考研考博-英语-广东亚视演艺职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广东亚视演艺职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Doyouforgettoturnofffilelightsandheaterswhenyougooutofaroom?In2040itwillnotmater.Theywillturnthemselvesoff—andonagainwhenyoureturn.Youwillchoosethetemperatureforeachroom,thelightingandthehumidity.Asensorwilldetectthepresenceofahuman(and,withluck,ignorethedog!)andturnthesystemson,andwhenthehumansleaveitwillturnthemoffagain.

Thesensorswillworkthroughthecentralhomecomputer,andtheywilldomuchmorethanjustturnthefiresandlightsonandoffforyou.Theywilldetectfaultyelectricalappliances,plugsorswitches,isolatethemsothattheycannotharmanyone,andthenwarnyouthattheyneedrepair.Theywilldetectfireandifyouareoutofthehouse,thecomputerwillcallthefirebrigade.Itwillalsocallthepoliceshouldthesensorsdetectanintruder.Thiswillnotbedifficultbecausethelocksontheoutsidedoorswillbeelectronic.Youwillopenthemusingyourpersonalcard—theoneyouuseforshopping—maybeusinganumberknownonlytoyou.

Itwillbeimpossibletolosethekey,andahousebreakerwillhavetotamperwiththelockorwithawindow.Itisnotverydifficulttomakesuchtamperingsendasignaltothecomputer.

Thecomputerwillbemorethanafireman—policeman-servant.Itwillbeanentertainer,andmostofyourentertainmentwillcomerightintoyourhome.Itdoesnow,ofcourse,butby2040“entertainment”willmeanmuchmore.Foronething,youwillbeabletotakepartactively,ratherthanjustwatching.

51.Theauthorintendstotellusthat______.

52.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?

53.Accordingtotheauthor,in2040,newtechnology______.

54.Thankstocomputers,in2040people______.

55.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe______.

问题1选项

A.in2040wewilllivewithoutthelightsandheaters

B.in2040wewillusemuchmorelightsandheaters

C.in2040therewillbenoswitchesoflightsandheaters

D.in2040lightsandheaterswillbeonandoffautomatically

问题2选项

A.Thesensorismulti-functional.

B.Withoutacomputer,thesensorcannotdomuch.

C.Thesensorwilldetectfireandmakeanemergencycall.

D.Youcanbetakenforanintruderifyoutamperwiththelockorwithawindow.

问题3选项

A.willfreeusfromthekeysweusetoday

B.willturneverythingintosensors

C.willmakethelocksoutofdate

D.willeliminateallcrimes

问题4选项

A.willhavenoentertainmentoutside

B.willreplaceTVwithcomputers

C.willbecontrolledbycomputers

D.willhavemorefunathome

问题5选项

A.SensorsandComputers

B.LifeatHomeintheYear2040

C.TheDevelopmentofScienceandTechnology

D.LightsandHeatersintheYear2040

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】51.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“作者想要告诉我们……”。根据文章开篇第二、三句In2040itwillnotmater.Theywillturnthemselvesoff—andonagainwhenyoureturn.（到了2040年，这就不重要了。它们会自动关闭，当你回来的时候再打开）可知，作者想要告诉我们到了2040年，电灯和热水器会自动打开和关闭，因此D项“2040年，电灯和加热器将会自动开关”正确。A项“2040年，我们将生活在没有灯和暖气的情况下”，B项“到2040年，我们将使用更多的灯和加热器”和C项“2040年将不再有电灯和暖气的开关”，都不对，故该题选D。

52.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下列哪一项是错误的？”。根据第二段第一句Thesensorswillworkthroughthecentralhomecomputer,andtheywilldomuchmorethanjustturnthefiresandlightsonandoffforyou.（传感器将通过中央家庭计算机工作，它们将做更多的事情，而不仅仅是为你打开和关闭火和灯）可知，传感器是多功能的，而且如果没有计算机，传感器做不了多少事情；由此可知A项“传感器是多功能的”和B项“没有计算机，传感器不能做很多事情”正确；C项“传感器将探测到火灾并发出紧急呼叫”，根据第二段第三句Theywilldetectfireandifyouareoutofthehouse,thecomputerwillcallthefirebrigade.（它们会探测到火灾，如果你不在家，电脑就会呼叫消防队）可知，C项也正确；D项“如果你乱动门锁或窗户，你会被认为是入侵者”，第四段提到Itwillbeimpossibletolosethekey,andahousebreakerwillhavetotamperwiththelockorwithawindow.Itisnotverydifficulttomakesuchtamperingsendasignaltothecomputer.（钥匙是不可能丢的，而破门而入的人就得在锁上或窗户上乱动。要使这种篡改行为向计算机发送信号并不困难），这里只是说如果有闯入者，那么他需要破解门窗锁的密码，这种破解会很轻易地被电脑感知到；而不是说如果你要改变门窗锁你就会被当作闯入者。所以D项不对。故该题选D。

