考研考博-英语-新疆农业大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-新疆农业大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

TounderstandtheancientMayanpeoplewholivedintheareathatistodaysouthernMexicoandCentralAmericaandtheecologicaldifficultiestheyfaced,onemustfirstconsidertheirenvironment,whichwethinkofas“jungle”or“tropicalrainforest.”Thisviewisinaccurate,andthereasonprovestobeimportant.Properlyspeaking,tropicalrainforestsgrowinhigh-rainfallequatorialareasthatremainwetorhumidallyearround.ButtheMayahomelandliesmorethansixteenhundredkilometersfromtheequator,atlatitudes17to22degreesnorth,inahabitattermeda“seasonaltropicalforest.”Thatis,whiletheredoestendtobearainyseasonfromMaytoOctober,thereisalsoadryseasonfromJanuarythroughApril.Ifonefocusesonthewetmonths,onecallstheMayahomelanda“seasonaltropicalforest”;ifonefocusesonthedrymonths,onecouldinsteaddescribeitasa“seasonaldesert.”

FromnorthtosouthintheYucatanPeninsula,wheretheMayalived,rainfallrangesfrom18to100inches(457to2,540millimeters)peryear,andthesoilsbecomethicker,sothatthesouthernpeninsulawasagriculturallymoreproductiveandsupporteddenserpopulations.ButrainfallintheMayahomelandisunpredictablyvariablebetweenyears;somerecentyearshavehadthreeorfourtimesmorerainthanotheryears.Asaresult,modernfarmersattemptingtogrowcornintheancientMayahomelandshavefacedfrequentcropfailures,especiallyinthenorth.TheancientMayawerepresumablymoreexperiencedanddidbetter,butneverthelesstheytoomusthavefacedrisksofcropfailuresfromdroughtsandhurricanes.

AlthoughsouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthannorthernareas,problemsofwaterwereparadoxicallymoresevereinthewetsouth.WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodernarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.InthenorthernpeninsulatheelevationissufficientlylowthattheancientMayawereabletoreachthewatertableatdeepsinkholescalledcenotes,oratdeepcaves.Inlow-elevationnorthcoastalareaswithoutsinkholes,theMayawouldhavebeenabletogetdowntothewatertablebydiggingwellsupto75feet(22meters)deep.Butmuchofthesouthliestoohighabovethewatertableforcenotesorwellstoreachdowntoit.Makingmattersworse,mostoftheYucatanPeninsulaconsistsofkarst,aporoussponge-likelimestoneterrainwhererainrunsstraightintothegroundandwherelittleornosurfacewaterremainsavailable.

HowdidthosedensesouthernMayapopulationsdealwiththeresultingwaterproblem?Itinitiallysurprisesusthatmanyoftheircitieswerenotbuiltnexttotheriversbutinsteadonhighterraininrollinguplands.TheexplanationisthattheMayaexcavateddepressions,ormodifiednaturaldepressions,andthenpluggedupleaksinthekarstbyplasteringthebottomsofthedepressionsinordertocreatereservoirs,whichcollectedrainfromlargeplasteredcatchmentbasinsandstoreditforuseinthedryseason.Forexample,reservoirsattheMayacityofTikalheldenoughwatertomeetthedrinkingwaterneedsofabout10,000peopleforaperiodof18months.AtthecityofCobatheMayabuiltdikesaroundalakeinordertoraiseitslevelandmaketheirwatersupplymorereliable.ButtheinhabitantsofTikalandothercitiesdependentonreservoirsfordrinkingwaterwouldstillhavebeenindeeptroubleif18monthspassedwithoutraininaprolongeddrought.Ashorterdroughtinwhichtheyexhaustedtheirstoredfoodsuppliesmightalreadyhavegottenthemindeeptrouble,becausegrowingcropsrequiredrainratherthanreservoirs.

58.WhydoestheauthorcalltheMayanhomelandbotha“seasonaltropicalforest”and“seasonaldesert”?

59.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutancientandmodernagricultureintheYucatanPeninsulaissupportedbyparagraph2?

60.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheavailabilityofwaterintheMayanhomelandissupportedbyparagraph3?

61.Accordingtothepassage,whywasthesouthernMayanhomelandhardtofarm?

