考研考博-英语-新疆轻工职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-新疆轻工职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

You’llhavetochangeyour____oflifenowthatyouhavegotababy.

问题1选项

A.mode

B.mold

C.mood

D.form

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.mode方式；模式B.mold模具；类型

C.mood情绪D.form形式

【答案】A

【考查点】修饰语与被修饰语的搭配与形近词辨析

【解题思路】空格处所填词受“生活”修饰，原句句意为“既然你有了孩子，你就得改变你的生活____了。”根据前后语义推测，该处表达的是“生活方式”，A选项mode“方式；模式”最符合要求，modeoflife“生活方式”。

【干扰项排除】

B选项mold“模具；类型”，与“生活”搭配不当；

C选项mood“情绪，心情”，与“生活”搭配不当；

D选项form“形式”，侧重于指某种形式，虽然有时候可以翻译成方式，但是这个方式还是侧重于指以某种形式，“生活方式”常使用的还是mode。

【句意】既然你有了孩子，你就得改变你的生活方式了。

2.单选题

Asarule,（

）hightemperatures.

问题1选项

A.thatamphibiansareunabletotolerate

B.nottobetoleratedbyamphibians

C.amphibianscannottolerate 

D.amphibianslackoftolerancefor

【答案】C

【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知句子缺主语和谓语，amphibians作主语，cannottolerate作谓语，才能使句子结构完整，语义完整。A项中that缺先行词，可排除。B项中主语缺失，句子结构不完整，可排除。D项中lack为及物动词，接宾语不用接介词，可排除。根据排除法，选项C符合题意。句意：两栖动物通常无法忍受高温。

3.单选题

Theenvelopearrivedwiththeoldaddress（）,andthenewonewrittenalongsideit.

问题1选项

A.leftout

B.crossedout

C.cutout

D.fallen

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组。A:leftout“遗漏；忽略”；B:crossedout“勾掉，划掉”；C:cutout“停止；裁剪”；D:fallen“倒下”。句意：信封上的旧地址划掉了，旁边写着新地址。结合此处语境，B为正确答案。

4.单选题

Oneoftheconsequencesofadvancedcognitiveabilityhasbeentheemergenceofculturallife.

问题1选项

A.commendable

B.compiling

C.perceptive

D.pertinent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。cognitive“认知的；认识的”；A选项commendable“值得赞美的；很好的；可推荐的”；B选项compiling“编译；编制；编辑的”；C选项perceptive“感知的，知觉的”；D选项pertinent“相关的；中肯的；切题的”。句意：高级认知能力的结果之一是文化生活的出现。cognitive为cognition的名词形式，cognition有“认识”的意思，可推知cognitive为“认知的”的意思，因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Whilemanypeopleutilizehomeopathicremediestotreathealthproblems,otherpeopledonot（

）suchalternativetreatments,（

）conventionalmedicaltreatments

instead.

问题1选项

A.distrust...employing

B.embrace...eschewing

C.countenance...relyingon

D.recommend...turningfrom

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项distrust“不信任，怀疑”；employ“雇佣”；B选项embrace“拥抱”；eschew“避开”；C选项countenance“赞成”；relyon“依靠，依赖”；D选项recommend“推荐”；turnfrom“对…感到厌恶”。根据句意‘当很多人使用顺势疗法来治疗健康问题时，其他人并不赞成这样的治疗方法，而是更信赖传统的药物治疗。’C选项正确。

6.单选题

Nineistothree（）threeistoone.

问题1选项

A.when

B.that

C.which

D.what

【答案】D

【解析】考查方式状语从句。AistoBwhatCistoD是固定句式，意思是“A对于B来说就等于C对于D一样”，what在句中引导方式状语从句，表示“好比，正如”。句意：九比三等于三比一。因此D选项正确。

7.翻译题

今诸生学于太学(theImperialCollege)，县官(theroyalcourt)日有廪稍之供，父母岁有裘葛之遗，无冻馁之患矣；坐大厦之下而诵《诗》《书》，无奔走之劳矣；有司业(DirectorsofStudies)、博士之师，未有问而不告，求而不得者也；凡所宜有之书集于此，不必若余之手录，假诸人而后见也。其业有不精，德有不成者，非天质之卑，则心不若余之专耳，岂他人之过哉？(5分)

