考研考博-英语-台州科技职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-台州科技职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Sinceprivateshareholderscannotbeexpectedto______thewidergoalsofsocietyasawhole,publicownershipmaythenbeinevitable.

问题1选项

A.intensify

B.undermine

C.rip

D.subsidize

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项intensify“增强，强化，变激烈”，B项undermine“破坏，渐渐破坏，挖掘地基”，C项rip“撕，锯”，D项subsidize“资助，给予奖助金”。由privateshareholders“私人股东”和thewidergoalsofsociety“更广泛的社会目标”可知，四个选项中只有A项符合语境。句意：既然不能指望私人股东强化整个社会的更广泛目标，那么公有制可能就不可避免了。因此，该题选择A项正确。

2.单选题

Ahiddenalarmunderthecashier’stablecanbe____incaseofemergency.

问题1选项

A.negotiated

B.initiated

C.launched

D.activated

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.negotiated谈判；协商B.initiated开始；发起

C.launched发射D.activated激活

【答案】D

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】句意：收银台下面隐藏的警报器可以在紧急情况下……。根据逻辑，在紧急情况下，可以启动也就是激活警报器。因此选D。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】收银台下面隐藏的警报器可以在紧急情况下启动。

3.单选题

NineofthetencampusesoftheUniversityofCalifornia—ledbyBerkeley―onceagainmadeitintoanannualrankingoftheworld’sleadinguniversities.All’swellinCaliforniahighereducation,itmightseem.

ButthatisnotwhatPatBrownorClarkKerrwouldsay,weretheyalivetoday.Theywere,respectively,governorofthestateandpresidentoftheUniversityofCaliforniain1960,whenCaliforniaadopteda“masterplan''thatbecameaninternationalmodel.Theiraimwasnotonlytohaveexcellentpublicuniversities,buttogivethestate’spopulationnearlyuniversalandfreeaccesstothem.Somepupilswouldso-calledcommunitycollegesforatwo-yearvocationalprogramme,othersoneofthe(now23)campusesoftheCaliforniaStateUniversity,andthebestmightgotoaUCcampus.

Inordertoassureaccessforall,tuitionchargeswerebanned—only“fees”forsomecostsotherthaneducationwereallowed.Mostfundingwastocomefromtaxpayers.Thepremisewasthathighereducationwasapublicgoodforthestate,whichwasnursingitsownfutureentrepreneursandtaxpayers.AsMr.Kerrputit,theuniversitieswere“bait”tobehunginfrontofindustry,withdrawingpowergreaterthanlowtaxesorcheaplabor.’’

Thatconsensushasbeenoverturned.In1990,thestatepaid78%ofthecostofeducatingeachstudent.Thatratiodroppedto47%lastyear,andwillfallevenmoreduringthecurrentacademicyear,afterthelatestroundofbudgetcuts,overseenbyJerryBrown,thecurrentgovernorandsonofPatBrown.Insomeways,CaliforniahasnowinvertedtheprioritiesoftheolderBrown’sera.Spendingonprisonspassedspendingonuniversitiesinaround2004.

Thishasledtoconcernsthatpublicuniversitiesmightlosetheirexcellence.Ittakesmoneytoattractthebestprofessors,andthebeststudentsfollowthem.Analternativetoworsepublicuniversities,however,isquasi-privatizedones.ThatseemstobetheroutetakeninCalifornia.

Thusstudentswillthisyear,forthefirsttime,paymorefortuitionthanthestategivesinfunding.ThisfollowsyearsoftuitionfeeincreasesfarsteeperthantheaverageatAmericanpublicuniversities.AplaceataUCcampuscaneasilynowcost$13,000,or$31000includinghousing,givenCalifornia’shighcosts.