问题1选项

A.ToillustratehowtheclimateoftheMayanhomelandvariedfromregiontoregion.

B.ToexplainhowtheclimateoftheMayanhomelandissimilartothatofajungleortropicalrainforest.

C.ToemphasizethevastsizeoftheareathatcompromisedtheMayanhomelandinancienttimes.

D.TomakethepointthattheMayanhomelandisclimaticallymorecomplexthanisgenerallyassumed.

问题2选项

A.ModernagriculturalmethodshavesolvedmanyoftheancientproblemsoffarmingintheYucatanPeninsula.

B.AncientMayanfarmersmayhavebeensomewhatmoresuccessfulatfarmingintheYucatanPeninsulathanfarmersaretoday.

C.FarmingtodayiseasierthaninthepastbecauseenvironmentalchangesintheYucatanPeninsulahaveincreasedavailablerainfall.

D.TheYucatansoilsinwhichancientfarmersworkedwerericher,moreproductive,andthickerthantheyaretoday.

问题3选项

A.Theconstructionofwellswasanuncommonpracticeinboththenorthandthesouthbecauseitwastoodifficulttodigthroughthekarst.

B.Inmostareasinthenorthandthesouth,rainwaterwasabsorbeddirectlyintotheporouskarst.

C.ThewatertablewasanimportantresourceforagricultureinboththenorthandthesouthoftheYucatanPeninsula.

D.Thelackofsurfacewaterinboththenorthandthesouthwasprobablyduetothefactthatmostofitwasquicklyusedupforagriculturalpurposes.

问题4选项

A.Thepresenceofnumeroussinkholesandwellsinterferedwithfarming.

B.Southernsoillackedthedepthcropsneededforgrowth.

C.Undergroundwaterwastoofarbelowthesurfacetoreach.

D.Thepresenceofkarstcausedfrequentflooding.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】58.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者称玛雅家园为‘季节性热带雨林’和‘季节性的沙漠’？”。根据第一段中的Properlyspeaking,tropicalrainforestsgrowinhigh-rainfallequatorialareasthatremainwetorhumidallyearround.ButtheMayahomelandliesmorethansixteenhundredkilometersfromtheequator,atlatitudes17to22degreesnorth,inahabitattermeda“seasonaltropicalforest.”Thatis,whiletheredoestendtobearainyseasonfromMaytoOctober,thereisalsoadryseasonfromJanuarythroughApril.（确切地说，热带雨林生长在赤道多雨地区，终年潮湿。但是玛雅的家园位于北纬17到22度，距离赤道1600多公里，在一个被称为“季节性热带森林”的栖息地。也就是说，虽然5月到10月确实有雨季，但1月到4月也有旱季。）可知，玛雅家园的气候比一般的要复杂，D项“为了表明玛雅家园的气候比一般认为的要复杂”正确。A项“以说明玛雅家园的气候如何因地区而异”，文中并没有说各个地区不同；B项“来解释玛雅人家园的气候与丛林或热带雨林的相似之处”只说到了雨季，没有说旱季；C项“为了强调古代玛雅家园的广阔面积”中的“广阔面积”在文中也没有提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。

59.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“关于尤卡坦半岛古代和现代农业，下列哪一项陈述得到第2段的支持？”。根据关键词ancient和modern定位到第二段最后两句Asaresult,modernfarmersattemptingtogrowcornintheancientMayahomelandshavefacedfrequentcropfailures,especiallyinthenorth.TheancientMayawerepresumablymoreexperiencedanddidbetter,butneverthelesstheytoomusthavefacedrisksofcropfailuresfromdroughtsandhurricanes.（因此，现代农民要在玛雅遗址种植谷物就要面临频繁的作物减产的风险，尤其在半岛的北部地区。古玛雅人也许更有经验也做得更好，但是不管怎么说他们都必须面对旱灾和飓风带来的颗粒无收的风险。），由此可知，现代和古代的玛雅人都会遇到同样的问题，即自然灾害带来的作物减产，但在某种程度上，古代人比现代人解决的更好，因此B项“古代玛雅农民在尤卡坦半岛的农业可能比今天的农民更成功”符合题意，A项“现代农业方法解决了尤卡坦半岛许多古老的农业问题”正好相反，A项错误。C项“由于尤卡坦半岛的环境变化增加了可用的降雨量，今天的农业比过去更容易”和D项“古代农民耕种的尤卡坦半岛的土壤比现在更肥沃、更多产、更厚”在该段都没提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。