人们为梦想而斗争，正如为财产而斗争一样。于是梦想即由幻想的世界走进了现实的世界，而成为了我们生命中的一个真实力量。梦想无论怎样模糊，总潜伏在我们心底，使我们的心境永远得不到宁静，直到这些梦想成为事实为止；像种子在底下一样，一定要萌芽滋长，伸出地面来，寻找阳光。(4分)

目前是研究在交叉文化与多种文化方面人类的相似性的最好时机了。差异谈得够多了。强调我们的差异使我们人类彼此疏远，使我们长久地相互猜疑；在极端的情况下加深我们的分歧使我们彼此否定，失去人性结果是导致相互残杀。(3分)

刑事侦破(forensic)科学家的工作，与其说是迅速和富于洞察力，不如说是更为缓慢，更具有分析性的。但这种方法所展示出的高质量与谨慎可由如下事实得以反映出来：只有少数案件真正会成为审判室的主要案件。鉴于在预审中被告所听到的刑侦证据之确凿，他们常常折服于证明他们有罪的有分量的科学信息，并且在审判还未开始之前就低头认罪。（3分）

【答案】NowadaysmanystudentspursueaneducationintheImperialCollege,theywouldn’tneedtoworryaboutstarvationandcoldnessastheroyalcourtwouldofferthemeverydayfoodforfreeandparentsyourseasonalclothes.Withoutgoingoutside,theyjustsitinthecomfortableroomandreadtheclassicpoemsandhistoricalbooks.WithDirectorsofStudiesandMr.Knowledgebeingtheirteachers,alloftheirquestionsandinquirieswillbesolved.TheCollegehassuchasufficientcollectionofbooksthattheyneedn’tmakehandwrittencopiesafterborrowingbooksfromotherslikeIdidbefore.Iftheymakenoachievementintheirstudyandfailtobeapersonofhighvirtue,itdoesn’tresultfromtheirlearningabilitybuttheirlessdevotion.Itistheirownfault.

Peoplefightfordreamsjustthesameasforwealth.Dreamscomeintotherealityworldfromafantasyone,andbecomeakindofrealforceinourlives.Nomatterhowpuzzlingtheymayseem,dreamshideinourinnerheartssothatwecouldeverfindnopeaceinourmindsuntiltheybecomereality.Likeseedsdeepunderground,dreamssproutandgrowtofindthesun.

Itisthebesttimenowtostudyonhumansimilaritiesincross-cultureandmulti-cultureaspects.Nomoredifferences.Emphasizingthedifferenceskeepsusawayfromeachotherandsuspectseachotherforalongtime.Deepeningourdivergenceswouldresultin,tosomeextremes,ourdoubtstoeverybody,andmakeourhumannaturelost,wemightendupwithcruelkillingamongus.

Ratherthanbeingquickandofgreatinsight,theforensicscientists'workremainsslowandanalytic.Thehighqualityandcarefulnessofthismethod,however,couldbeshownonthefollowingfacts.Onlyafewcaseswouldactuallycometotrial.Thedefendantsareoftenconvincedbytheforensicevidencepresentedinthepre-trials,whicharescientificandimportantenoughtoestablishtheirguilt,andcommittocrimesbeforetrials.admittheircrimesbeforetrials.

8.单选题

Maryisfinegirleventhoughshe'ssometimesabruptinmanner.

问题1选项

A.devious

B.brusque

C.shrew

D.irritable

【答案】B

【解析】句意：玛丽是个好女孩，虽然她有时举止粗鲁。abrupt意为“生硬的，唐突的，粗鲁的。Devious偏僻的，弯曲的；brusque唐突的，直率的，无礼的；shrew泼妇，悍妇；irritable急躁的，易怒的。选项B与之意思最为相近。

9.单选题

Theminister（）allhisofficialspaythetax.