Toraiseotherrevenues,thevariouscampusesalsoadmitevermoreout-of-statestudents(whopaythreetimesmore)and,targetrichgraduatesformoredonations.Ledbythebusinessandlawschools,theybehaveincreasinglylikeprivateuniversities,inotherwords.Thisstrategyretainspocketsofexcellence.Butitalsorunscountertothephilosophyofthemasterplan,bypricingevermoreCalifornianfamiliesoutofaplace.Thestatenowranks41stinthenumberofcollegedegreesawardedforevery100ofitshighschoolgraduates.

1.PatBrownandClarkKerrattemptedtosetupexcellentpublicuniversities,aswellas（

）.

2.WhatdoesMr.Kerrimplybysaying“bait”tobehunginfrontofindustry(Line4,Para.3)?

3.Whatistheconcernonthepublicuniversitiessincethestatespendingonuniversitieshasdropped?

4.CampusesinCaliforniareceivestudentsfromotherstatesforthepurposeof

（

）.

5.WhatcanweinferfromthepassageabouthighereducationinCalifornia?

问题1选项

A.buildinganinternationalmodelofuniversitiesaroundtheworld

B.competingwiththeso-calledcommunitycollegesinthestate

C.offeringcommonandfreeaccesstouniversitiestothestate'spopulation

D.providingatwo-yearvocationalprogramforthestate'spopulation

问题2选项

A.Theuniversitiesfosterto-beelitesforindustry

B.Thetuitionfeesarebannedintheuniversities

C.Thehighereducationisastatewelfare

D.Theuniversitiesaremoreattractivethanlowtaxesorcheaplabor.

问题3选项

A.Tobeunabletoattractthebestprofessors

B.Tobeunabletomaintaintheirexcellence

C.Tobehigh-priced

D.Tobequasi-privatized

问题4选项

A.gettingmoredonations

B.behavinglikeprivateuniversities

C.makingupshortageofgraduates

D.improvingotherearnings

问题5选项

A.ChildrenfromCalifornianfamiliescan’tobtaintheeducationduetothehighcosts.

B.Ithasmovedtowardsprivateuniversitiesalongwithitsdevelopment.

C.Itisonlynursingitsownfutureentrepreneursandtaxpayers.

D.Itproducesfewercompanyfounders,inventorsandtaxpayers.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据关键词“PatBrownandClarkKerr”定位到第二段的内容“Theiraimwasnotonlytohaveexcellentpublicuniversities,buttogivethestate’spopulationnearlyuniversalandfreeaccesstothem.他们的目标不仅是拥有优秀的公立大学，而且要让该州的人口几乎可以免费进入这些大学。”选项C符合原文。

2.判断推理题。根据关键词“bait”所在句子的上文“Thepremisewasthathighereducationwasapublicgoodforthestate,whichwasnursingitsownfutureentrepreneursandtaxpayers.前提是高等教育是全州的一种公共利益，为未来培养自己的企业家和纳税人。”也就是说，大学是挂在工业面前的“诱饵”指的是大学培养工业精英。选项A符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据倒数第三段首句“Thishasledtoconcernsthatpublicuniversitiesmightlosetheirexcellence.”这导致人们担心公立大学可能会失去它们的优势。也就是无法保持自己的优势，选项B符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第一句“Toraiseotherrevenues,thevariouscampusesalsoadmitevermoreout-of-statestudents.为了增加其他收入，各个校区还招收了越来越多的外州学生。”选项D符合原文。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段第二句“Ledbythebusinessandlawschools,theybehaveincreasinglylikeprivateuniversities,inotherwords.换句话说，在商学院和法学院的领导下，它们（州立大学）的行为越来越像私立大学。”选项B符合原文。选项A和C表述均不正确，选项D在文中没有提及。

4.单选题

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andPlexiglasweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexceptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury

（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

4.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

5.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’smainpoint?

问题1选项

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

问题2选项

A.wereproducedlargelyasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

问题3选项

A.Expendituresforvariousaspectsofresearcharelisted.

B.Reasonsforsupportingmonopolisticpoweraregivenandthenquestioned.