60.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“以下哪一项关于玛雅家园水资源的陈述得到了第3段的支持？”。根据第三段倒数第二句和第三句Inlow-elevationnorthcoastalareaswithoutsinkholes,theMayawouldhavebeenabletogetdowntothewatertablebydiggingwellsupto75feet(22meters)deep.Butmuchofthesouthliestoohighabovethewatertableforcenotesorwellstoreachdowntoit.（在没有排水口且海拔较低的北部沿海地区，玛雅人就需要借助凿井到达75英尺深的地下水含水层。但在南方若想通过排水口或凿井达到含水层的话，深度就要深得多。）可知，北部打井容易而南部却很难，所以A项“无论是在北方还是南方，打井都是一种罕见的做法，因为在岩溶中挖掘太困难了”错误，C项“地下水位是尤卡坦半岛北部和南部重要的农业资源”中的“地下水位”虽然有提及，但是并没有提到它的重要性，所以C项也不选。由第三段最后一句Makingmattersworse,mostoftheYucatanPeninsulaconsistsofkarst,aporoussponge-likelimestoneterrainwhererainrunsstraightintothegroundandwherelittleornosurfacewaterremainsavailable.（更糟糕的是，尤卡坦半岛大部分地区属于喀斯特地貌，多孔状如海绵的石灰岩地形，雨水直接流入地下，几乎没有地表水余留。）可知，B项“在北方和南方的大部分地区，雨水被直接吸收到多孔的喀斯特地貌”符合原文。D项“北方和南方地表水的缺乏可能是由于大部分地表水很快被用于农业用途”在原文中没有对应。因此，该题选择B项正确。

61.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据文章，为什么南部玛雅人的家园很难耕种？”。根据第三段第三句ThelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.（可能的解释是，尤卡坦半岛的地下有一片淡水区域，但地表高度从北向南增加，所以当你向南移动时，地表高于地下水位的位置越来越高。）可推知，玛雅南部的地表高于地下水位，所以地下水无法达到地表，从而南部玛雅人很难耕种，故C项“地下水在地表以下很远，无法到达”正确。根据第三段倒数第二句Butmuchofthesouthliestoohighabovethewatertableforcenotesorwellstoreachdowntoit.（但在南方若想通过排水口或凿井达到含水层的话，深度就要深得多。）可知，在玛雅南部凿井是很困难的，所以A项“大量排水口和井的存在妨碍了农业”是错误的。B项“南方土壤缺乏作物生长所需的深度”在原文中没有提到。由第三段最后一句Makingmattersworse,mostoftheYucatanPeninsulaconsistsofkarst,aporoussponge-likelimestoneterrainwhererainrunsstraightintothegroundandwherelittleornosurfacewaterremainsavailable.（更糟糕的是，尤卡坦半岛大部分地区属于喀斯特地貌，多孔状如海绵的石灰岩地形，雨水直接流入地下，几乎没有地表水余留。）可知，喀斯特地貌导致的是雨水直接流下地下，而不是洪水，D项“喀斯特地貌的存在导致频繁的洪水”错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。

2.写作题

YouappliedtoaprofessoratanAmericanuniversityforapostdoctoralposition.Youwereaskedbyhimtowriteanintroductionofyourresearchplan.

1.ThetitlecanbeAnIntroductionofMyResearchPlan.

2.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

3.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheintroduction.Use“LiMing”instead.

4.Donotwritetheaddress.