53.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据作者，到2040年新科技会……”。A项“将把我们从现在的使用钥匙中解放出来”，第二段最后一句Youwillopenthemusingyourpersonalcard—theoneyouuseforshopping—maybeusinganumberknownonlytoyou.（您将使用您的个人卡——购物时使用的那张——打开它们，可能使用的号码只有您自己知道）可知，到2040年人们将不再使用钥匙来开锁，所以A项正确；B项“将一切都变成传感器”，文中没有提到，且该项太绝对；C项“会使门锁过时”，文中只是说不需要锁了，没有说门锁过时，所以项也不选；D项“将消除所有犯罪”，新科技可以更好的增强防御系统，但是不能消除所有犯罪，太绝对，该项错误。故该题选A。

54.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“由于有计算机，到2040年人们将……”。最后一段讲到Thecomputerwillbemorethanafireman—policeman-servant.Itwillbeanentertainer,andmostofyourentertainmentwillcomerightintoyourhome.Itdoesnow,ofcourse,butby2040“entertainment”willmeanmuchmore.（计算机将不仅仅是一个消防员和警察的仆人。它将是一个娱乐，你的大部分娱乐将直接进入你的家。当然，现在是这样，但到2040年，“娱乐”的意义将大得多），由此可知电脑可以在家里提供给人们更多的娱乐；而没说人们不能出门娱乐，或不需要电视，或者被电脑控制，因此A项“在外面没有娱乐”，B项“将用电脑取代电视”和C项“将被计算机控制”均错误；只有D项“在家里会有更多的乐趣”符合题意。故该题选D。

55.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最好的题目是……”。全文讲的是2040年科技发展给人们家居生活带来的便利。A项“传感器和计算机”，题目太大，过于总结文章内容；B项“2040年的家庭生活”很好的概括了文章的内容，符合题意；C项“科学技术的发展”偏离了文章主旨；D项“2040年的灯和加热器”过于狭窄，不能表达技术的创新对生活品质的提升。故该题选B。

2.单选题

Recentfindingsindicatethatbirdscanalsousethemagneticfieldoftheearthasanaidto（）.

问题1选项

A.criterion

B.orientation

C.standard

D.guideline

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项criterion“标准；规范；准则”；B选项orientation“定位；适应；向东方”；C选项standard“标准；度量衡标准”；D选项guideline“指导方针”。句意：最近的调查结果表明，鸟类也能使用地球磁场作为定位的辅助手段。结合句意，B选项正确。

3.单选题

Nervousaboutflyinginplanes,（）.

问题1选项

A.thirtyyearsagopeopleknewnothingofspacetravel

B.peopleknewnothingofspacetravelthirtyyearsago

C.spacetravelwasunknownbypeoplethirtyyearsago

D.becausepeopleknewnothingofspacethirtyyearsago

【答案】B

【解析】考查句型结构辨析。A选项时间状语要放在句尾，跟前面句型保持一致；B选项正确，前面说的是nervous，也就是人们担心，因此后面也必须先出现人们；C选项主谓不一致，可排除；D选项缺少成分。句意：坐飞机感到紧张……。因此答案为B选项。

4.单选题

Theserviceoperates36librariesthroughoutthecountry,whilesix（

）libraries

speciallyservethecountryside.