C.Argumentsarepresentedforminimizingcompetitivebiddingforresearch.

D.Resourcesnecessaryforresearcharedefined.

问题4选项

A.Monopolisticpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmallshareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

问题5选项

A.Inthelastdecade,conglomerateshavesignificantlyincreasedtheirresearchbudgetsfordefensetechnology.

B.Taxrestructuringpermitssmallerfirmstowriteoffalargerpercentageofprofitsagainstresearch.

C.Aten-yearstudyoftheextentofresourcesdevotedtoresearchbysmallerenterprisesrevealsasteadydecline.

D.Militaryresearchisbeingdirectedmoreextensivelytospacetechnologythantoshort-rangemissiles.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段首句提出Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.（人们普遍认为，大型工业的出现伴随着等量工业研究发明的出现）这个观点，紧接着用一项调查结果进行反驳；第二段解释了人们普遍这样认为的理由，然后又对解释进行否定；第三段指出小公司比大型企业在新技术、新产品和创新投资方面更有积极性；最后一段简短地概括大型企业所处的压力竞争。因此B选项“指出关于工业研究程度与工业垄断力量增长之间关系的一种常见误解”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone（最近一项对世纪之交以来重要发明的研究表明，半数以上的发明是个人独立工作的产物）可知C选项“独立发明家产生的发明成果至少和研究团队产生的成果一样”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第二段解释了人们普遍误解的理由，然后又对其解释进行否定。因此B选项“给出了支持垄断权力的理由，并对其进行了质疑”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.（相比之下，小公司不被工厂和资本设备的大规模投资所吓倒，往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大市场份额）可知D选项“市场份额很小的公司积极地追求创新，因为它们没有被旧的固定设备所束缚”符合题意。

5.推理判断题。作者的主要观点为：大企业的发展与企业的研究程度不是人们普遍认为等量发展关系，相反，小企业比大企业在新技术、新产品和创新投资方面更有积极性。因此C选项“一项为期10年的对小型企业用于研究的投资程度显示，这一数字在稳步下降”符合题意。

5.单选题

Youroccupationistoo______forinsurancecompaniestoconsideryourapplication.

问题1选项

A.hazardous

B.indifferent

C.gratuitous

D.haphazard

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项hazardous表示“有危险的，冒险的”，B项indifferent表示“冷淡的，不关心的，中等的”，C项gratuitous表示“无理由的，无端的”，D项haphazard表示“偶然的，随便的”。根据too…to…（太……而不能……）可知，insurancecompaniestoconsideryourapplication表示“保险公司不能考虑你的申请”，结合前面的occupation（职业）可知，“危险的”符合语境。句意：你的职业太危险，保险公司不会考虑你的申请。因此，该题选择A项正确。

6.单选题

______peopledependtosuchagreatextentonforests,everyeffortmustbemadetopreservetreesandwildlife.

问题1选项

A.How

B.Since

C.That

D.Which

【答案】B

【解析】考查句子逻辑。A项how引导疑问句，表示“怎样”，B项since表示“自从，由于”，C项that连接词，用来引导从句，D项which疑问代词表示“哪一个”。该句前后为两个完整的句子，形成因果关系，句首缺少一个表达原因的连词，故B项符合句意。句意：由于人们在很大程度上紧紧依赖森林资源，故我们必须全力以赴保护树木与野生动物。故正确答案为B。

7.单选题

AdefeatedcandidatefortheHouseofRepresentativesmustwaittwoyearsbeforerunningagain,becauseelectionsare______.