问题1选项

A.bids

B.blesses

C.barks

D.baffles

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项bid“吩咐，命令”，B项bless“保佑”，C项bark“吠叫，咆哮”，D项baffle“使困惑”。句意：部长要求他所有的官员都纳税。根据句意，该题选A正确。

10.单选题

Insciencethemeaningoftheword"explain"sufferswithcivilization'severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstspeculatedon

theelectrificationofamber.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces"really"are.Electricity,BertrandRussellsays,"isnotathing,likeSt.Paul'sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell."Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedwesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat'swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat'swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.

1.BertrandRussell'snotionaboutelectricityis（）.

2.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeideathat（）.

3.Theexpression"speculatedon"(Line4)means（）.

问题1选项

A.disapprovedofbymostmodernscientists

B.inagreementwithAristotle'stheoryofself-evidentprinciples

C.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"how"thingshappen

D.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"why"thingshappen

问题2选项

A.thereareself-evidentprinciples

B.therearemysteriousforcesintheuniverse

C.mancannotdiscoverwhatforces"really"are

D.wecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo

问题3选项

A.considered

B.suspected

C.expected

D.engagedinbuyingandselling

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

【解析】1.细节推理题。题干：伯特兰•罗素关于电的见解_____。文章引用了罗素的见解之后有一句“Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea”，此句是notuntil句型的变形，提取了disapproved中的否定部分后，可理解为“直到现在科学家们才赞成这个说法”，可知罗素的见解与当代科学家们是符合的。文章最后一句提到“Galileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginated…formsthebasisofscientificinvestigation”，说明当代科学是研究“howthingshappen”。因此C选项符合题意。

2.细节题。题干：这篇文章说，直到最近科学家们才同意这种观点______。题干部分的理解与上题选项一致。科学家们同意的是罗素的观点，而作者引用罗素是为了说明“Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces"really"are”，因此C选项符合题意。

3.词义题。定位句说到，科学不能真正解释电、磁、重力，它们的效果能被测量和预测。对于它们的本性，现代科学家并不比希腊哲学家泰利斯知道得更多。所以对于琥珀带电这件事，泰勒斯应该停留在思考阶段，还不能说是怀疑。因此A选型符合题意。

11.单选题

Itwouldbeenormouslyconvenienttohaveasingle,generallyacceptedindexoftheeconomicandsocialwelfareofthepeopleoftheUnitedStates.Aglanceatitwouldtellushowmuchbetterorworseoffwehadbecomeeachyear,andwewouldjudgethedesirabilityofanyproposedactionbyaskingwhetheritwouldraiseorlowerthisindex.Somerecentdiscussionimpliesthatsuchanindexcouldbeconstructed.ArticlesinthepopularpressevencriticizetheGrossNationalProductionbecauseitisnotsuchacompleteindexofwelfare,ignoring,ontheonehand,thatitwasneverintendedtobe,andsuggesting,ontheotherhand,thatwithappropriatechangesitcouldbeconvertedintoone.

Theoutputavailabletosatisfyourwantsandneedsisoneimportantdeterminantofwelfare.Whateverwant,need,orsocialproblemengagesourattention,weordinarilycanmoreeasilyfindresourcestodealwithitwhenoutputislargeandgrowingthanwhenitisnot.GNPmeasuresoutputfairlywell,buttoevaluatewelfarewewouldneedadditionalmeasureswhichwouldbefarmoredifficulttoconstruct.Wewouldneedanindexofrealcostsincurredinproduction,becausewearebetteroffifwegetthesameoutputatlesscost.Useofjustman-hoursforwelfareevaluationwouldunreasonablyimplythattoincreasetotalhoursbyraisingthehoursofeightwomenfrom60to65aweekimposesnomoreburdenthanraisingthehoursofeightmenfrom40to45aweek,oreventhanhiringoneinvoluntarilyunemployedpersonfor40hoursaweek.Ameasureofrealcostsoflaborwouldalsohavetoconsiderworkingconditions.Mostofusspendalmosthalfourwakinghoursonthejobandourwelfareisvitallyaffectedbythecircumstancesinwhichwespendthosehours.