问题1选项

A.mobile

B.drifting

C.shifting

D.rotating

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。mobilelibrary“流动图书馆”；drifting“漂流的”；shifting“不断移动的”；rotating“旋转的”。句意：这项服务在全国36个图书馆运行，而6个移动图书馆专门服务农村。由固定搭配可知A项正确。

5.填空题

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

PopulationChanging

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.(41)Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

(42)Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thedichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.(43)Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,deathandmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages.Iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound.Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemimportant.(44)

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe“signal”ecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whiledensity-dependenteffectsacttoproduce“nose”inthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.(45)Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

A.Itissometimespossibletoinfertheexistenceofadensity-independentfactorcontrollingpopulationgrowthwithoutunderstandingitscausativemechanism.

B.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.

C.However,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

D.Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.

E.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.

F.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.

【答案】41.B

42.D

43.F

44.C

45.E

【解析】41.下一句中提到了一个关键词thistask，所以空格这一句和task有关，故B项正确。

42.该段讲了种群的两种增长参数，density-dependent和density-independent，所以第一句很可能是该段的中心句，介绍这两类参数，所以D项正确。

43.根据第三句“无论出生率、死亡率和迁移率围绕其长期平均水平波动多么严重或不可预测，如果没有密度依赖的影响（iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects），从长远来看，人口将会毫无限制地增加或减少”，这一句讲的是第二段中的其中一种增长参数，由if虚拟语气可知，上一句是和density-independent有关，F项正确。

44.上两句说的是“换句话说，在一个人口中，平均99%的死亡都是由密度独立的原因造成的，只有1%是由随密度变化的因素造成的。构成这1%的因素似乎不重要。”，从这里可知，99%的死亡是由密度独立决定，1%的密度依赖因素似乎不重要；但该段第二句提到“没有一个种群能一直完全由密度独立因素驱动”，所以这里空格是要表示转折，故C项正确。

45.上一句提到“对于保持相对稳定的种群（Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant）”，下一句中也提到了“所有的人口（allpopulations）”，可知这一句是描述的另一类种群，与“相对稳定”相对的是“不稳定的”，所以E项正确。

6.单选题

Thenumberofpeoplebuyingprivateautosisstillrisingrapidly,thereforetheeffectofthegovernment'songoingeffortstocutairpollutionremainsopentoquestion.

问题1选项

A.rapidly,therefore

B.ongoingeffortstocut

C.remainsopen

D.toquestion.

E.没有问题

【答案】E

7.单选题

Unenlightenedauthoritarianmanagersrarelyrecognizeacrucialreasonforthelowlevelsofseriousconflictamongmembersofdemocraticallyrunworkgroups:amodicumoftolerancefordissentoftenpreventsrift.

问题1选项

A.demur

B.division

C.compliance

D.discern

【答案】B

【解析】考查近义名词辨析。A选项demur“异议；反对”；B选项division“除法；部门；分配；分裂；分割；赛区”；C选项compliance“顺从，服从；符合；屈从；可塑性”；D选项discern仅可做动词，意为“觉察出；识别；了解；隐约看见；辨别”。句意：不开明的独裁管理者很少意识到民主管理的工作团队成员之间严重冲突程度较低的一个关键原因：对异见的少量容忍往往可以防止出现裂痕。rift“裂缝；不和；裂口”，B选项与该词词意最相近，因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

MurovyovkaNaturePark,aprivatenaturereserve,istheresultofthevisionanddeterminationofoneman,SergeiSmirenski.TheMoscowUniversityProfessorhasgainedthesupportofinternationalfundsaswellaslocalofficials,businessmenandCollectivefarms.

Thankstohisefforts,theagriculturalprojectisalsounderwaytocreateanexperimentalfarmtoteachlocalfarmershowtofarmwithoutthetraditionallyheavyuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.TwoWisconsinfarmers,DonandEllenPadley,spentlastsummerpreparinglandinTanbovkadistrict,wheretheparkislocated，andtheywillreturnthissummertoplantit.

SpecialistsfromtheUniversityofUtahalsocametostudythelocalcattleindustry,lookingtodeveloppossibilitiesforbeefexportstoJapan.

Separately,10NewJerseyschoolteacherswillspendthesummerinthedistrictrunningsummercampsforthelocalchildrenthatwillstressfieldtripsandlecturesonthenaturearoundthem.

Theseprograms,particularlytheagriculturalproject,aregettingsomesupportfromtheUnitedStates,includingfundingfromtheMacArthurFoundation,theRockefellerBrothersFund,andtheUSAgencyforInternationalDevelopment.TheTrustforMutualUnderstandingandtheWeedierFoundationarealsosupportingtheInternationalCraneFoundation'sworkincreatingthepark.