【答案】DearSirorMadam,

MynameisLiMing.Igotmydoctor’sdegreeineducationthreeyearsago.Ihavemadesomeachievementsinmyacademicresearch.Inrecentyears,myresearchinteresthasshiftedfromChineseStudents’StateofMindinJob-seekingtoAmericanStudents’StateofMindinJob-seeking.Inordertohaveaninternationalfieldofvisionanddeepenmyresearch,Iwouldliketopursuepostdoctoralresearchinyouruniversity,whichissupposedtolasttwoyears.Inthefirstyearofmypostdoctoralresearch,Iwillconductsocialinvestigations.Concretelyspeaking,IwilltalkwithcollegestudentsfromdifferentinstitutionsofhigherlearningintheUnitedStatesandtheircareerplannerssothatIcanhaveaverygoodunderstandingoftheirstateofmindwhileseekingtheirjobs.Ofcourse,designingquestionnairesforAmericanstudentstoanswerisanotherwayofsolvingmyproblem.Thelastmethodofsolvingmyproblemisinformationretrieval.Iwillreadasmanydocumentsrelatedtomyresearchtopicaspossible.Inthesecondyear,Iwilltrymybesttopublishmyresearchfruitintheformofamonograph.Theaboveismyresearchplan.IhopecordiallythatIcanreceivesupportfromyou.

Yoursrespectfully

LiMing

3.单选题

（）thehelpofhisrichuncle,hecouldnotbelivingawealthylifetoday.

问题1选项

A.Becauseof

B.Butfor

C.Inspiteof

D.Asfor

【答案】B

【解析】考查介词短语辨析。A选项Becauseof表示“因为”；B选项Butfor表示“要不是”；C选项Inspiteof表示“尽管”；D选项Asfor表示“关于，至于”。分析句意可知，要不是他有钱的叔叔帮忙，他今天不可能过着富裕的生活。因此本题正确答案为B选项。

4.单选题

Thegirlswantedtohelp（）maketheircostumesfortheplay.

问题1选项

A.all

B.eachtheother

C.eachother

D.onetheother

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项all“全部”；B选项eachtheother“每一个其他的”；C选项eachother“彼此，互相”；D选项onetheother“一个另一个”。句意：女孩们想帮助……制作她们的戏服。根据句意可推测，女孩们是想互相帮助，可知选项C正确。

5.单选题

Thefirsttwodecadesofthiscenturyweredominatedbythemicrobehunters.Thesehuntershadtrackeddownoneafteranotherofthemicrobesresponsibleforthemostdreadedscourgesofmanycenturies:tuberculosis,cholera,diphtheria.Butthereremainedsometerriblediseasesforwhichnomicrobecouldbeincriminated:scurvy,pellagra,rickets,andberiberi.Thenitwasdiscoveredthatthesediseaseswerecausedbythelackofvitamins,atracesubstanceinthediet.Thediseasescouldbepreventedorcuredbyconsumingfoodsthatcontainedthevitamins.Andsointhedecadesofthel920sand1930s,nutritionbecameascienceandthevitaminhuntersreplacedthemicrobehunters.

Inthe1940sandl950s,biochemistsstrivedtolearnwhyeachofthevitaminswasessentialforhealth.Theydiscoveredthatkeyenzymesinmetabolismdependononeoranotherofthevitaminsascoenzymestoperformthechemistrythatprovidescellswithenergyforgrowthandfunction.Now,theseenzymehuntersoccupiedcenterstage.

Youareawarethattheenzymehuntershavebeenreplacedbyanewbreedofhunterswhoaretrackinggenes—theblueprintsforeachoftheenzymes—andarediscoveringthedefectivegenesthatcauseinheriteddiseases—diabetes,cysticfibrosis.Thesegenehunters,orgeneticengineers,userecombinantDNAtechnologytoidentifyandclonegenesandintroducethemintobacterialcellsandplantstocreatefactoriesforthemassiveproductionofhormonesandvaccinesformedicineandforbettercropsforagriculture.Biotechnologyhasbecomeamultibillion-dollarindustry.

Inviewoftheinexorableprogressinscience,wecanexpectthatthegenehunterswillbereplacedinthespotlight.Whenandbywhom?Whichkindofhunterwilldominatethesceneinthelastdecadeofourwaningcenturyandintheearlydecadesofthenext?Iwonderwhetherthehunterswhowilloccupythespotlightwillbeneurobiologistswhoapplythetechniquesoftheenzymeandgenehunterstothefunctionsofthebrain.Whattocallthem?Theheadhunters,Iwillreturntothemlater.

5.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

6.Howdovitaminsinfluencehealth?

7.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’stoneinthelastparagraphofthepassage?

8.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.Themicrobehunters.

B.Thepotentialofgeneticengineering.