Tomeasurewelfarewewouldneedameasureofchangesintheneedouroutputmustsatisfy.Oneaspect,populationchange,isnowhandledbyconvertingoutputtoapercapitabasisontheassumptionthat,otherthingsequal,twiceasmanypeopleneedtwiceasmanygoodsandservicestobeequallywelloff.Butanindexofneedswouldalsoaccountfordifferencesintherequirementsforlivingasthepopulationbecomesmoreurbanizedandsuburbanized;forthechangesinnationaldefenserequirements;andforchangesintheeffectofweatheronourneeds.Theindexwouldhavetotellusthecostofmeetingourneedsinabaseyearcomparedwiththecostofmeetingthemequallywellunderthecircumstancesprevailingineveryotheryear.

Measuresofneedsshadeintomeasureofthehumanandphysicalenvironmentinwhichwelive.Weallareenormouslyaffectedbythepeoplearoundus.Canwegowherewelikewithoutfearofattack?Wearealsoaffectedbythephysicalenvironment—purityofwaterandair,accessibilityofparklandandotherconditions.Tomeasurethisrequiresaccuratedata,butsuchdataaregenerallydeficient.Moreover,weightingisrequired:tocombinerobberiesandmurdersinacrimeindex;tocombinepollutionofthePotomacandpollutionofLakeErieintoawaterpollutionindex;andthentocombinecrimeandwaterpollutionintosomegeneralindex.Butthereisnobasisforweightingthesebeyondindividualpreference.

Therearefurtherproblems.Tomeasurewelfarewewouldneedanindexofthegoodnessofthedistributionofincome.Thereissurelyconsensusthatgiventhesametotalincomeandoutput,adistributionwithfewerfamiliesinpovertywouldbethebetter,butwhatistheidealdistribution?Evenifwecouldconstructindexesofoutput,realcosts,needs,stateoftheenvironment,wecouldnotcomputeawelfareindexbecausewehavenosystemofweightstocombinethem.

1.Theauthor’sprimaryconcernisto______.

2.Theauthorimpliesthatman-hoursisnotanappropriatemeasureofrealcostbecauseit______.

3.Themostimportantreasonwhyasingleindexofwelfarecannotbedesignedisthat______.

4.AnadequatemeasureofneedmusttakeintoaccountallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

5.Theauthorregardstheideaofageneralindexofwelfareas______.