TheWorldBankisfundingasmallprojecttostudythepossibilitiesforecotourismintheAinubasinregion.DeltaDreamVacations,aDeltaAirlinessubsidiary,islookingintoflightstoKhabarovskandVladivostokforecologytours,withsomeofthemoneygoingtosupportthezapovedniks(totallywildpreservesusedonlyforscientificresearch)intheregion.

ButthismoneyhasalsogeneratedajealousattemptbythelocalwildlifeservicetoblocktheMurovyovkaproject.

Theysaid,"Giveustheirmoney,andwe'lldoitbetter,"Smirenskisays.Theywenttothelocalcourttogetacourtordertohaltthecontract.Althoughtheyweresuccessfulatthatlevel,theAtomregionalgovernment,withencouragementfromMoscow,hasalreadymovedtoreversethedecisionasillegal.

"Idon'tpayattentiontothisnegativeside."Smirenskisayscharacteristicoptimisticfashion."Idecidedweshouldcontinuetocreate."

BeyondMurovyovka,thereareevenvastergrasslandsandwetlandsintheAmurbasinthatarevitalnestingareasforrarebirdssuchastheeasternwhitestork,andthered-crowned,white-napped;andhoodedcranes.Acomplexof100,000hectares,forexample,lieslargelyunprotectedinZhuravalini[literally"aplaceforcranes"]downstreamfromMurovyovkA.Creationofanationalpark,alongfortouristuse,hasbeenproposedforthisarea.

Akeypartoftheconservationstrategyistogainthesupportofregionalgovernmentsbygettingthemtoseethatsuchinternationallybackednatureprojectscanleadtobusinessandotherties,particularlytocountrieslikeJapanandChinA.Forexample,thecranesthatnestinRussiahavebeentrackedbysatellitetowinteringgroundsinIzumi,onJapan'ssouthernKyushuIslanD.Thislinkagehasprovedusefulbringingregionalofficialsfrombothcountriestogether.

Lastsummer,100JapaneseschoolchildrenfromtheTamaregionoutsideofTokyocametoKhabarovskontheAmentoexperiencethekindofuntouchednaturethathasdisappearedfromJapan.Aspartoftheexchange,theMayorofTamadonated26secondhandfiretruckstohiscounterpart.

"AfterthisthemayorofKhabarovsksaid,NowIwilllistentoyou,aboutyourbirdsandallyourproblems.'"RecountsSmirenski.Nowtheofficialsunderstandwhatcranesmeantothem."

1.Aprobablegoaloftheagriculturalprojectisto（）.

2.Summercampsintheareawill（）.

3.Projectsconnectedwiththedevelopmentofthenatureparkare（）.

4.Thezapovedniksappear（）.

5.ThepassageimpliesthatprojectslikeMurovyovka（）.

问题1选项

A.reducepollutioninreservefarmlands

B.induceUnitedNationscooperation

C.learnhowlocalfarmsareoperated

D.importnewbreedsoffarmanimals

问题2选项

A.bedesignedforforeignvisitors

B.beeducational

C.attractscientistsandecologists

D.housefieldlaborersandtheirfamiliesNormal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE

问题3选项

A.selfsustaining

B.narrowinscopeandvision

C.attractingworld-wideattention

D.amassingscientificdata

问题4选项

A.eagertosupporttheNaturePark

B.opposedtooutsidefunding

C.enviousofthePark'ssuccess

D.tohavelegaljurisdictionofthearea

问题5选项

A.faceinsurmountablefinancialproblems

B.taketoomuchfromlocalresidents

C.increasetheneedforfireengines

D.canpromoteinternationalcooperation

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。通过题干关键词agriculturalproject定位到原文第二段“Thankstohisefforts,theagriculturalprojectisalsounderwaytocreateanexperimentalfarmtoteachlocalfarmershowtofarmwithoutthetraditionallyheavyuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.”，中文翻译：由于他的努力，农业项目也在进行中，是为了建立一个试验性农场，教当地农民在不使用大量杀虫剂和化肥这一传统方法的情况下如何耕作。综合考虑，选项A符合题意。