问题1选项

A.semiannual

B.biennial

C.biannual

D.bilateral

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项semiannual“每半年的，半年一次的”，B项biennial“两年一次的”，C项biannual“一年两度的”，D项bilateral“双边的，有两边的”。根据waittwoyearsbeforerunningagain“等待两年再次参选”可知，“两年一次的”符合语境。句意：被击败的众议院候选人必须等待两年才能再次参选，因为选举是两年一次的。因此，该题选择B项正确。

8.单选题

Wecandistinguishthreedifferentrealmsofmatter,threelevelsonthequantumladder.Thefirstistheatomicrealm,whichincludestheworldofatoms,theirinteractions,andthestructuresthatareformedbythem,suchasmolecules,liquidsandsolids,andgasesandplasmas.Thisrealmincludesallthephenomenaofatomicphysics,chemistry,and,inacertainsense,biology.Theenergyexchangestakingplaceinthisrealmareofarelativelyloworder.Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,suchasinthecollisionsbetweenmoleculesoftheairinaroom,thenatomsandmoleculescanberegardedaselementaryparticles.Thatis,theyhave“conditionalelementarity”becausetheykeeptheiridentityanddonotchangeinanycollisionsorinotherprocessesattheselowenergyexchanges.Ifonegoestohigherenergyexchanges,say104electronvolts,thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary.WefindexamplesofstructuresandprocessesofthisfirstrungofthequantumladderonEarth,onplanets,andonthesurfacesofstars.

Thenextrungisthenuclearrealm.Heretheenergyexchangesaremuchhigher,ontheorderofmillionsofelectronvolts.Aslongaswearedealingwithphenomenaintheatomicrealm,suchamountsofenergyareunavailable,andmostnucleiareinert:theydonotchange.However,ifoneappliesenergiesofmillionsofelectronvolts,nuclearreactions,fissionandfusion,andtheprocessesofradioactivityoccur;ourelementaryparticlesthenareprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.Inaddition,nuclearprocessesproduceneutrinos,particlesthathavenodetectablemassorcharge.Intheuniverse,energiesatthislevelareavailableinthecentersofstarsandinstarexplosions.Indeed,theenergyradiatedbythestarsisproducedbynuclearreactions.ThenaturalradioactivitywefindonEarthisthelong-livedremnantofthetimewhennow-earthlymatterwasexpelledintospacebyamajorstellarexplosion.

Thethirdrungofthequantumladderisthesubnuclearrealm.Herewearedealingwithenergyexchangesofmanybillionsofelectronvolts.Weencounterexcitednucleons,newtypesofparticlessuchasmesons,heavyelectrons,quarks,andgluons,andalsoantimatterinlargequantities.Thegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,oftheforce（thestrongforce）thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Aslongaswearedealingwiththeatomicornuclearrealm,thesenewtypesofparticlesdonotoccurandthenucleonsremaininert.Butatsubnuclearenergylevels,thenucleonsandmesonsappeartobecomposedofquarks,sothatthequarksandgluonsfigureaselementaryparticles.

1.Theprimarytopicofthepassageis（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,radioactivitythatoccursnaturallyonEarthistheresultof（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcanbefoundintheatomicrealm?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,gluonsarenot（）.

5.Thepassagespeaksofparticlesashavingconditionalelementarityifthey（）.

问题1选项

A.theinteractionoftherealmsonthequantumladder

B.atomicstructuresfoundonEarth,onotherplanets,andonthesurfacesofstars

C.levelsofenergythatarereleasedinnuclearreactionsonEarthandinstars

D.particlesandprocessesfoundintheatomic,nuclear,andsubnuclearrealms

问题2选项

A.theproductionofparticlesthathavenodetectablemassorelectriccharge

B.highenergyexchangesonthenuclearlevelthatoccurredinanancientexplosioninastar

C.processesthatoccurinthecenteroftheSun,whichemitsradiationtotheEarth

D.high-voltagedischargesofelectricitythattookplaceintheatmosphereoftheEarthshortlyaftertheEarthwasformed

