考研考博-英语-三亚航空旅游职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-三亚航空旅游职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thetheoryof（

）wasdevelopedbyDarwinandisnowunderstoodbynearlyeverybodyintheworld.

问题1选项

A.determination

B.distribution

C.discipline

D.evolution

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。determination“决心”；distribution“分布”；discipline“学科；纪律”；evolution“演变，进化论”。句意：进化论由达尔文提出，现在几乎世界上每个人都知道这个理论。选项D符合题意。

2.单选题

Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalattitudesthatchangediachronicallyinresponsetonewscientificandmedicaldiscoveries.Historically,doctorsdefinedadiseaseaccordingtoaclusterofsymptoms,andastheirclinicaldescriptionsbecamemoresophisticatedtheystartedtoclassifydiseasesintoseparategroups,sothatfromthismedicaltaxonomycamenewinsightsintodiseaseetiology.Beforethe20thcentury,schizophreniaandsyphiliticinsanityweretreatedasthesamedisease,butbyearly1900itbecameevidentthatpsychoseswithoutassociateddementiarepresentedaseparatediseaseforwhichthetermschizophreniawasthencoined.Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain.Whileanoptimistichuntisstillonforthegenesinvolved,wemustcontinuetodefineschizophreniaintermsofthepresenceorabsenceof“positive”and“negative”symptoms.

Labelingsomeoneasdiseased,however,hasenormousindividual,social,financial,andphysicimplications,forirrespectiveofdiseasesymptoms,thelabelitselfmayleadtosignificantdistress.Individualswithasymptomaticconditions,includinggeneticvariations,maybeperceivedbythemselvesorothersashavingadisease.Itisnotthatlabelingsomeoneasdiseasedisalwayspositive—itdoeshavesevereramifications,affectingdecisionstohavechildrenorresultinginunjusttreatmentbylife,medical,anddisabilityinsurers—butitcanbebeneficial,legitimizingsymptoms,clarifyingissuesofpersonalresponsibility,andimprovingaccessibilitytohealthcare.Nevertheless,deviationsfromnormalthatarenotassociatedwithriskshouldnotbeconsideredsynonymouswithdisease.Twoschools—nominalistandessentialistorreductionist-havedebatedtheclinicalcriteriausedtolabelapatientasdiseased.Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology,whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatdiseasesdefinedaccordingtotheessentialisttraditionmaybepreciselywrong,whereasthosedefinedinthenominalisttraditionalmayberoughlyaccurate.Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality),foradverseconsequences,whilethelatterhelpssuggestspecificgeneticorpharmacologictherapies.Thus,bothclinicalcriteriaandgeneticabnormalitiesshouldbeusedtodefineadiseasestate,andthechoiceofadiseasedefinitionwillvaryaccordingtowhatonewishestoachieve,thegeneticcounselingoffamilymembersortheeffectivetreatmentofthepatient.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthewayschizophreniahasbeenclassifiedbydoctorsafter1960stobeanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?

3.Accordingtothepassage,anadherentofthe“nominalistschool'wouldclassifyararenewfeverinwhichofthefollowingways?

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastparagraphinrelationtothepassageasawhole?

5.Itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingsituationsislikelytobemostproblematictoanadherentofthe“essentialist”methodofpathologicaltaxonomy?

问题1选项

A.proposingareturntoatraditionaltaxonomicalsystem

B.describingawaytoresolveataxonomicaldilemma

C.assessingthesuccessofanewtaxonomicalmethod

D.predictingachangeinfuturetaxonomy

问题2选项

A.Adiseasewhichresistedtraditionalmethodsofclassification,buthasbeenservedwellbymodernmethodsofclassification.

B.Adiseasewhichhasresistedmodernmethodsofclassification,andcontinuestorequireatraditionalmethodofclassification.

C.Adiseasewhichsatisfiesmodernmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughatraditionalmethod.

D.Adiseasewhichsatisfiestraditionalmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughamodernmethod.

问题3选项

A.Shewouldwaituntilthediseaseappearsinotherpatients,thenclassifyitbyestablishingvariationsintheirsymptoms.

B.Shewoulddeterminewhetherthediseaseisacquiredorgenetic,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

C.Shewouldisolatethebacteriaorvirusorgeneticanomalywhichcausesthedisease,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

D.Shewoulddescribethepatient’ssymptoms,comparethemtopatientswhohavehadsimilarsymptoms,thentreatthepatternasadisease.