2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词summercamps定位到原文“Separately,10NewJerseyschoolteacherswillspendthesummerinthedistrictrunningsummercampsforthelocalchildrenthatwillstressfieldtripsandlecturesonthenaturearoundthem.”，中文翻译：另外，10名新泽西学校的教师将在该地区为当地儿童举办夏令营，这些夏令营将强调实地考察和关于周围大自然的讲座。因此最佳答案为B选项。

3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词定位到原文“Theseprograms,particularlytheagriculturalproject,aregettingsomesupportfrom...”，中文翻译：“这些项目，特别是农业项目，正得到多方支持，如……”可以推断出答案选择C。

4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词zapovedniks定位到原文“…withsomeofthemoneygoingtosupportthezapovedniks(totallywildpreservesusedonlyforscientificresearch)intheregion.”中文翻译为：部分资金将用于支持该地区的zapovedniks(仅用于科学研究的野生保护区)。以及文章中“ButthismoneyhasalsogeneratedajealousattemptbythelocalwildlifeservicetoblocktheMurovyovkaproject.”，中文翻译为：这笔钱也引起了当地野生动物机构的嫉妒，以阻止穆罗维约夫项目。可知，C项符合题目描述。

5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到原文“Akeypartoftheconservationstrategyistogainthesupportofregionalgovernmentsbygettingthemtoseethatsuchinternationallybackednatureprojectscanleadtobusinessandotherties,particularlytocountrieslikeJapanandChina.”，中文翻译为：保护战略的一个关键点是通过让地方政府认识到这种国际支持的自然项目能够建立商业和其他联系，特别是与日本和中国这样的国家建立联系，从而获得区域政府的支持。可知。D选项正确。

9.单选题

Expertsbelievethelargenumberofcancercasesintheareais______thenewnuclearpowerstation.

问题1选项

A.resultedfrom

B.concernedabout

C.relatedto

D.dependenton

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.resultedfrom起因于，由……引起B.concernedabout关心

C.relatedto与……有关D.dependenton依赖于，依靠

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】由thelargenumberofcancercases（大量的癌症病例）与newnuclearpowerstation（新核电站）可知，它们两个之间是“有联系的”，而且berelatedto表示“与……有关”符合句意。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B、D选项不符合句意；

A选项resultfrom本身就有被动的含义在里面，所以前面不需要be动词，故排除。

【句意】专家认为该地区大量的癌症病例与新核电站有关。

10.单选题

Catherine

won'tmindifyou（）her

workload—sheneedstheextramoney.

问题1选项

A.amountto

B.addto

C.putup

D.goon

【答案】B

【解析】amountto指等于,意味着；addto指增大；putup指呈现；goon指继续。句意：Catherine不会介意你加大她的工作量,她急需用钱。选项B符合句意。

11.单选题

Thewordsofhisoldteacherlefta______impressiononhismind.Heisstillinfluencedbythem.

问题1选项

A.lasting

B.liberal

C.long

D.lively

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lasting“持久的；永恒的”；B选项liberal“开明的；大方的”；C选项long“长时间的”；D选项lively“活跃热情的；充满趣味的”。句意：他以前的老师的话给他留下了______印象。他仍然受到他们的影响。根据语境，很长的时间以后他都受老师言语的影响，lastingimpression为固定短语，A选项lasting“持久的；永恒的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

Yourfailureinthefinalexaminationisduetothefactthatyoudidn’t______enoughimportancetoyourEnglish.

问题1选项

A.put

B.attach

C.render

D.place

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A项put“放，赋予”，B项attach“贴上，系上”，C项render“回报，援助”，D项place“放置，寄予”。根据空格后的关键词importance“重要性”可知，attachimportancetosth.固定搭配，表示“重视”。句意：你期末考试不及格是由于你对英语不够重视。因此，该题选择B项正确。

13.单选题

Eventhoughcultureswidelyassumethatboysarestrongerandsturdierthangirls,basicbiologicalweaknessesarebuiltintothemaleofourspecies.Firstofall,humanmalesseemtobeslowlydisappearing.MotherNaturehasalwaysacknowledgedandcompensatedforthefragilityandlossofboysbyarrangingformoreofthem:106malebirthsto100femalenewbornsoverthecourseofhumanhistory.Butinrecentdecades,fromtheUnitedStatestoJapan,fromCanadatonorthernEurope,whereverresearchershavelooked,therateofmalenewbornshasdeclined.ExaminingUSbirthrecordsfortheyearsbetween1970and1990,theyfound1.7fewerboysper1,000thanindecadesandcenturiespast;Japan'slossinthesamedecadeswas3.7boys.