问题3选项

A.Morethanonelevelofenergyexchange

B.Exactlyoneelementaryparticle

C.Exactlythreekindsofatomicstructures

D.Noparticlessmallerthanatoms

问题4选项

A.foundtobeconditionallyelementary

B.producedinnuclearreactions

C.encounteredinsubnuclearenergyexchanges

D.relatedtothestrongforce

问题5选项

A.remainunchangedatthegivenlevelofenergyexchange

B.cannotbedecomposedintosmallerconstituents

C.releaseenergyatalowlevelincollisions

D.belongtothenuclearlevelonthequantumladder

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。本篇开头介绍了我们可以区分物质的三个不同领域，在量子阶梯上的三个层次。接着三段分别阐述了原子能领域，原子核领域以及亚核领域的物质及物质产生过程。故D项“在原子、原子核和亚核领域中发现的粒子和过程”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第二段"However,ifoneappliesenergiesofmillionsofelectronvolts,nuclearreactions,fissionandfusion,andtheprocessesofradioactivityoccur;ourelementaryparticlesthenareprotons,neutrons,andelectrons."然而，如果一个人应用数百万电子伏特的能量，核反应、裂变和聚变，那么放射性过程就会发生;我们的基本粒子是质子、中子和电子。据此可知地球上自然发生的放射性现象是极高的能量交换发生反应的结果。故B项“是一个古老的恒星爆炸过程中的高能量的核水平交换的结果”正确。

3.细节事实题。由题干关键词“atomicrealm”可定位到第一段Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,……Ifonegoestohigherenergyexchanges,say104electronvolts,thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary.如果这些交换低于1电子伏特，如果进行更高的能量交换，比如104电子伏特，那么原子和分子就会分解成原子核和电子;在这个层次上，后一种粒子必须被认为是基本粒子。据此可知第一段在原子领域不止一级能量交换，可以有高能量和低能量交换。故A项正确。B项与原文内容"thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary."那么原子和分子就会分解成原子核和电子;在这个。层次上，后一种粒子必须被认为是基本粒子”不符，原子领域除了基本粒子还有其他成分。CD两项第一段未提及。

4.细节事实题。由题干关键词gluons定位到第三段"Thegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,oftheforce（thestrongforce）thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Aslongaswearedealingwiththeatomicornuclearrealm,thesenewtypesofparticlesdonotoccurandthenucleonsremaininert.Butatsubnuclearenergylevels,thenucleonsandmesonsappeartobecomposedofquarks,sothatthequarksandgluonsfigureaselementaryparticles."胶子是使夸克聚集在一起的力（强力）的量子，或最小的单位。只要我们研究的是原子或核领域，这些新型粒子就不会出现，核子也会保持惰性。但是在亚核能级，核子和介子似乎是由夸克组成的，所以夸克和胶子是基本粒子。据此可知胶子不会出现在原子和核领域，故B项正确。其他选项与题干中的gluons无关。

5.细节事实题。由题干关键词"conditionalelementarity"定位到第一段"Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,suchasinthecollisionsbetweenmoleculesoftheairinaroom,thenatomsandmoleculescanberegardedaselementaryparticles.Thatis,theyhave“conditionalelementarity”becausetheykeeptheiridentityanddonotchangeinanycollisionsorinotherprocessesattheselowenergyexchanges."如果这些交换低于1电子伏特，例如在一个房间里空气分子之间的碰撞，那么原子和分子可以被视为基本粒子。也就是说，它们有“条件元素性”因为它们保持它们的同一性，在任何碰撞或其他低能量交换过程中都不会改变。据此可知条件元素性在能量交换过程中不会改变。故A项“给定的能量交换水平上保持不变”正确。

9.单选题

Thetermindustrialdesignwas________in1919bytheAmericanindustrialdesignerJosephSinel.

问题1选项

A.originated

B.coined

C.inspired

D.inserted

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.originated起源，发源B.coined创造，独撰

C.inspired激励，鼓舞D.inserted插入，嵌入

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】空格处前面有be动词was，和动词的过去分词形式共同构成被动语态，动作的执行者是“美国工业设计师约瑟夫•西内尔”，动作的承受者是“工业设计这个术语（term）”，由此可知，本句表达的是以前并没有工业设计这个词，是约瑟夫•西内尔在1919年提出来的。coin指创造一个新的词或短语，然后其他人开始使用，因此B选项coined“创造，独撰”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项originated“起源，发源”指在某一特定的地方或情况中首次发生或出现，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配；

C选项inspired“激励，鼓舞”指给某人做某事的欲望、信心或热情，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配；

D选项inserted“插入，嵌入”指把某物放入另一物中或夹在两物之间，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配。

【句意】工业设计这个术语是由美国工业设计师约瑟夫•西内尔在1919年创造的。

10.单选题

（）thatnight.theuniongovernmentwouldhavebeenoverthrown.

问题1选项

A.Ifhewereassassinated

B.Wereheassassinated

C.Hehadbeenassassinated

D.Hadhebeenassassinated

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。在if虚拟条件句中，如果是对过去情况的虚拟，则条件从句中谓语动词用过去完成时，主句用would/could/should+have+动词过去分词形式。如果虚拟条件句中有were，had或should，则可以将if省略，将这几个词提到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。句意：如果他那天晚上被暗杀，那么联邦政府可能就已经被推翻了。故本题正确答案为D。

11.单选题

Youcan'tcountonhim;he'sliableto____________outwhenthingsbecomedifficult.

问题1选项

A.be

B.let

C.take

D.opt

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。beout“不在家”；letout“泄露”；takeout“取出”；optout“变卦”。句意：你不能指望他，如果事情变得复杂，他有可能会变卦。选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

Onceapoliticalsystemhasbeencorrupted,rightfromtheverytopleaderstothelowestranksofthegovernment,theproblemisverycomplicated.

问题1选项

A.spoiled

B.disintegrated

C.rotten

D.boiled

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。corrupted表示“腐败的”。A项spoiled“溺爱的，破坏的”，B项disintegrated“分裂的，崩溃的”，C项rotten“腐烂的，堕落的”，D项boiled“煮沸的”；句意：一旦一个政治体系腐败，从最高领导人到最低级别的政府，问题就变得非常复杂。根据句意该题选C。

13.翻译题

Pollutionisaproblembecausemaninanincreasinglypopulatedandindustrializedworldisupsettingtheenvironmentinwhichhelives.Manyscientistsmaintainthatoneofman’sgreatesterrorshasbeentoequategrowthwithadvancement.Now“growth”industriesarebeinglookedonwithsuspicionincasetheirsideeffectsdamagetheenvironmentanddisrupttherelationshipofdifferentformsoflife.Thegrowingpopulationmakesincreasingdemandsontheworld’sfixedsupplyofairwaterandland.Thisriseinpopulationisaccompaniedbythedesireofmoreandmorepeopleforabetterstandardofliving,inaneverincreasingamountofwastematerialtobedisposedof.Theproblemhasbeencausingincreasingconcerntolivingthingsandtheirenvironment.Manybelievethatmanisnotsolvingtheseproblemsquicklyenoughandthathisselfishpursuitofpossessionstakeshimpastthepointofnoreturnbeforehefullyrealizesthedamage.

【答案】污染是一个问题，因为在一个人口日益增长和工业化的世界里，人类正在破坏他所生活的环境。许多科学家坚持认为人类最大的错误之一就是把发展与进步等同起来。现在人们对成长型产业持怀疑态度，担心它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏不同生命形式之间的关系。不断增长的人口对世界上固定的空气、水和土地的供应提出了越来越高的要求。随着人口的增长，越来越多的人要求更高的生活水平，他们需要处理越来越多的垃圾。这一问题已引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有足够快地解决这些问题，他对财产的自私追求使他在完全意识到损害之前就已经到了不可挽回的地步。

14.单选题

Manyproducts,includingprescriptiondrugs,areregulatedbythefederalgovernment.However,thestateshavelawsthatallowinjuredconsumerstosueamanufacturer.

问题1选项

A.complain

B.charge

C.execute

D.punish

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项complain“抱怨；投诉”；B选项charge“使充电；指责；起诉”；C选项execute“执行；处死”；D选项punish“惩罚；严厉对待”。句意：许多产品，包括处方药，都由联邦政府监管。然而，各州有法律允许受害消费者……制造商。主语是laws“法律”可知采取的动作与受害消费者的维权有关，由此可以排除A，D选项。任何普通民众都没有给人执行死刑的权利，由此可排除C选项。因此B选项符合题意。

15.单选题

______dullhemaybe,heiscertainlyaverysuccessfultopexecutive.

问题1选项

A.Although

B.Whatever

C.As

D.However

【答案】D

【解析】考查倒装结构。although引导让步状语从句时不能倒装；whatever后面常跟名词；as引导让步状语从句时，结构为：形容词/副词/名词/动词+as+主语+谓语；however引导让步状语从句时，后面跟形容词或副词。句意：不管他有多迟钝，他无疑是一位非常成功的高管。

16.单选题

Theteam’sefforttoscorewas（）bytheopposinggoalkeeper.

问题1选项

A.frustrated

B.prevented

C.discouraged

D.accomplished

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项frustrate表示“挫败；阻挠；使感到灰心”，B选项prevent表示“预防；防止；阻止”，C选项discourage表示“阻止；使气馁；使沮丧”，D选项accomplish表示“完成；实现；达到（目的）”。由句意可知，该队想要进球的努力被对方的守门员挫败了。frustrate与effort搭配，表示“挫败……的努力”。因此，本题正确答案为A选项。

17.单选题

Theinternationalsituationhasbeengrowing（）difficultforthelastfewyears.

问题1选项

A.invariably

B.presumably

C.increasingly

D.dominantly

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项invariably“不变地”；B选项presumably“大概，推测起来”；C选项increasingly“越来越多地”；D选项dominantly“有统治权地”。句意：最近几年里，国际形势日益严峻。选项C符合句意。

18.单选题

TheAmericanbabyboomafterthewarmadeunconvincingU.S.advicetopoorcountriesthattheyrestraintheirbirths.However,therehashardlybeenayearsince1957inwhichbirthrateshavenotfallenintheUnitedStatesandotherrichcountries,andin1976thefallwasespeciallysharp.BothEastGermanyandWestGermanyhavefewerbirthsthantheyhavedeaths,andtheUnitedStatesisonlytemporarilyabletoavoidthisconditionbecausethechildrenofthebabyboomarenowanexceptionallylargegroupofmarriedcouples.

ItistruethatAmericansdonottypicallyplantheirbirthstosetanexamplefordevelopingnations.Wearemoreaffectedbywomen’sliberation:oncewomenseeinterestingandwell-paidjobsarecareersavailable,theyarelesswillingtoprovidefreelaborforchildraising.Fromcostingnothing,childrensuddenlycometoseemimpossiblyexpensive.Andtothehighcostofchildrenareaddedtheuncertainties,introducedbydivorce;couplesareincreasinglyunwillingtosubjectchildrentotheterribleexperienceofmaritalbreakdownandthemselvestothedifficultyofraisingachildalone.

Thesecircumstances—womenworkingoutsidethehomeandtheinstabilityofmarriage一tendtospreadwithindustrialsocietyandtheywillaffectmoreandmorecountriesinthenearfuture.Alongwiththemgoessocialmobility,ambitiontoriseintheurbanworld,amainfactorinbringingdownthebirthsinEuropeinthe19thcentury.

Foodshortagewillhappenagainwhenthereservesresultingfromthegoodharvestsof1998and1999havebeenconsumed.Urbanizationislikelytocontinue,withthecitiesofthedevelopingnationsstrugglingundertheweightoftwicetheirpresentpopulationsbytheyear2010.Th