C.Theprogressofmodernmedicalresearch.

D.Thediscoveryofenzymes.

问题2选项

A.Theyarenecessaryforsomeenzymestofunction.

B.Theyprotectthebodyfrommicrobes.

C.Theykeepfoodfromspoiling.

D.Theyarebrokendownbycellstoproduceenergy.

问题3选项

A.Critical

B.Speculative

C.Appreciative

D.Emotional

问题4选项

A.Thefocusofmedicalresearchwillchangeinthenexttwodecades.

B.Medicalbreakthroughsoftendependonluck.

C.Medicalresearchthroughoutthetwentiethcenturyhasbeendominatedbymicrobehunters.

D.Mostdiseasesarecausedbydefectivegenes.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】5.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。由第一段中Thefirsttwodecadesofthiscenturyweredominatedbythemicrobehunters.（微生物搜寻者在这个世纪（即20世纪）的前20年占主要地位）以及Andsointhedecadesofthel920sand1930s,nutritionbecameascienceandthevitaminhuntersreplacedthemicrobehunters.（因此在20世纪20年代和30年代的几十年里，营养成为一门科学，而维他命搜寻者替代了微生物搜寻者。）由此可知全文都在介绍医学的发展。因此C选项“现代医学研究的发展”正确，符合题意。A选项“微生物搜寻者”，B选项“基因工程的潜能”，D选项“酶的发现”都只是文中提及的一部分内容且包括在医学研究发展之中，不能作为整体概括，可排除。故选C。

6.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】客观细节题。定位在文章的第二段Theydiscoveredthatkeyenzymesinmetabolismdependononeoranotherofthevitaminsascoenzymestoperformthechemistrythatprovidescellswithenergyforgrowthandfunction.（他们发现，新陈代谢中关键的酶依赖一种或另外一种维生素，充当辅酶去完成为细胞生长和功能提供能量的这个化学过程。）由此可知维生素作为辅酶是酶进行新陈代谢作用的关键。因此A选项“它们对于酶发挥作用是必需的”正确，符合题意。B选项“它们保护身体不受微生物之害”，C选项“它们让食物不变坏”，D选项“它们被细胞分解去生成能量”均不符合题意，可排除。故选A。

7.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】观点态度题。定位在最后一段Inviewoftheinexorableprogressinscience,wecanexpectthatthegenehunterswillbereplacedinthespotlight.（鉴于科学发展的不可阻挡，我们能预期基因搜寻者在公众注意的中心中将会被取代。）而且最后一段，作者使用了大量的疑问句。由此可知，B选项“推测的；猜测的”正确，符合作者的语调。A选项“批评的”，C选项“赏识的；感激的”，D选项“易激动的”均不符题意，可排除。故选B。

8.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。定位在最后一段Inviewoftheinexorableprogressinscience,wecanexpectthatthegenehunterswillbereplacedinthespotlight.（鉴于科学发展的不可阻挡，我们能预期基因搜寻者在公众注意的中心中将会被取代。）可知作者认为医学研究中心是会改变的。但是由哪种搜寻者能够占据核心位置，还是尚未可知的。因此A选项“医学研究的中心在接下来的20年将会改变”正确，符合题意。B选项“医学上的突破经常靠运气”，C选项“微生物搜寻者在整个20世纪的医学研究中占主要地位”，D选项“大多数疾病由有缺陷的基因导致”均未在文中有提及，可排除。故选A。

6.单选题

Parentswithonlyonechildtendtohavehigheracademic（）fortheirchild.

问题1选项

A.ambitions

B.intentions

C.propositions

D.aspirations

【答案】A

【解析】名词词义辨析。ambition“野心”；intention“目的”；proposition“提议”；aspiration“抱负”。句意：只有一个孩子的父母对他们孩子的学业有更高的期望。选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Asensitivepersonisonewhoiseasilyhurtor（）bythingsthatpeopledoorsay.

问题1选项

A.offended

B.wounded

C.stimulated

D.motivated

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。offend"冒犯;进攻";wound"伤害,受伤";stimulate"刺激,鼓舞";motivate"承受,具有,支撑"。根据or可以推断填空处应与hurt意思相近。wound一般指外伤,伤口,不符合句意,所以选项A正确。句意：敏感的人很容易被别人的言行伤害或冒犯。

试题答案

A

8.单选题

Thesaleofalcoholicbeveragesis（）tothoseabove21insomeregions.

问题1选项

A.confined

B.Inhibited

C.obliged

D.restricted

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项confine“限制”，B项inhibit“禁止”，C项oblige“要求，约束”，obligeto表示“不得不”；D项restrict“限制”，restrictto表示“限制在……”。句意：在某些地区，酒精饮料只能出售给21岁以上的人。因此D项正确。

9.单选题

Afolkcultureisasmall,isolated,cohesive,conservative,nearlyself-sufficientgroupthatishomogeneousincustomandrace,withastrongfamilyorclanstructureandhighlydevelopedrituals.Orderismaintainedthroughsanctionsbasedinthereligionorfamily,andinterpersonalrelationshipsarestrong.Traditionisparamount,andchangecomesinfrequentlyandslowly.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.Rather,eachpersonisexpectedtoperforinagreatvarietyoftasks,thoughdutiesmaydifferbetweenthesexes.Mostgoodsarehandmade,andasubsistenceeconomyprevails.Individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkculturesasaresocialclasses.UnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUniteStatesandCanada.PerhapsthenearestmodernequivalentinAnglo-AmericanistheAmish,aGermanAmericanfarmingsectthatlargelyrenouncestheproductsandlabor-savingdevicesoftheIndustrialage.InAmishareas,horsedrawnbuggiesstillseverasalocaltransportationdevice,andthefaithfularenotpermittedtoownautomobiles.TheAmish’scentralreligiousconceptofDemut,"humility",clearlyreflectstheweaknessofindividualismandsocialclassessotypicaloffolkcultures,andthereisacorrespondingstrengthofAmishgroupidentity.RarelydotheAmishmarryoutsidetheirsect.Thereligion,avarietyoftheMennonitefaith,providestheprincipalmechanism,formaintainingorder.

Bycontrast,apopularcultureisalargeheterogeneousgroup,oftenhighlyindividualisticandconstantlychanging.Relationshipstendtobeimpersonal,andapronounceddivisionoflaborexists,leadingtotheestablishmentofmanyspecializedprofessions.Secularinstitutionsofcontrolsuchasthepoliceandamiytaketheplaceofreligionandfamilyinmaintainingorder,andamoney-basedeconomyprevails.Becauseofthesecontrasts,“popular”maybeviewedasclearlydifferentfrom“folk”.

Thepopularisreplacingthefolkinindustrializedcountriesandinmanydevelopingnations.Folk-madeobjectsgivewaytotheirpopularequivalent,usuallybecausethepopularitemismorequicklyorcheaplyproduce,iseasierortime-savingtouse,orlendsmoreprestigetotheowner.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whichofthefollowingistypicaloffolkcultures?

3.WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheUnitedStatesandCanada?

4.WhatisthemainsourceoforderinAmishsociety?

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutAmishbeliefsdoesthepassagesupport?

问题1选项

A.Twodecadesinmodernsociety.

B.Theinfluenceofindustrialtechnology.

C.Thecharacteristicsof“folk”and“popular”societies

D.ThespecializationoflaborinCanadaandtheUnitedStates

问题2选项

A.Thereisamoney-basedeconomy

B.Socialchangeoccursslowly

C.Contactwithotherculturesisencouraged.

D.Eachpersondevelopsonespecializedskill.

问题3选项

A.Theyvaluefolkcultures.

B.Theyhavepopularcultures.

C.Theyhavenosocialclasses.

D.Theydonotvalueindividualism.

问题4选项

A.Thegovernment.

B.Theclanstructure.

C.Theeconomy.

D.Thereligion.

问题5选项

A.Variousreligiouspracticesaretolerated.

B.Individualismandcompetitionareimportant.

C.Pre-moderntechnologyispreferred.