Boysarealsomorethantwo-thirdsmorelikelythangirlstobebomprematurelybeforethe37thweekofpregnancy.And,despiteadvancesinpublichealth,boysinthe1990sfaceda30percenthigherchanceofdeathbytheirfirstbirthdaythangirls;incontrast,backinthe1750s,theywereonly10percentmorelikelythangirlstodiesoearlyintheirlives.

Oncetheymakeittochildhood,boysfaceotherchallenges.Theyaremorepronetoarangeofneurologicaldisorders.Autism自闭症isnotoriouslyhigheramongboysthangirls:nownearlyfivetimesmorelikely,astalliedbytheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Theyaremoresusceptiblethangirlstodamagefromverylow-levelexposuretolead.Yetanotherproblem:boyssufferfromasthmaathigherrates.There'salsoastrongerlinkbetweenairpollutionandautisminboys.

Whydoboysfacesuchaburdenofphysicalchallenges?Theansweristhatthemale’sproblemsstartinthewomb:fromhismorecomplicatedfetaldevelopment,tohisgeneticmakeup,tohowhishormoneswork.Thenine-monthtransformationfromafewcellstoaninfantisatimeofgreatvulnerability.Manychronicillnessesareseededinthewomb.Inourspecies,thefemaleisthedefaultgender,thebasicsimplermodel:Humansstartoutinthewombwithfemalefeatures(thatiswhymaleshavenipples).Thecomplicatedtransformationinthewombfromfemaletomaleexposesthemaletoajourneypackedwithspecialperils.Whenthefirstblastoftestosterone睾酮fromtheYgenecomesalongatabouttheeighthweek,theunisexbrainhastomorphintoamalebrain,killingoffsomecellsinthecommunicationcentersandgrowingmorecellsinthesexandaggressioncenters.Thesimplerfemalereproductivesystemhastoturnintothemorecomplexmalereproductivetract,developingtissuessuchasthetestisandprostate前列腺.Further,ittakesagreaternumberofcelldivisionstomakeamale;witheachcomesthegreaterriskofanerroraswellasthegreatervulnerabilitytoahitfrompollutants.

Ontopofthatchallenge,thehumanmale’sXYchromosome染色体combinationissimplymorevulnerable.ThetwoXXsinthefemaleversionofourspeciesoffersomeprotection:IndisorderswhereoneXchromosomehasageneticdefect,thefemale’shealthybackupchromosomecantakeover.ButwithhissingleXchromosome,themalelacksahealthycopyofthegenetofallbackon.TheXchromosome,whichnevershrank,isalsoalargerchromosome“withfarmoregeneticinformationthantheYchromosome，’’findsIrvaHertz-Piciotto,aUniversityofCaliforniaatDavisautismresearcher,“sotheremaybesomeinherentlossofkeyproteinsforbraindevelopmentorrepairmechanismsinboys.”Thisisacluetothehigherautismrateamongboys,sheasserts.

Femalesalsohaveastrongerimmunesystembecausetheyarepackedwithestrogen雌激素，ahormonethatcounteractstheantioxidantprocess.“Estrogenprotectsthebrain,”explainsTheodoreSlotkin,professorofneurobiologyatDukeUniversity'sSchoolofMedicine.“Itrepairsandreplaces,evenafterneuralinjury,”Lowestrogenevenleavesboysmoresensitivetoheadinjuries.Themalebrain“issimplyamorefragileapparatus,moresensitivetoalmostallbraininsults,”saysleadpoisoningexpertHerbertNeedleman.

Itisthehighlevelsoftestosteroneinthewombatcriticaltimesingestation,accordingtoBritishpsychopathologistSimonBaron-Cohen,thatareresponsibleforwhathecalls“theextrememalebrain”--thekindexhibitedbyautisticboys-lowinempathy,highinsystematizing.AndinfactUSresearchersinrecentdecadeshavefoundunusuallylowestrogenandhightestosteronelevelsamongboyswithautism.

Ifthebalanceofhormonesisoutofwhackinmales,whatmadethathappen?Researchersarecomingupwithsomeclues.IntheNewYorkCityneighborhoodsnearColumbiaUniversity'sCenterforChildren’sEnvironmentalHealth,familiesforyearsroutinelysprayedtheirapartmentswithapopularinsecticide,chlorpyrifos,untilitwasbannedfromhouseholdusein2001.TheresearchersfoundthatprenatalexposuretothechemicalseemedtohavemoreofaneffectonreducingtheIQsofboysthangirls.Disruptionoftheirmalehormonesmaybethereason,“Onepossibleexplanationforthegreatersensitivityofboystochlorpyrifosisthattheinsecticideactsasanendocrinedisruptor肉分泌'干扰素tosuppresssex-specifichormones,”saidstudyleaderMeganHortonofColumbia.

Similarly,pregnantmothers'exposuretophthalates邻苯二甲酸酉旨一usedinmakingsomevinyl乙矯基productsandtoysaswellassomepersonalcareproducts-hasbeenlinkedtobiggerchangesinthebehavior,suchasaggressionandattentionproblems,oftheirsonsthantheirdaughters.Phthalatesalsomayfeminizemalegenitalia.

BoysalsoseemtobemorevulnerabletobisphenolA,anestrogenicsubstanceusedtomakepolycarbonateplasticsaswellastheliningsoffoodandbeveragecans.Boys,butnotgirls,exposedtohigherbisphenolAlevelsinthewomborduringchildhoodhadmorehyperactivity,aggressionandanxietyproblems,accordingtoaUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleystudy.Inaddition,pregnantwomenexposedtohigherlevelsofthechemicalgavebirthtobabyboyswithlowerthyroidhormones甲状腺激素.Nosucheffectwasdetectedinthebabygirls.Nooneknowswhattheselowerlevelsmaymeanfortheboys’healthbecausetheyremainedwithinnormalboundaries,butitcouldhaveimportanteffectsbecausethyroidhormonesguidebraindevelopment.

Someofthesechemicalsactlikefakeestrogens,otherslikefaketestosterone,butbothtypesseemtodisruptnormaldevelopment.Animaltestsshowthatadoseofthesechemicalsinflictthemostdamagewhenithitsafetus.And,becauseoftheirbiologicalvulnerabilities,itisboyswhomayexperiencethemosteffects.Whilenotforgoingthepushforfairnessandequality,itseemswisetoacceptthescientificrealityofmaleweaknesses.Thislikelywon'tmeantheendofmen,buttheirvulnerabilitytoenvironmentalcontaminantsanddiseasescouldhaveseriousramificationsforthefutureoftheentirehumanraceunlesswefindwaystoprotectthemfromharm.

1.IftextBisaccurate,thentheevidencefortheassertionthathumanmalesaregraduallydisappearingis（

）.

2.Comparedwithgirls,boysare（

）.

3.Nipplesinhumansarefoundonthe（

）.

4.Inparagraph10theauthorassertsthatchronicdiseases（

）.

5.Backupinparagraph11meanssomethingthat（

）.

6.Thelevelsofthyroidhormonesinnewbommales,mentionedinparagraph16,（

）.

7.ImaginethatenvironmentalpollutioncontinuesatcurrentorhigherlevelsinChina.IftheinformationintextBiscorrect,thenChinesedoctorsshouldexpecttoobserve（

）.

问题1选项

A.incontrovertible

B.soweakastocalltheassertionintoquestion

C.largelyfromadvancedindustrialsocietiesandneedstobesupplementedwithdatafromothertypesofsocieties

D.strongenoughtowarrantfutureresearchintothepost-masculineworldthatliesahead

问题2选项

A.aboutequallyabletosurvivetotheirfirstbirthday.

B.stilllesslikelytosurviveforayearafterbirth,butthegapisnarrowing.

C.lesslikelytosurvivetilltheirfirstbirthday,andthegapiswiderthaninearliercenturies.

D.muchlikeliertosurvivetotheirfirstbirthday,thoughthegapisnotsowideasitwasinthe1700s.

问题3选项

A.head.

B.chest.

C.hips.

D.limbs.

问题4选项

A.beginbeforebi