问题1选项

A.refuteargumentsforaposition

B.makeaproposalanddefendit

C.showdefectsinaproposal

D.reviewliteraturerelevanttoaproblem

问题2选项

A.ignorestheconditionsunderwhichtheoutputisgenerated

B.failstotakeintoconsiderationtheenvironmentalcostsofproduction

C.isnotaneffectivemethodforreducingunemployment

D.wasneverintendedtobeageneralmeasureofwelfare

问题3选项

A.thecostassociatedwithproducingtheindexwouldbeprohibitive

B.considerableempiricalresearchwouldhavetobedoneregardingoutputandneeds

C.anyweightingofvariousmeasuresintoageneralindexwouldbeinherentlysubjective

D.accuratestatisticsoncrimeandpollutionarenotyetavailable

问题4选项

A.changeeffectsonpeopleoftheweather

B.differencesinneedsofurbanandsuburbanpopulations

C.changingrequirementsforgovernmentalprogramssuchasdefense

D.accessibilityofparklandandotherpremises

问题5选项

A.anunrealisticdream

B.animportantcontribution

C.afuturenecessity

D.adesirablechange

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一句即本文的主旨句“Itwouldbeenormouslyconvenienttohaveasingle,generallyacceptedindexoftheeconomicandsocialwelfareofthepeopleoftheUnitedStates.（如果有一个单一的、普遍接受的指标，用以衡量美国人的经济和社会福利，那将是极其方便的。）”，作者在文章中主要分析的是该论点的不可行性，所以A选项“反驳某一立场的论点”符合题意。B选项“提出建议并为之辩护”；C选项“显示提案中的缺陷”；D选项“回顾与问题相关的文献”。因此A选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Wewouldneedanindexofrealcostsincurredinproduction,becausewearebetteroffifwegetthesameoutputatlesscost.Useofjustman-hoursforwelfareevaluationwouldunreasonablyimplythattoincreasetotalhoursbyraisingthehoursofeightwomenfrom60to65aweekimposesnomoreburdenthanraisingthehoursofeightmenfrom40to45aweek,oreventhanhiringoneinvoluntarilyunemployedpersonfor40hoursaweek.Ameasureofrealcostsoflaborwouldalsohavetoconsiderworkingconditions.（我们需要一个指数，用于测量生产涉及的实际成本，因为如果我们用较低成本获取同样的产值，这说明我们更富有。用工时来衡量福利状况是不合理的，这意味着：将8名妇女每周的总工时从60小时提高到65小时，与将8个男人每周的工时从40小时提高到45小时，或甚至雇用一个非自愿失业的人每周工作40小时，增加的负担是一样的。要计算实际的劳动力成本，还要考虑工作条件。）”由此可知作者认为工时不是衡量实际成本的适当方法，因为工作条件也应该被考虑到，所以A选项“忽略了输出生成的条件”符合题意。B选项“没有考虑生产的环境成本”；C选项“不是减少失业的有效方法”；D选项“从来不是用来衡量福利的一般标准”。因此A选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“Measuresofneedsshadeintomeasureofthehumanandphysicalenvironmentinwhichwelive...Butthereisnobasisforweightingthesebeyondindividualpreference.（测量‘需求’最终会转化为测量我们生活的人类环境和自然环境……但是，这些测算结果除个人的偏好以外没有其他基础。）”由此可知，我们可以分别测量各种指标，并最终将这些测算结果合成一个综合指标，但是，作者在本段最后一句指出，这些测算结果除个人的偏好以外没有其他基础，所以C选项“任何将各种衡量方法纳入一个综合指数的权重本身都是主观的”符合题意。A选项“与生产指数相关的成本将是令人望而却步的”；B选项“必须对产出和需求进行大量的实证研究”；D选项“关于犯罪和污染的准确统计数字尚未可用”。因此C选项正确。

24.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Butanindexofneedswouldalsoaccountfordifferencesintherequirementsforlivingasthepopulationbecomesmoreurbanizedandsuburbanized;forthechangesinnationaldefenserequirements;andforchangesintheeffectofweatheronourneeds.（但测量‘需求’要考虑下列因素：随着人口的城市化和市郊化，人们对生活的不同要求；国防需要的变化；天气变化对我们的需求的影响。）”，由此可知A选项“天气变化对人们的影响”；B选项“城市和郊区人口需求的差异”；C选项“政府项目（如国防）需求的变化”都正确，第四段提到“Wearealsoaffectedbythephysicalenvironment—purityofwaterandair,accessibilityofparklandandotherconditions.Tomeasurethisrequiresaccuratedata,butsuchdataaregenerallydeficient.（我们还受到物理环境的影响，水和空气的纯度，公园土地的可达性等条件。要衡量这一点需要准确的数据，但这些数据通常是不足的。）”，所以D选项“公园用地和其他场所的可达性”不正确，因此该题应选D选项。

5.作者意图题。最后一段指出“Evenifwecouldconstructindexesofoutput,realcosts,needs,stateoftheenvironment,wecouldnotcomputeawelfareindexbecausewehavenosystemofweightstocombinethem.（即使我们能设计出测量产量、实际成本、需求、环境状况的各种指数，我们也计算不出福利指数，因为我们缺乏把它们综合在一起的权重体系。）”，由此可知作者认为福利总指数的概念并不能被实现，因此A选项“不切实际的梦”符合题意。B选项“是一项重要贡献”；C选项“未来的必需品”；D选项“理想的变化”。因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

Togreatacclaim,WangYing-laiandhisteamattheInstituteofBiochemistryinShanghaiannounced,in1965,thattheyhadsynthesizedbiologicallyactiveinsulin.SimilarresearchwasbeingconductedinlabsintheUnitedStatesandacrossEurope,butWang’sdiscoverywaswellinadvanceofhisrivals,andusheredinaneweraofsyntheticproteins.Thisexample,unfortunately,istheexceptionratherthantheruleforChinesescience.Chinahasalongwaytogotoberecognizedasaleadingscientificcountry,butrapidprogressisbeingmade.