D.Peoplearedefinedaccordingtotheirclass.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章主要分为三个部分，第一个部分讲述的是民间文化社会的特点，第二部分讲述的是大众文化社会的特点，第三部分是讲述在工业时代的如今，大众流行文化正在取代民间文化。选项A：二十年的现代社会；选项B:工业技术的影响；选项D：加拿大和美国的劳动专业化，以上选项均与原文不符。选项C:“民俗化”社会与“大众化”社会的特征“为正确选项。

第2题:事实细节题。由题干意思定位到文章第一段中Traditionisparamount,andchangecomesinfrequentlyandslowly.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.“传统是至高无上的，很少有改变，而且变化很慢。很少有专门的劳动分工。”由此可知选项B“社会变革发生得很慢”与原文相符，为正确选项，而选项A、C、D均与原文表述的意思相反。

第3题:事实细节题。题干意思是关于美国和加拿大，作者暗示了什么?可以定位到文章第—段中UnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUniteStatesandCanada.“在美国和加拿大等工业化国家，一成不变的民间文化已经不复存在。”可以推断出两个国家的文化均已大众流行化，由此可知B选项“它们有大众流行文化”与原文意思相符，因此B为正确选项。

第4题:事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第一段最后一句Thereligion,avarietyoftheMennonitefaith,providestheprincipalmechanism,formaintainingorder.“其宗教，作为Mennonite信仰的一种，提供了维持秩序的主要机制。”由此可知D选项“宗教”为正确选项，选项A、B、C均与题意不符。

第5题:事实细节题。选项A：容忍各种宗教活动。这与文章所表述的阿米什人很少与他们宗派以外的人通婚不符，因此错误。选项B：个人主义和竞争很重要这与文章“theweaknessofindividualismandsocialclasses”意思不符，所以为错误选项。选项D：每个人发展一项专门技能，明显与文中第一段描述不符。选项C：现代以前的技术更受喜欢，与原文“InAmishareas,horsedrawnbuggiesstillseverasalocaltransportationdevice,andthefaithfularenotpermittedtoownautomobiles.”所表述的意思“在Amish地区，轻便马车仍然是当地的交通工具，信徒们不允许拥有汽车。”相符，因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

______,themoreseverethewintersare.

问题1选项

A.Themoreyougonorth

B.Thefarthernorthyougo

C.Themorenorthyougo

D.Thefartheryougothenorth

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查比较级。A选项Themoreyougonorth“去北方的次数越多”；B选项Thefarthernorthyougo“越往北走”；C选项Themorenorthyougo语法错误，more和north不放一起；D选项Thefartheryougothenorth应该是gotothenorth。句意：______，冬天的寒气越重。结合语境，B选项Thefarthernorthyougo“越往北走”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

11.单选题

Shetriedtohidehergrief,butshewas（）tears.

问题1选项

A.onthevergeof

B.enthusiasticabout

C.onthelookoutfor

D.gluedto

【答案】A

【解析】词组辨析题。onthevergeof

濒临于、接近于；enthusiasticabout热衷于；onthelookoutfor留意、物色；gluedto不愿离开，盯住不放。句意：她试图掩饰她的悲伤，但她几乎要哭了。选项A符合句意。

12.单选题

Therehavebeendemonstrationsonthestreets（）therecentterroristattack.

问题1选项

A.inthewakeof

B.inthecourseof

C.inthecontextof

D.inthelightof

【答案】A

【解析】考查介词词组辨析。inthewakeof“伴随而来，紧紧跟在……的后面”；inthecourseof“在……过程中；在……期间”；inthecontextof“在……情况下，在……背景下”；inthelightof“鉴于，根据”。句意：恐怖袭击后，他们在大街上游街示众。选项A符合题意。

13.单选题

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1968,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,educationandmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.

1.FromtheprinciplesoftheU.S.jurysystem,welearnthat________.

2.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed________.

3.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed,________.

4.IndiscussingtheU.S.jurysystem,thetextcenterson________.

问题1选项

A.bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries

B.defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

C.noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

D.judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic

问题2选项

A.theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws

B.theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

C.theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

D.thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjudges

问题3选项

A.sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished

B.educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors

C.jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity

D.statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem

问题4选项

A.itsnatureandproblems

B.itscharacteristicsandtradition

C.itstraditionanddevelopment

D.itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

FromtheprinciplesoftheU.S.jurysystem,welearnthat________.从美国陪审团制度的原则中，我们了解到________。

A.bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuriesA.有无文化都可以担任陪审员

B.defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeersB.