandseparateprogramsfortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S).Laborunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionsforretirees.Giantcorporationscameintotobeingandofferedthepossibility-insomecasesthepromise-oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensions.Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.

Theearlyhintsthatthispromisemightbebrokenonalargescalecameinthe1980s.U.S.businesshadbecomeuncompetitivegloballyandbeganrestructuringmassively,withhugeLayoffs.Thetrendacceleratedinthe1990sasthebastionsofcorporatewelfarefacedreality.IBMendeditsno-layoffpolicy.AT&Tfiredthousands,manyofwhomfoundsuchathingsimplyincomprehensible,andafewofwhomkilledthemselves.Theothersupposedguarantorsofoureconomicsecuritywerealsoindecline.Labor-unionmembershipandpowerfelltotheirlowestlevelsindecades.PresidentClintonsignedahistoricbillscalingbackwelfare.AmericansrealizedthatSocialSecuritywon’tprovidesocialsecurityforanyofus.

Alessvisiblebutequallysignificanttrendaffectedpensions.Tomakecostseasiertocontrol,companiesmovedawayfromdefinedbenefitpensionplans,whichobligatethemtopayoutspecifiedamountsyearsinthefuture,todefinecontributionplans,whichspecifyonlyhowmuchgoesintotheplaytoday.Themostcommontypeofdefined-contributionplanisthe401(k).Thesignificanceofthe401(k)isthatitputsmostoftheresponsibilityforaperson’seconomicfatebackontheemployee.Withinlimitstheemployeemustdecidehowmuchgoesintoplaneachyearandhowitgetsinvested-thetwofactorsthatwilldeterminehowmuchit’sworthwhentheemployeeretires.

WhatbringsusbacktoEnron?Thosebillionsofdollarsinvaporizedretirementsavingswentinemployees’401(k)accounts,Thatis,theemployeeschosehowmuchmoneytoputintothoseaccountsandthenchosehowtoinvestit.Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall.AtleasttwospecialfeaturescomplicatetheEnroncase.First,someshareholderschargetopmanagementwithillegallycoveringupthecompany’sproblems,promptinginvestorstohangonwhentheyshouldhavesold.Second,Enron’s401(k)accountswerelockedwhilethecompanychangedplanadministratorsinOctober,whenthestockwasfalling,soemployeescouldnothaveclosedtheiraccountsiftheywantedto.

ButbyfarthelargestcauseofthishumantragedyisthatthousandsofemployeeswereheavilyoverweighedinEnronstock.Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid.

TheEnronemployees’retirementdisasterispartofthelargertrendawayfromguaranteedeconomicsecurity.That’swhypreventingsuchathingfromeverhappeningagainmaybeimpossible.ThehugeattitudinalshifttoI’ll-be-taken-care-oftookatleastageneration.Theshiftbackmaytakejustaslong.Itwon’tbecompleteuntilanewgenerationofemployeesseeassuredeconomiccomfortasa20th-centuryquirk,andunderstandnotjustintellectuallybutintheirbonesthat,likemostpeopleinmosttimesandplaces,they’reontheirown.

1.Whydoestheauthorsayatthebeginning“ThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory...’’？

2.Accordingtothepassage,thecombinedeffortsbygovernments,layoutunionsandbigcorporationstoguaranteeeconomiccomforthaveledtoasignificantchangein（

）

3.Changesinpensionschemeswerealsopartof（

）.

4.ThousandsofemployeeschoseEnronastheirsoleinvestmentoptionmainlybecause（

）.

5.WhichisNOTseenasalessondrawnfromtheEnrondisaster?

问题1选项

A.Becausethecompanyhasgonebankrupt.

B.Becausesucheventswouldneverhappenagain.

C.BecausemanyEnronworkerslosttheirretirementsavings.

D.becauseitsignifiesaturningpointineconomicsecurity.

问题2选项

A.people’soutlookonlife.

B.people’slifestyles.

C.people’slivingstandard

D.people’ssocialvalues.

问题3选项

A.thecorporatelay-offs

B.thegovernmentcutsinwelfarespending

C.theeconomicrestructuring

D.thewarningpoweroflaborsunions

问题4选项

A.the401(k)madethemresponsiblefortheirownfuture.

B.Enronofferedtoaddcompanystocktotheirinvestment.

C.theiremployersintendedtocutbackonpensionspending.

D.Enron’sofferwassimilartoadefined-benefitplan.

问题5选项

A.401(k)assetsshouldbeplacedinmorethanoneinvestmentoption.

B.Employeeshavetotakeupresponsibilitiesforthemselves.

C.Sucheventscouldhappenagainasitisnoteasytochangepeople’smind

D.Economicsecuritywon’tbetakenforgrantedbyfutureyoungworkers.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推断题。本文讲的是安然公司员工在商业历史上的悲惨命运是经济安全问题的一个转折点。

2.细节题。原文指出:Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory,由此看出,人们在对生活的观点态度方面有了一个重大的改变。

3.细节题。由第七段看出,退休金计划的改变是政府在福利上削减的组成部分。

4.细节题。第七段指出:Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee’s401(k)contributionwithcompanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio;butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingcompelsacompanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall,由此可知,安然公司让投资者拥有他们公司的股票,因此很多员工选择安然作为他们投资的唯一选择。

5.推断题。第六段指出：Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn’tprudent,butit’swhatsomeofthemdid,由此可知,A项(401（k）项资产应置于多个投资选项中),B项(员工必须自负盈亏)正确。第一段指出:Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems,因此C项(这种情况可能会再次发生，因为改变人们的想法并不容易)正确。故选D。

16.单选题

Likeatickingtimebomb,thefailingdollarhasgrabbedtheattentionofJapanandWestGermany,forcingthemtoconsideradoptingeconomicpoliciestheUnitedStatesadvocates.TheU.S.governmentwantsthedollartofallbecauseasthedollardeclinesinvalueagainsttheyenandDeutschmark,U.S.goodsbecomecheaper.U.S.companiesthensellmoreathomeandabroad,andU.S.tradedeficitdeclines.Criesfortradeprotectionabate,andtheglobalfree-tradesystemispreserved.

Then,thecheaperdollarmakesitcheaperformanyforeigninvestorstosnapupU.S.stocks.Thatpromptsheavybuyingfromabroad―especiallyfromJapan.Also,ifthetradepictureisimproving,thatmeansU.S.companieseventuallywillbemorecompetitive.Consequently,manyinvestorsarebuyingsharesofexport-orientedU.S.companiesinanticipationofbetterprofitsinthenextyearorso.Butthatisaratherfashionablenotionrightnow;ifcorporateearningsaredisappointinginthenextfewquarters,thebuyingspreemightdisappear.Andfinally,ifafallingdollarleadstoariseininterestrates,thestockmarketrallycouldstop.

ImprovingU.S.competitivenessmeansadeclineinanother’scompetitiveness.

JapanandWestGermanyarevergingonrecession.Theirexport-orientedeconomiesarefacingmajorproblems.JapanisworriedaboutthedamagethestrongyenwilldotoJapanesetrade.WestGermanyisalsoworried.SharepricesinFrankfurtplummetedthispastweek.Bonnisthoughttobeconsideringacutininterestratestoboostitseconomy.

Couldthefallingdollargetoutofhand?Ifthedollarfallstoofar,investorsmightloseconfidenceinU.S.investments—especiallythegovernmentbondmarket.Themoneytofinancethefederalbudgetandtradedeficitscouldmigrateelsewhere;inflationcouldflareup,too,sinceJapaneseandGermanmanufacturerswilleventuallypassalongpricehikes—andU.S.companiesmightfollowsuittoincreasetheirprofitmargins.TheU.S.FederalReservethenmightneedstepinandstabilizethedollarbyraisinginterestrates.AndhigherinterestratescouldcausetheU.S.economytoslowdownandendtheWallStreetRally.

Worriedaboutthesesideeffects，FederalReservechairmanPaulVolcherhassaidthedollarhasfallenfarenough.Whatistheequilibriumlevel?Probablynearwhereitisorslightlylower.ItalldependsonwhentheU.S.tradedeficitturnsaroundorifinvestorsdefect.fromU.S.TreasuryBonds.“ItrequiresagooddealofpoliticalpatienceonthepartoftheU.S.Congress,”saysDr.Cline,“Andtheremustbeanexpectationofpatienceonthepartofprivateinvestors.ThechancesarerelativelygoodthatwewillavoidanInvestorbreakorpanic.”

1.Whatisthemainideaofthistext?

2.Whatdoestheword“rally”(Para.2)mean?

3.WhyareJapanandWestGermanyworriedaboutthefallingdollar?

4.Ifdollar-fallinggotoutofhand,andtheU.S.FederalReservemightstepin,whatw