ModernscientificresearchdidnotbegininChinauntiltheearlytwentiethcentury.ThefoundingoftheAcademiaSinicaanditsassociatedresearchinstitutesin1928signifieditsbeginning,butitsactivitywasseriouslydisruptedbyintermittentwarsandpoliticalturmoil.Sciencehashadlittlechancetotakehold.

Now,giventhesoundnessoftheChineseeconomy,thesteadyincreaseinthegovernment’sfundingforbasicandappliedresearch,andthegeneralappreciationoftheimportanceofscientificdevelopment,thetimehascomeforChinatomakeitspresencefeltontheinternationalresearchstage.

IhavehelpedtobuildseveralacademicprogramsinChinaduringthepasttwodecades,andInowbelievethattheremainingobstaclestoChineseresearchinstitutionsachievingexcellenceareculturalratherthaneconomic.

Authorityversuscreativity

TheConfuciantraditionofrespectingcustomsandhierarchyhascastalongshadowovermodernChina.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformityinthepastdecadeshavehamperedthecreationofanenvironmentthatfostersindividualcreativity.Deferencetoauthorityandtoexistingparadigmsisamajorbarriertoscientificbreakthrough.

ScienceeducationinChinaisextensiveandrigorous,andhaswonuniversalpraise.Butittakesmorethanthistocultivatescientists;studentsshouldbeinspiredtopursueknowledgeitself,andahabitofraisingquestionsneedstobefostered.Challengestoexistingevidence,hypothesesandconcepts,howeverI,oughttobeencouragedandseriouslyaddressed.

Respectforauthoritiesandthespiritofconformityleavetheirmarkonthestyleofscientificresearchaswell.ResearchprogramsinChinaoftencloselyfollowexistinglinesofresearchintheWest,usingsimilarparadigms.Thisoftenleadstocompetitionatadisadvantage.

ColleaguesinChinaoftencomplainthattheirresultsarenotappreciated,whereassimilarworkperformedinWesterncountriesispublishedinhigh-profilejournals.

Strengtheningtheuniquenessoftheirworkwillincreaseitsvisibility,aswillimprovingitspresentation.AttheInstituteofNeuroscienceinShanghai,wegiveregularscientific-writingclasses,usingdraftsofmanuscriptstoillustratehowtoimproveclarityandprecision.

Theseskillsareimportant,butultimatelyitisconfidenceandskillinattackingimportantproblemsattheforefrontofsciencethatwillleadtomajordiscoveriesandinternationalrecognition.

CriticalscientificexchangeisrarelyseeninChina,especiallyinpublic.YetopenandfrankdialogueisurgentlyneededtomakescientificconferencesinChinanotjustfriendlygatheringsbutintellectualeventsthatstimulateideas.UnduecourtesymaybeindispensableformaintainingtheConfucianorderinatraditionalChinesefamily,butitisdetrimentaltoresearchinstitutions.Onewaytoovercomethismightbefortheorganizersofscientificmeetingstobeginwiththestatementthatcriticalornegativecommentsaretobetakenasconstructiveinputs.

Theattitudetowardscritiqueisalsorelevanttothesubmissionofscientificpaperstointernationaljournals.Criticalcommentsbyrefereesmayatfirstglanceseemunfairorhostile.Researcherswouldbenefitfromamorepositiveapproach:itisoftenusefultoreflectuponthecommentsandthengobacktothelaboratorybench,ratherthansendingthepaperimmediatelytoadifferentjournalwithoutmuchimprovement.Forexample,investigatorsfromtheInstituteofNeurosciencehavemadegreateffortstoimprovethequalityoftheworkuponrejectionoftheirpapers,andthisapproachhasbeenrewardedbyamarkedincreaseinthenumberofpublicationsinhigh-qualityjournalsinthepastfewyears.

31.ThefindingofWangandhisteamis______thatofotherresearchersaroundtheworld.