问题4选项

A.Itsummarizesthebenefitsthatmayaccruefromaperfectedsystemofpathologicaltaxonomy.

B.Itprovidesadditionalreasonswhypathologicaltaxonomyisadifficultendeavor.

C.Itarguesforasynthesisoftwomethodsofpathologicaltaxonomyalreadyinuse.

D.Itcontinuestohighlightthedifferencesbetweentwomethodsoftaxonomicalpathologicaltaxonomy.

问题5选项

A.Apatientsufferingfromfever,inwhichthevirusthatisapparentlyresponsibleforthesymptomshasnotbeenisolated.

B.Apatientsufferingfromlunginflammationwhich,thoughresemblingotherinflammations,doesnotrespondtoanyknowntreatments.

C.Apatientsufferingfromageneticanomalywhosecausemaybeknownbutwhoseconsequencesremainunidentified.

D.Acaseofapatientwithsymptomsthatmayhavearisenfromtwoknowndiseasesofdifferentsources.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章第一二段提到在确诊疾病的依据时，有两个不同的派别：唯名论者（nominalist）和本质主义者（essentialist），前者用疾病名称来标记症状（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename），后者认为每一种疾病都有病理病因（Whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology）；文章在最后一段提出在确诊时，临床症状和基因都应该考虑（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），选项B“提出一种解决疾病分类进退两难处境的方法”符合题意。

第2题:推理判断题。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到“对精神分裂症的定义从20世纪60年代的精神疾病演变成一种疑似遗传病因的疾病，尽管这种病因还不确定”（Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain），由此可知选项D“一种满足传统分类方法的疾病，但是科学家更愿意通过现代方法来分类”符合题意。

第3题:推理判断题。文章第二段提到“唯名论者用疾病名称来标记各类症状，例如精神分裂症，并且没有对潜在的病因作任何解释”（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology），选项D“她会描述患者的症状，跟那些有同样症状的病人比较，然后将他们定义为患同一种疾病”符合题意。

第4题:推理判断题。文章最后一段提到“但是在确诊一种疾病时，临床症状和基因异常都应该被考虑在内”（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），由此可知选项C“提出综合两种正在使用的病理分类方法”符合题意。

第5题:推理判断题。文章第二段的最后提到“然后本质主义者认为每种疾病都有一个病理学上的病因，而且现在认为决定病情最本质的病变是基因异常”（whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality），选项A“一名明显是由病毒感染而引起发烧的病人”符合题意。

3.单选题

Theencouragingfactoristhatthe（

）majorityofpeoplefindtheideaofchangeacceptable.

问题1选项

A.numerous

B.vast

C.most

D.massive

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。thevastmajorityof指“绝大部分，绝大多数”。选项B正确。

4.单选题

ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareinhospital-likeenvironmentsandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.

TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessestheretoforeconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1960s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patients’rightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.

Judicialinterventionhashadsomedefinitepositiveeffect,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingday-to-daycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.

21.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto______.

22.Theauthor’sattitudetowardpeoplewhoarepatientsinstateinstitutionscanbestbedescribedas______.

23.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,iftheCivilRightsmovementhadn’tpromptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,______.

24.Thetoneofthefinalparagraphcanbestbedescribedas______.

25.Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychangedbecauseof______.

问题1选项

A.provideanhistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmentalhealthcare

B.increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill

C.shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums

D.describetheinventionofnewtreatmentsformentalillness

问题2选项

A.inflexibleandinsensitive

B.detachedandneutral

C.understandingandsympathetic

D.enthusiasticandsupportive

问题3选项

A.stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthementallyill

B.newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesswouldhavelikelyremaineduntested

C.theCivilRightsmovementinAmericawouldhavebeenpoliticallyineffective

D.conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthaveescapedjudicialscrutiny

问题4选项

A.overlyemotional

B.cleverlydeceptive

C.cautiouslyoptimistic

D.fiercelyindependent

问题5选项

A.asgroupsofyoungangrymeninthe1900s

B.activeyounglawyersinthe1960s

C.innocentinsanepatients’protest

D.powerfulcourtinterventions

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】21.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章的主要目的是……”。文章第一段先是用DorotheaDix的事例引出美国心理健康运动启蒙时期的发展，然后第二段谈到了二战以后精神疾病新的治疗方法的进步，随后阐述了20世纪60年代以后美国精神卫生保健发展的缓慢，以及精神病人失去了权利，最后讨论到在司法的干预下，精神卫生保健得到了一些积极的效果，但是还需要一些确保病人有良好护理的标准和审查机制。综上所述，我们可知，整篇文章都是以历史的角度来阐述美国的精神卫生健康，所以A项“提供精神卫生保健问题的历史视角”符合题意。B项“提高公众对精神病人困境的认识”、C项“用精神病院的生动描述使读者震惊”和D项“描述精神疾病新疗法的发明”都只是文章的一部分，属于以偏概全。因此，该题选择A项正确。

22.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者对州医疗机构患者的态度可以用……来描述”。定位第一段最后一句Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.（精神病院变成了令人恐惧和压抑的地方，病人的权利几乎被遗忘），第二段第七句Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.（与此形成对比的是，精神病罪犯医院里挤满了被认为是“疯子”的人，他们经常被严格地限制身体，并使用大剂量的镇定剂，乖乖地待在自己的地方），以及第二段倒数第二句Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions（在许多州，他们被关押在可怕的机构中），由frighteninganddepressing，obediently和horrendous这些词可以看出，作者对州医疗机构的患者是同情的态度，所以C项“理解和同情”正确。A项“僵硬和麻木”、B项“超然和中立”和D项“热情和支持”都是曲解原文。因此，该题选择C项正确。

23.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断，如果民权运动没有引发对监狱条件的调查，……”。定位到第二段第五句Atthattime,theCivilRightsMovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.（当时，民权运动带领律师调查了美国的监狱，那里的黑人比例相当高，他们跟着囚犯进入了唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构：精神病罪犯医院），这里讲到了民权运动带领律师对美国监狱进行调查，他们进入了比监狱还糟糕的精神病罪犯医院，接着就讲到律师所看到的精神病罪犯的状况，然后最后一句提到Andinmanystatestheywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjusticewhich,onceexposedWesboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.（在许多州，他们被关押在可怕的机构中，这种不公正一旦暴露出来，势必会震惊公众，尤其是司法良知），综合可推断，民权运动没有引发对监狱的调查是由于精神病罪犯医院的状况使其逃过了司法审查，D项“精神病院的状况可能逃脱了司法审查”符合题意。定位到第一段第三句Bythemid-1800s,2stateshadestablishedasylums（到19世纪中期，已经有两个州建立了收容所）可知，A项“各州永远不会为精神病患者建立收容所”表述与原文不符，属于曲解原文。B项“主要精神疾病的新治疗方法可能还没有经过测试”和C项“美国的民权运动在政治上是无效的”没有提到，属于无中生有。因此，该题选择D项正确。

24.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“最后一段的基调可以用……来描述”。定位到最后一段首句Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.（司法干预确实产生了一些积极的效果，但人们越来越意识到，法院无法提供确保良好病人护理的标准和审查机制），由positive可知，这一段的态度是比较乐观的，后面用了but转折，可推知，最后一段基调是比较谨慎乐观的，所以C项“谨慎乐观”正确。A项“过于情绪化”、B项“巧妙地欺骗”和D项“完全独立”都不符合，属于曲解原文。因此，该题选择C项正确。

25.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，由于……，精神病院的情况发生了根本性的变化”。定位第二段中的Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.（当时，民权运动促使律师们调查了美国监狱，那里的黑人人口不成比例，他们跟着囚犯进入了唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构——精神病犯罪医院），以及Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.（年轻的公益律师干部喜欢他们在精神病院的角色。律师们发现这个群体既被动又容易争取。毕竟，这些人不像罪犯，他们什么都没做错。），可知，60年代早期，公民权利运动促使律师调查美国的监狱，后来又促使他们调查精神病院；在这些运动中，关注公众利益的年轻律师们对精神病院很感兴趣，他们发现了一些令人震惊的现象。由此可知，精神病院状况的改变是由于积极的年轻律师所起的作用，B项“20世纪60年代活跃的年轻律师”正确。A项“20世纪的一群愤怒的年轻人”是监狱的犯人，和精神病院无关，属于出处错位。C项“无辜的精神病患者的抗议”属于反向干扰，文中只提到监狱的年轻人要求自己的权利，而精神病患者则是被注射镇定剂，乖乖待在那里。D项“强有力的法庭干预”属于曲解原文，最后一段第一段提到的是judicialintervention（司法干预），并不是courtintervention（法庭干预）。因此，该题选择B项正确。

5.单选题

The（）ofthewordisunknown,butitiscertainlynotfromGreek.

问题1选项

A.origin

B.generation

C.descent

D.cause

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项origin“起源、来源”，往往与过去的活动、风俗、事件等有关；B选项generation“产生、发生”，通常经过生产、操作等过程；C选项descent“遗传，派生，世系”；D选项cause“原因，因由”，一般指某事件、后果等的起因。句意：那个词的起源虽不为人所知，但肯定不是来自希腊语。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

Takingalow-doseaspirineverydaywillreduceyourchancesofdyingfromcancer,scientistssaytoday,confirmingtheover-the-counterpillsasthemostextraordinarydrugyetdiscovered.

Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.ThestudypublictodayintheLancetmedicaljournalrevealsthatitalsohasapowerfulpreventiveactionagainstarangeofcancersandpossiblymoreofthemthanthereiscurrentlyenoughevidencetoprove.

Whilethedoctorswhocarriedoutthestudysayitisnotforthemtomakerecommendations,theleadauthor,46-year-oldProfPeterRothwellfromOxfordUniversity,sayshehasbeentakingaspirinforthelasttwoyears.Thebeneficialdoseis75mg-aquarterofastandardtablet,whichis300mg.Somepharmaciesselllow-dosetablets,butatahigherprice.

Rothwellandhiscolleagueshavealreadyshownthatdailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.Forthestudypublishedtoday,theyexaminedallthedatatheycouldfindfromwell-conductedtrialsthathadassessedtheuseofaspirinagainstacontroldrugandhadrecordeddeathsfromcancer.

Ineighttrialsinvolvingmorethan25,000patients,theyfoundtherewere21%fewerdeathsafterfiveyearsamongthosewhotookadailyaspirintablet,comparedwiththosewhodidnot.Theeffectwasmostnoticeableingastrointestinalcancers,wheredeathsdroppedby54%.

Patientsinaspirintrials20yearsagowerestill20%lesslikelytodieofasolidtumorand35%lesslikelytodieofgastrointestinalcancer.

Theyfoundthattheeffectsoftheaspirinseemedtokickinforpancreatic,brain,esophagealandlungcancer(generallynotthesorttriggeredbysmoking)afterpatientshadbeentakingitforfiveyearsormore.Forstomachandcolorectalcancer,theeffectswereseenafter10yearsandforprostatecancerafter15years.After20years,theriskofdeathfromprostatecancerwasreducedby10%,forlungcancerby30%,forcolorectalcancerby40%andforesophagealcancerby60%.

Thescientistsbelievebenefitsmaybeevengreaterthantheycouldestablish.

Theimpactonpancreas,stomachandbraincancerswasdifficulttoquantifyexactlybecauseofsmallernumbersofdeaths,theysay.Therecouldbeaneffectinbreastandovariancancers,butthereisnotenoughtrialdatatoproveit.

Thoseinthetrialstookaspirinforonlyfourtoeightyears.Rothwellbelievesthatifpeopletookaspirinfor20-30years,fromtheageofaround45or50,theymightsubstantiallyreducetheriskofcancer,whichsteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.

Rothwellandcolleaguesbelievetheirfindingsshouldtipthebalanceofrisk/benefitinfavourofdailyaspirindosing.Whilemillionsofpeoplestartedtakingthetabletsafterevidencethatitcuttheirchancesofheartattacksandstroke,therehasbeensomethingofamedicalback-pedaling,becauseaspirincancausestomachbleeding.

1.Over-the-counterpillsrefertodrugsthatcanbeobtained（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Theeffectofadailyaspirintabletwasmostnoticeablein（）.

4.Howmanyyearsdidthosepatientstakeaspirinsintheeighttrials?

5.Forcolorectalcancer,theeffectsoftheaspirinwereseenafter（）years.

问题1选项

A.withinthetouchofthecustomersontheshelf

B.withoutaprescriptionfromthedoctor

C.bywayofnotpayingtoomuchmoney

D.underthecoverageofmedicalinsurance

问题2选项

A.Dailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.

B.Aspirinhasaneffectinbreastandovariancancers.

C.Theriskofcancersteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.

D.Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.

问题3选项

A.gastrointestinalcancers

B.esophagealcancers

C.lungcancers

D.pancreaticcancers

问题4选项

A.fourtoeightyears

B.threetosevenyears

C.sixtoeightyears

D.fivetoeightyears

问题5选项

A.15

B.5

C.10

D.20

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。文中提到的over-the-counter(OTC)即我们常说的非处方药，是指为方便公众用药，在保证用药安全的前提下，经国家卫生行政部门规定或审定后，不需要医师或其他医疗专业人员开写处方即可购买的药品，一般公众凭自我判断，按照药品标签及使用说明就可自行使用。A选项“在货架上的顾客接触范围内”说法太宽泛；B选项“不需要医生的处方”说法正确；C选项“不用付太多钱”说法错误；D选项“在医疗保险范围内”说法错误，因此B选项正确。

2.细节事实。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“dailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.（每天服用阿司匹林可以将结直肠癌的死亡率降低三分之一以上）”；第九段“Therecouldbeaneffectinbreastandovariancancers,butthereisnotenoughtrialdatatoproveit.（这可能对乳腺癌和卵巢癌有影响，但没有足够的试验数据来证明这一点。）”；第十段“Rothwellbelievesthatifpeopletookaspirinfor20-30years,fromtheageofaround45or50,theymightsubstantiallyreducetheriskofcancer,whichsteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.（罗思韦尔认为，如果人们从45岁或50岁左右开始服用阿司匹林20-30年，他们可能会大幅降低患癌症的风险，而癌症风险会随着人们年龄的增长而稳步增加。）”以及第二段“Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.（每天服用阿司匹林已经被证明可以降低心脏病和中风的风险。）”。由此可知A选项“每天服用阿司匹林可以将结直肠癌的死亡率降低三分之一以上。”；C选项“随着人们年龄的增长，患癌症的风险稳步增加。”以及D选项“每天服用阿司匹林已经被证明可以降低心脏病和中风的风险。”说法都正确，只有B选项“阿司匹林对乳腺癌和卵巢癌有疗效。”说法错误，因此该题B选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“Theeffectwasmostnoticeableingastrointestinalcancers,wheredeathsdroppedby54%.（这种效果在胃肠道癌症中最为明显，死亡率下降了54%。）”。由此可知A选项“胃肠道癌症”正确；B选项“食管癌”；C选项“肺癌”；D选项“胰腺癌”均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第七段“Theyfoundthattheeffectsoftheaspirin...afterpatientshadbeentakingitforfiveyearsormore.（他们发现，在患者服用阿司匹林5年或更长时间后，阿司匹林的效果似乎对……更有效）”，由此可知年限的最低值需大于或等于5年的基础之上，A选项“4到8年”；B选项“3到7年”；C选项“6到8年”都不符合该基础，D选项“5到8年”更准确，因此D选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第七段“Forstomachandcolorectalcancer,theeffectswereseenafter10yearsandforprostatecancerafter15years.（对于胃癌和结肠直肠癌，效果是在10年后看到的，而对于前列腺癌则是在15年后看到的。）”，由此可知C选项正确。

7.单选题

Ifaman（）himselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyacat,wecouldconsiderhimmad.

问题1选项

A.deprived

B.robbed

C.rejected

D.denied

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项deprive表示“使丧失，剥夺”，deprivesb.ofsth表示“从某人处剥夺某物”；B选项rob表示“抢劫，掠夺；非法剥夺”，robsbofsth表示“抢劫某人的某物；C选项reject表示“拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃”；D选项deny表示“否定，否认；拒绝给予”，denysb.sth表示“拒绝给予某人某物”。根据句意可知，如果一位男士为了买一只猫使得自己和家人没有食物可吃，那么我们会认为他发疯了。故A项deprive（使丧失，剥夺）最符合句意。因此，本题正确答案为A项。

8.填空题

Whatisdrug?Mostpeopleprobablythinkthereisaperfect

simpleanswertothisquestion.Infact,ifoneconductsaquicksurveyonanystreetcorner,onefindsthat,accordingtovastmajorityofpeople,therearetwogroupsofdrugs:thoseprescribedbydoctorsandthosepeopletakefornon-medical

use.Asmedicineandthemedicalprofessionsaregenerallyself-respectful,therearen’tanyobjectionstotheuseofprescribingdrugs.Whatmostpeopledon’trealizeisthatthoughprescribed

drugsareusuallybeneficial,theycanalsopresentaseriousproblem.Thereweremanypeopleaddictedbytranquillizersbeforedoctorsbegantoprescribethem:nowtherebeing

literallymillionswhodependonthem.Anacceptanceoftheuse

ofdrugsfornon-medicalreasonsislargelyamatterofa

culture.SomeEasternpeoplethinktheuseofalcoholwithhorror,mainlyasaresultofreligiousupbringing.However,thesesamepeoplefreelyusemarijuanawithoutasecondthought,andthis,inturnisn’tacceptedinwesternculture

whichacceptsalcohol.Inmostwesternsocieties,thetea-or-coffee-breakisnowapartoflife,andhugequantitiesofthesedrinksareconsumeddaily.

1.______

2.______

3.______

4.______

5.______

6.______

7.______

8.______

9.______

10.______

【答案】1.【答案】perfect改为perfectly

2.【答案】∧vastmajorityofpeople加上the

3.【答案】andthose∧people加上which

4.【答案】self-respectful改为self-respected

5.【答案】prescribingdrugs改为prescribeddrugs

6.【答案】addictedby改为addictedto

7.【答案】therebeing改为thereare

8.【答案】Anacceptance改为Theacceptance

9.【答案】ofaculture去掉a

10.【答案】andthis改为whilethis

【解析】1.【解题思路】perfect是形容词，后面的simple也是形容词，而在英语中，只有副词才能修饰形容词，所以应该把perfect改为perfectly。

2.【解题思路】此处特指接受街头调查的大多数人，因此要添加定冠词the。

3.【解题思路】those指代前文中出现的drugs，后面为定语从句。引导词要在定语从句中作宾语，因此要补充关系代词which。

4.【解题思路】self-respectful表示本身对别人表示尊重，self-respected表示本身受到别人尊重。该句表示“当医学和医学职业本身受到尊重时，人们就不会反对使用处方药”，所以要把self-respectful改为self-respected。

5.【解题思路】drug是动作prescribe的受动者，所以采用过去分词形式作定语。短语prescribeddrugs表示处方药。因此，将prescribingdrugs改为prescribeddrugs。

6.【解题思路】addicted的搭配是beaddictedto，表示“对……上瘾，沉溺于”，所以这里要将addictedby改为addictedto。

7.【解题思路】英语中冒号后面的内容是对前文内容的解释说明，可以加短语也可以加完整的句子。题目中显然是句子，而therebeing为非谓语，因此要将therebeing改为thereare。

8.【解题思路】acceptance在这里是特指对因非医学原因使用药物的接受，因此要用定冠词the表示特指。所以将Anacceptance改为Theacceptance。

9.【解题思路】culture表示文明或者文化总称时为不可数名词，因此不用加冠词a，所以应该把a去掉。

10.【解题思路】根据前后句意“然而，这些人不假思索地随意吸食大麻，这在接受酒精的西方文化中是不被接受的”可知，前后两句存在对比关系，因此要用连词while。所以要将and改为while。

9.单选题

Thereiscurrentlyaboardanewwaveofappreciationforbreadthofknowledge.Curriculaatuniversitiesandcollegesandprogramsinfederalagenciesextolthevirtuesofabroadeducation.Forscientistswhoworkinspecializedjobs,itisapleasuretoescapeinoursparetimetoreadbroadlyinfieldsdistantfromourown.Someofushavemadeinterdisciplinarystudyinouroccupation,whichisnosurprise,becausemuchoftheintellectualactioninoursocietytodayliesattheinterfacesbetweentraditionaldisciplines.Environmentalscienceisagoodexample,becauseitfrequentlyrequiresustobeconversantinseveraldifferentsciencesandevensomeunscientificfields.

Experiencingthisbreadthofknowledgeisstimulating,butsoisdelvingdeeplyintoasubject.Botharewonderfulexperiencesthatarecomplementarypracticalandaestheticways.Theyarelikeviewingthemarveloussculptureofknowledgeintwodifferentways.Lookatthesculpturefromoneperspectiveandyouseethepieceinitsentirety,howitscomponentsconnecttogiveitform,balance,andsymmetry.Fromanotherviewpointyouseeitsdetail,depthandmass.Thereisnoneedtochoosebetweenthesetwoperspectivesinart.Todosowouldsubtractfromthetotalityofthefigure.

Soitiswithscience.Sometimeswegazethroughasubjectandarereluctanttostopfortoomuchdetail.Aschemists,wearefascinatedbycomputerscienceormoleculargenetics,butnotenoughtobecomeanexpert.Orwemaybeinterestedinananalyticaltechniquebutnotenoughtostayatitscuttingedge.Atothertimes,webecomeimmersedinthedetailofasubjectandseeitsbeautyinanentirelydifferentwaythanwhenwebrowse.Itisasifwepenetratethesurfaceofthesculptureandpassthroughthecrystalstructuretothemolecularlevelwhere