32.WhatmarkedupthestartofscientificresearchinChina?

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whichmainlyhindersChinesescientistsfromindividualcreativity?

34.ForChinesescientists,asthispassageshows,whichreasonisnotamongtheonescausingthelowchancesofpublishingresultsinternationally?

35.Whichtypeofattitudeshouldwriterstakewhenreadingcritiquesofpeerreviews?

问题1选项

A.muchbetterthan

B.similarto

C.somehowpoorerthan

D.notalloftheabove

问题2选项

A.WangYing-Laiandhisteam.

B.Confuciusculture.

C.TheestablishmentofAcademiaSinica.

D.Disruptionofintermittentwars.

问题3选项

A.Strongcouragetochallengeauthorityandexistingparadigms.

B.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformity.

C.Chineseeconomy.

D.Thegovernment’sfunding.

问题4选项

A.Westernresearchersdonotappreciatetheirresults.

B.Lackofuniqueness.

C.Uncommontohaveregularscientificwritingcourses.

D.Raretoseecriticalscientificexchange.

问题5选项

A.hostile

B.positiveandthankful

C.indifferent

D.worrisome

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】31.【选项释义】

31.ThefindingofWangandhisteamis______thatofotherresearchersaroundtheworld.31.王和他的团队的发现______世界上其他研究人员的发现。

A.muchbetterthanA.强得多

B.similartoB.相似

C.somehowpoorerthanC.某种程度上不如

D.notalloftheaboveD.以上都不是

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第二句“美国和欧洲的实验室也在进行类似的研究，但王的发现远远领先于（wellinadvanceof）他的竞争对手，开启了合成蛋白质的新时代（usheredinanewera）”，从inadvanceof（领先）和usheredinanewera（开启了新时代）可知，王的团队的发现要比世界上其他研究人员的发现更好，故该题选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项在文中是说其他实验室的研究类似，并不是发现类似，属于张冠李戴；

C、D选项与原文不符，属于曲解原文。

32.【选项释义】

32.WhatmarkedupthestartofscientificresearchinChina?32.什么标志着中国科学研究的开始？

A.WangYing-Laiandhisteam.A.王英来和他的团队。

B.Confuciusculture.B.儒家文化。

C.TheestablishmentofAcademiaSinica.

C.中央研究院的成立。

D.Disruptionofintermittentwars.

D.间断性战争的中断。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据关键词scientificresearch定位到文章第二段，从第二句“1928年成立的中央研究院及其相关研究机构标志着它的开始”可知，中国科学研究的开始的标志是中央研究院的成立。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项都与原文出处无关，属于张冠李戴。

33.【选项释义】

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whichmainlyhindersChinesescientistsfromindividualcreativity?33.作者认为，阻碍中国科学家个人创造力的主要因素是什么？

A.Strongcouragetochallengeauthorityandexistingparadigms.A.敢于挑战权威和现有模式。

B.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformity.B.独裁统治和政治一致性。

C.Chineseeconomy.C.中国经济。

D.Thegovernment’sfunding.D.政府的资助。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据关键信息individualcreativity定位到文章第五段第二句“过去几十年的专制统治和政治一致性阻碍了培养个人创造力的环境的创造”，可知，是专制统治和政治一致性阻碍了个人创造力的发展。因此，该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项是突破个人创造力阻碍的因素，与题干相反，属于反向干扰；

C、D选项是当前中国科学发展良好的因素，与题干无关，属于张冠李戴。

34.【选项释义】

34.ForChinesescientists,asthispassageshows,whichreasonisnotamongtheonescausingthelowchancesofpublishingresultsinternationally?34.对于中国科学家来说，如本文所述，哪一个原因不是导致在国际上发表成果的机会低的原因之一？

A.Westernresearchersdonotappreciatetheirresults.A.西方研究人员并不欣赏他们的研究结果。

B.Lackofuniqueness.B.缺乏独特性。

C.Uncommontohaveregularscientificwritingcourses.C.定期的科学写作课程并不常见。

D.Raretoseecriticalscientificexchange.D.难得看到批判性的科学交流。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据文章倒数第四段最后一句“在上海神经科学研究所，我们定期开设科学写作课程（regularscientific-writingclasses），用草稿来说明如何提高清晰度和准确性”，从regularscientific-writingclasses（定期的科学写作课程）可知，这并不是中国研究在国际上出版率低的原因。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均是中国研究在国际上出版率低的原因，属于反向干扰。

35.【选项释义】

35.Whichtypeofattitudeshouldwriterstakewhenreadingcritiquesofpeerreviews?35.在阅读同行评议的评论时，作者们应该采取哪种态度？

A.hostileA.敌意的

B.positiveandthankfulB.积极和感恩的

C.indifferentC.冷漠的

D.worrisomeD.令人担心的

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】文章最后一段第三句提到“研究人员将从一个更积极的方法中（amorepositiveapproach）受益：对评论进行反思（reflect），然后回到实验室做实验，而不是立即将论文发送到不同的期刊，而没有太多改进”，从中可知，研究人员应该用积极和反思的态度来面对同行的批评，因此该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合原文，属于曲解原文。

13.单选题

Surgicalprocedureshavemanyrisks________inthem.

问题1选项

A.attached

B.lying

C.inherent

D.unseen

【答案】C

【解析】考查情态动词辨析。A选项“附加的”；B选项“说谎的”；C选项“内在的，固有的”；D选项“看不见的”。句意：手术步骤本身（）会有很多风险。根据句意我们可以排除B选项；attached一般和介词to搭配，所以A排除；unseen一般指肉眼看不见的，没有“潜在的”的意思，代入句子中不符合句意，所以排除D；根据关键词in，我们应该选C。

14.单选题

Acomprehensivemarketsystemshouldbeestablishedto（

）theflowoftalent,fundsandmaterials.

问题1选项

A.suffice

B.necessitate

C.facilitate

D.fabricate

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项suffice“使满足”；B选项necessitate“使成为必需”；C选项facilitate“促进，帮助”；D选项fabricate“伪造”。句意：应该建立完善的市场体系促进人才、资金和物资的流动。选项C符合句意。

15.单选题

Ourteacherwasusuallyverykindsothathissudden（）greatlysurprisedus.

问题1选项

A.heartiness

B.unhappiness

C.harshness

D.uprightness

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项heartiness“热心；诚实”；B选项unhappiness“不幸福”；C选项harshness“严厉；严肃”；D选项uprightness“正直”。句意：我们老师平常很和气，因此突然……起来让我们大吃一惊。有转折应选反义词汇最为合适，故选C。

16.单选题

Oneoftheseriousproblemsfacingusis（）ofhowtogetmorewaterformantouse.

问题1选项

A.that

B.it

C.which

D.what

【答案】A

【解析】句意:我们面临的一个严重问题是如何获得更多的水供人类使用。

语法题。考查从句。空格后面是is的表语，因此后面部分只能是名词性结构或者从句。这里用that指代前面的problem，故选A。

17.单选题

Ascivilization（）inthedirectionoftechnology,itpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife-food,shelterandclothes.

问题1选项

A.processes

B.precedes

C.proceed

D.exceeds

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A:process“加工，处理”；B:precede“领先”；C:proceed“行进”；D:exceed“超过”。句意：随着文明朝着科技的方向前进，它改变了生活最基本的要素——食物、住所和衣服。结合此处题干：朝着科技的方向，判断出C选项为正确答案。

18.单选题

Icanmeetyouateighto’clock;（

）youcancallforme.

问题1选项

A.incidentally

B.actually

C.alternatively

D.accordingly

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我可以八点钟跟你见面，或者你也可以来接我。

考查副词辨析。Incidentally顺便,偶然地;actually实际上;alternatively二者择一地,或者;accordingly因此。故C符合句意。

19.不定项选择题

Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressiontheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpression:“aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth.”Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenceagainstsociety.Tomakeupforhisoffence,societymustgeteven.Thiscanbedoneonlybydoinganequalinjurytohim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegaldocumentsandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohadcommittedmurder.Thisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbyt