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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-拉萨师范高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

It’sinyourbest()toquitsmoking,foryouhavesomebreathingproblems.

问题1选项

A.sake

B.benefit

C.advantage

D.interest

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意:戒烟对你最有利,因为你有一些呼吸问题。beinsb’s(best)interest(s)(todosth)=bethebestthingforsomeone,因此D选项正确。

2.单选题

Theyachievedmorethantheyhadeverdreamed,lendingamagictotheirfamilystorythatnotaleorordinarylifecouldpossiblyrival.

问题1选项

A.confirm

B.achieve

C.match

D.exaggerate

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“确认,确定”;B选项“完成,达到”;C选项“匹配,适合,匹敌”;D选项“夸张,夸大”;题干中rival“竞争对手,同行者,匹敌”,句意:他们的成就超出了他们的梦想,为他们的家庭故事增添了任何故事或普通生活都无法匹敌的魔力。因此C选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Amajorcharacteristicofparliamentarygovernmentisthefusionofexecutiveandlegislativepowersinonebody.

问题1选项

A.fixing

B.strength

C.union

D.alignment

【答案】C

【解析】句意:议会制政府的一个主要特点是行政权和立法权合二为一。fusion意为融合。fixing固定,加固;strength力量,力气;union联合,联盟,工会;alignment队列,校准,结盟。选项C与之意思相近。

4.单选题

AntonioRatti,at78stillakingoftheItaliansilkindustry,oncewarnedhisemployees:“Don’tlet'sbecomefatandlazyliketheLyonnais”.Lyon,traditionalcenteroftheFrenchsilkindustrysince1536,risked“losingeverything’’,theItalianwarned.

Althoughhispredicationhasnotcometrue,theindustryisonlynowshowingsignsofrenewedvigorafterseeingitspre-eminenceslipoverthepast50years.Examplesoftherichropeandfabricsformerlysuppliedtoroyalcounts,popesandcardinalsareonshowinthecity'smuseum,butfewsilkcompaniessurviveonthehillsideabovetheRiverSeine.

WhileLyonandsurroundingRhoneAlpsregionremainthecenteroftheFrenchtextilesindustry,mostofthe650companiesand55,000workersinthesectordealinsyntheticfibers.Localproductionofrawsilkhasfadedalmosttonothing,leavingthefieldtoChina.Butbyallyingprovendesignstrengthswithmoreaggressivemarketing,specialistcompaniesareaimingtorecapturemarketsinluxuryandhighfashionproducts,suchasLyon-madeHermesscarves,andtoexploitthetrendtowardsmedium-pricedsilkgoods.

“AlltoooftentheLyonnaisadoptedtheattitudethatitwasforbuyerstocomeanddiscoverwhattheyhadtooffer/saysRonaldCurrieoftheLyon-basedInternationalSilkAssociation.

HisopinionthattheLyonnaisaremoreoutward-lookingisconfirmedbyGillesMalfroy,whoseMalfroyMillionsells3millionsilkscarvesayear,notablyinJapan.Itisalso

developingaChinesemarketbyofferingkeenlypricedqualitygoodsdifferentfromthosemass-producedbyChinese-Italianjointventures.“Priceisimportant.”Malfroysays,“Butpeopleworldwidealsowantvarietyandexclusivity”.Slowly,theFrencharemakinginroadsonthemarketshareamassedsince1945bytheItaliansilkindustry.Butwiththeirturnoveroflessthan$10millionayear,Lyon'sweaversandprintersarestilldwarfedbyRatti's$200millionturnover.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,Lyonnais(

).

2.What’sthemeaningof“slip”inparagraphtwo?

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

4.SilkscarvesofMalfroyMillionsellwellbecauseof

).

5.Itisimpliedbutnotstatedinthepassagethat(

).

问题1选项

A.wereemployeesoftheFrenchtextileindustry

B.wereemployeesoftheItaliansilkindustry

C.wastheItaliansilkindustry

D.wastheFrenchsilkindustry

问题2选项

A.Anunintentionalandtrivialmistake

B.Movingquietlyandcautiously.

C.Afallfromsomelevelorstandard

D.Narrowstripofpaper.

问题3选项

A.TheFrenchsilkproductsaredisappearingfromtheworldmarket.

B.ThecenteroftheFrenchtextilesindustryischanging.

C.LuxurysilkproductshelpFrancetorecapturesilkmarket.

D.TheLyonnaishavenotrealizedthedangerbeforethem.

问题4选项

A.theirlowprice

B.theirexclusivedesign

C.theirhighquality

D.alloftheabove

问题5选项

A.themass-producedsilkgoodsislosingmarketinChina

B.MalfroyMillionisdevelopingaChinesemarketbyofferingkeenlypricedqualitygoods

C.Lyon'sweaversandprintersaredwarfedbyRatti'sbecauseoflessturnovers

D.theFrenchandtheItalianarecompetingwitheachotheratthemarketofChina.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段Lyon,traditionalcenteroftheFrenchsilkindustrysince1536提到里昂自1536年来是法国的丝绸业的传统中心,选项B和C是关于意大利的,可以排除;文章第一段里面Ratti对员工说,“希望我们不要成为像里昂那样又胖又懒”,可知他本身也是法国纺织工业的一员。选项A符合题意。

2.slip出现在文章第二段第一句话:Althoughhispredicationhasnotcometrue,theindustryisonlynowshowingsignsofrenewedvigorafterseeingitspre-eminenceslipoverthepast50years,主要讲述了里昂作为法国纺织业中心的兴衰,renewedvigor“新的活力”,可以推断在注入新的活力之前是经过了下滑,因此slip在这里的意思是“下滑”,选项C符合题意。

3.文章第三段最后一句specialistcompaniesareaimingtorecapturemarketsinluxuryandhighfashionproducts,suchasLyon-madeHermesscarves,andtoexploitthetrendtowardsmedium-pricedsilkgoods提到一些公司试图通过奢侈品和高端的时尚产品重新占据市场,由此可以推断出法国纺织业公司通过生产围巾等来重新占据市场。选项C符合题意。

4.文章最后一段“Priceisimportant.”Malfroysays,“Butpeopleworldwidealsowantvarietyandexclusivity”提到价格、多样性以及独特性对于消费者来说都很重要。选项D符合题意。

5.题目的要求是下列哪个选项在文章中没有直接讲述,但是在文章中有暗示。文章最后一段ItisalsodevelopingaChinesemarketbyofferingkeenlypricedqualitygoodsdifferentfromthosemass-producedbyChinese-Italianjointventures提到Malfroy正在通过价格低质量高的商品来发展市场,这些商品与之前中意合资企业生产的商品不同,由此可以推测大批量的商品正在逐渐失去市场。选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Inhimoneseesameetingpoint,a()ofconflicts,thusatruehistoricalpersonality.

问题1选项

A.representation

B.representative

C.symbol

D.sign

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项representation“表现(以特殊方式呈现某人或某事物的行为;展示或描述……的事物)”;B选项representative“代表,典型(代表某一特定群体的人)”;C选项symbol“象征,标志(代表一般性质或情况的人、物、事件等,是意识形态等非物质东西的象征)”;D选项sign“符合,记号(表示某事物存在、正在发生或将来可能发生的事件、动作、事实等)”。根据题干内容,ameetingpoint“汇点”,可以推测他作为典型的代表人物,代表某一特定群体的人,因此答案为B选项,句意:在他身上,有一个交汇点,一个斗争的典型……,因而他是一个真正的历史人物。因此B选项正确。

6.单选题

Thedriverwasinan(

)ofsorrowbecausehehadknockedthegirldown.

问题1选项

A.agony

B.ache

C.ailing

D.ailment

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析题。A选项agony“苦恼,极度痛苦”;B选项ache“疼痛”;C选项ailing“不适,困扰”;D选项ailment“小病,不安”。句意:司机因为撞倒了那个女孩而感到极度悲痛。选项A更符合语境。

7.单选题

Viewingyouraccountbalancesanytimeyouwant,youcantransfermoneyaccountsatyourconvenience.

问题1选项

A.to

B.between

C.from

D.with

【答案】B

【解析】考查介词用法。A项to“向……”,B项between“在……之间”,C项from“从,来自……”,D项with“和……”;句意:任何时候您都可以查看您的账户余额,也可以方便的时候在账户间相互转账。transfer一般是指两个事物之间的转移,所以B选项符合题意。

8.单选题

ThewidespreadadoptionoftheInternetandtheWebmakesitpossibletoadministerquestionnairesurveyselectronically,potentiallyachievingmuchgreatercost-effectivenessandpermittingtheintegrationofdatafrommanyresources.Atthesametime,therearesignificanttechnicalchallengesthatmustbemet,especiallyintheareasoflogisticsandsampling.Recognizingtheneedforinnovationinthisandrelatedareas,theNSFMethodology,Measurement,andStatisticsProgram,incollaborationwithaconsortiumoffederalstatisticalagenciesrepresentedbytheInteragencyCouncilofStatisticalPolicyandtheFederalCommitteeonStatisticalMethodology,hasheldaspecialcompetitiononsurveyresearchmethods.Includedamongthetopicareasinthecompetitionannouncementis"secureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingsurveydataviatheWeb".

Today'sleadingsocialscientificsurveysareveryexpensiveinterviewstudiesofnationalsamples.Forexample,theGSSadministersa90-minuteface-to-faceinterviewto1500Americanadultsatacostofabout$500perinterview.However,therespondentsarenotatruerandomsamplebecausecostconsiderationswithrespecttotheinterviewer'stravelrequirethatrespondentsberecruitedinalimitednumberofgeographicclusters,andthereisnolistofresidentsfromwhicharandomsamplecouldbedrawn.Thesmallnumberofgeographicareassurveyedlimitsscientists'abilitytolinkGSSdatatoothergeographicallybaseddatasuchastheU.S.census.BecauseofthehighcostandthemanyresearchcommunitiesthatseektimeintheGSS,itisimpossibletoincludemorethanahandfulofquestiononanyparticulartopic.ThispreventstheGSSfromemployingmuchofthebestmethodologyofmeasurementscaleconstruction,whichrequiresinclusionofalargenumberofitems.SurveysliketheGSSwillbeneededinfuturedecadestochartthechangingsocial,economic,andpoliticalconditionsoftheAmericanpublic.Butmanytypesofsocialsciencewilladvancemorerapidlythroughsurveysadministeredovertheweb.

Web-basedsurveyscanreachverylargenumbersofrespondentsatlowcost.Theywillbegeographicallydispersedsothattheirdatacanbe,linkedtothecensus,tolocaleconomicinformation,andtodatafromotherweb-basedsurveys.Itmightnotbepossibletoholdtheintervieweesinterestforthefull90-minutequestionnaireoftheGSS,butshorterdurationsurveysadministeredtoverylargenumberofrespondentscaninaggregateinclude,farmoreitems,therebypermittingmuchfinermeasurementofscientificallyinterestingvariables.ThehighcostofmajornationalsurveysgenerallyhasrestrictedthetopicstudiedtothosethatespeciallyrequirehighlyrepresentativesamplessuchasfamilystructureandeconomicstatusinthePanelStudyofIncomeDynamicsandvotingbehaviorintheAmericanNationalElectionStudy,datafrombothofwhicharenowfreelyavailableovertheweb.Avastarrayofotherscientificresearchareas,therefore,havelanguishedfrommanyyearswithoutthelarge-scalesurveydatathatwouldpermitknowledgetoprogress.

1.AdministeringsurveysviatheWebwouldresultin().

2.Thesecondparagraphismainlyabout().

3.Whatmakestraditionalsurveysunscientificaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.TheauthorfirmlybelievesthatWeb-basedsurveyswill().

5.Itisimpliedinthelastsentencethat().

问题1选项

A.thereductionofcostinvolvedindatacollection

B.secureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingdata

C.moreconvincingconclusionsonthematersurveyed

D.allofabove

问题2选项

A.thedifferencesbetweentheWeb-basedandtraditionalsurveys

B.theadvantagesortheWeb-basedsurveys

C.theweaknessofthetraditionalsurveys

D.thecostinvolvedinconductingtraditionalsurveys

问题3选项

A.Thesamplingisnotmadestrictlyrandomly.

B.Theinterviewhastobeconductedface-to-face.

C.Improperquestionsareoftenincludedinasurvey.

D.Selectionofrespondentsisoftenamatterofpersonaldecision.

问题4选项

A.enhancetheeconomicstatusofanation

B.promotetheprogressofsocialsciences

C.changesocial,economicandpoliticalconditionsofthepublic

D.holdtheinterviewees’interestlongerthantraditionalsurveys

问题5选项

A.manyscientificareasstopmakingbreakthroughsforlackofeffectivedatacollection

B.scientific,researchstillmakesprogresswithoutlarge-scalesurveydatacollection

C.theprogressofknowledgedependsonachievementsmadebyallareasofsciencetogether

D.scientific,researchhasmadelittleprogressbeforethewidespreadadoptionoftheinternet

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段涉及到了A、B、C三个选项,achievingmuchgreatercost-effectiveness对应选项A,permittingtheintegrationofdatafrommanyresources,将许多资源整合到一起,从而使得这些资源的可信度更高,对应选项C,secureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingsurveydataviatheWeb对应选项B。因此,这三个选项都应该包含在内,选项D符合题意。

2.文章第二段主要是以GSS为例子来说明了传统的调查方式的局限性。如,由于昂贵的采访费用,这类调查只能在某些特定的地方进行,并且它所调查的对象也不是随机选取的。所以选项C符合题意。

3.文章第二段提到由于采访所花费的费用不少,所以这类型的调查只能在特定的地区进行。因为取样的随机性不够(therespondentsarenotatruerandomsample),取得的结果肯定也会有影响,选项A符合题意。

4.文章第二段最后一句话butmanytypesofsocialsciencewilladvancemorerapidlythroughsurveysadministeredovertheweb提到通过网站开展调查,许多类型的社会科学将能够更快地发展。选项B符合题意。

5.文章最后一段最后一句avastarrayofotherscientificresearchareas,therefore,havelanguishedfrommanyyears提到许多需要大范围的调查数据的研究领域一直处于低迷的状态。选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

Researchershavestudiedthepoorasindividuals,asfamiliesandhouseholds,asmembersofpoorcommunities,neighborhoodsandregions,asproductsoflargerpovertycreatingstructures.Theyhavebeenanalyzedasvictimsofcrimeandcriminals,asmembersofminoritycultures,aspassiveconsumersofmasscultureandactiveproducersofa“counterculture”,asparticipantsintheinformaleconomy,asinventionsofsurvivalstrategies,asaneconomicburdenandasareservearmyoflabor—tomentionjustsomeofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch.

Theelites,whooccupythesmallupperstratumwithinthecategoryofthenon-poor,andtheirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpovertyareasinterestingandimportantanobjectforpovertyresearchasthepoorthemselves.Theeliteshaveimagesofthepoorandofpovertywhichshapetheirdecisionsandactions.Sofar,littleisknownaboutthoseimages,exceptastheyaresketchilyportrayedinpopularstereotypes.Theelitesmaywellignoreordenytheexternaleffectsoftheirownactions(andomissions)uponthelivingconditionsofthepoor.Manysocialscientistsmaytakeaverydifferentview.Aspovertyemergedandwasreproduced,legalframeworkswerecreatedtocontaintheproblemsitcausedwithprofound,andlargelyunknown,consequencesforthepoorthemselves.Ingeneral,political,educationalandsocialinstitutionstendtoignoreorevendamagetheinterestsofthepoor.Inconstructingaphysicalinfrastructurefortransport,industry,tradeandtourism,thesettlementsofthepoorareoftenthefirsttosufferortobeleftstandingandexposedtopollution,noiseandcrowding.

Mostimportantaretheeconomicfunctionsofpoverty,as,forlackofotheroptionsthepoorareforcedtoperformactivitiesconsidereddegradingorunclean.Thepooraremorelikelytobuysecond-handgoodsandleftoverfoodstuffs,thusprolongingtheireconomicutility.Theyarelikelytousetheservicesoflow-qualitydoctors,teachersandlawyerswhomthenon-poorshyawayfrom.Povertyandthepoorserveanimportantsymbolicfunction,inremindingcitizensofthelotthatmaybefallthosewhodonotheedthevaluesofthrift,diligenceandcleanliness,andoftheconstantthreatthattherough,theimmoralandtheviolentrepresentfortherestofsociety.

Physically,thepoorandthenon-poorarekeptapart,throughdifferentiallanduseandghettoization.Socially,theyareseparatedthroughdifferentialparticipationinthelabormarket,theconsumptioneconomy,andinpolitical,socialandculturalinstitutions.Conceptually,theyaredividedthroughstereotypingandmediacliché.Thisseparationisevenmorepronouncedbetweentheelitesandthepoor.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.

2.Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.

3.Intheeyesofthesociety,____.

4.Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.

5.Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.

问题1选项

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoor

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpoverty

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercy

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroups

问题2选项

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoor

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoor

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearch

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffort

问题3选项

A.thepoortendtosymbolizewhatlazyandevilpeopleturnouttobe

B.thepoorarenotworthyofthesympathythesocietyshowsthem

C.economicprejudiceismoreofanobstacletothesolutionofpoverty

D.thenon-poorshouldshowmoresympathyforthepoor

问题4选项

A.sympathetic

B.conspicuous

C.identifiable

D.unbridgeable

问题5选项

A.analyzingaproblem

B.providingasolution

C.definingasituation

D.outliningaproposal

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.根据作者的说法,研究精英阶层也有助于贫困研究,因为____。

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoorA.他们和穷人是同一个社会的成员

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpovertyB.他们在制造和再造贫穷方面发挥着重要作用

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercyC.贫困问题的解决取决于他们

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroupsD.他们比其他群体更了解穷人的生活条件

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词theelites和povertyresearch定位到原文第二段第一句,该句提到“精英阶层在贫困产生和再生中的作用(theirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpoverty),与穷人本身一样,都是贫困研究中有趣而重要的研究对象(anobjectforpovertyresearch)。”由此可知,研究精英阶层也有助于贫困研究,是因为他们在贫困产生和再生中的作用是贫困研究的研究对象。因此,B选项“他们在制造和再造贫穷方面发挥着重要作用”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“他们和穷人是同一个社会的成员”,原文并未提及,且与题干无关,该选项属于无中生有;

C选项“贫困问题的解决取决于他们”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

D选项“他们比其他群体更了解穷人的生活条件”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有。

第2题:【选项释义】

Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.虽然社会科学家们正致力于贫困研究,但是____。

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoorA.没有建立足够的法律框架来缓解穷人的状况

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoorB.他们几乎没有为穷人提供实际的救济项目

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearchC.他们忽视了精英阶层作为贫困研究对象的作用

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffortD.穷人自己并不怎么感激这种努力

【答案】C

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词povertyresearch定位到原文第一、二段。原文第一段介绍了“贫困研究的一些关注点(someofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch)”;第二段第一句提到“精英阶层(Theelites)在贫困产生和再生产中的作用,是贫困研究的研究对象(anobjectforpovertyresearch)”;第二句提到“精英们对穷人和贫困的印象(imagesofthepoorandofpoverty)影响了他们的决策和行动”;第三句提到“到目前为止,人们对这些形象知之甚少(littleisknownaboutthoseimages)”。综上所述,关于“精英们对穷人和贫困的印象”,社会科学家们了解得很少,那么关于“这些印象对精英们决策和行动的影响作用”的研究也很少,即社会科学家们很少研究精英阶层在贫困产生和再生产中的作用。因此,C选项“他们忽视了精英阶层作为贫困研究对象的作用”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“没有建立足够的法律框架来缓解穷人的状况”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

B选项“他们几乎没有为穷人提供实际的救济项目”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

D选项“穷人自己并不怎么感激这种努力”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有。

第3题:【选项释义】

Intheeyesofthesociety,____.在社会的眼中,____。

A.thepoortendtosymbolizewhatlazyandevilpeopleturnouttobeA.穷人往往代表着懒惰和邪恶的人

B.thepoorarenotworthyofthesympathythesocietyshowsthemB.穷人不值得社会对他们的同情

C.economicprejudiceismoreofanobstacletothesolutionofpovertyC.经济偏见更多的是解决贫困问题的障碍

D.thenon-poorshouldshowmoresympathyforthepoorD.非穷人应该对穷人表示更多的同情

【答案】A

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词thesociety定位到原文第三段。本段最后一句提到“贫穷和穷人发挥着重要的象征作用,它提醒公民,如果不遵守(donotheed)节俭、勤奋和爱干净的(thrift,diligenceandcleanliness)价值观,将会遭遇厄运,并提醒他们粗鲁、不道德和暴力(therough,theimmoralandtheviolent)对社会构成的持续威胁。”由此可知,在社会的眼中,穷人的形象是“不节俭、不勤奋、不爱干净、粗鲁、不道德、暴力”,因此,A选项“穷人往往代表着懒惰和邪恶的人”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“穷人不值得社会对他们的同情”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

C选项“经济偏见更多的是解决贫困问题的障碍”。原文虽然提到了穷人被迫从事一些有辱人格或不干净的工作,也只能享受得起质量不高的服务,但是,原文并没有说,在社会看来,这是解决贫困问题的障碍,该选项属于无中生有;

D选项“非穷人应该对穷人表示更多的同情”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有。

第4题:【选项释义】

Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.文章最后一句中的“pronounced”可能是____的意思。

A.sympatheticA.同情的

B.conspicuousB.出色的

C.identifiableC.可辨认的

D.unbridgeableD.无法弥合的

【答案】C

【考查点】词汇推测题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词pronounced和thelastsentence定位到原文最后一句,该句提到“在精英和穷人之间,这种分离更为____。”由此可知,pronounced修饰的是“分离”。前文讲的是穷人和非穷人在物理、社会以及概念上的分离,而定位句讲的是精英与穷人之间的分离,根据常识,这种分离应该是更明显的。另外,pronounced的本意是“明显的”,因此,C选项“可辨认的”最符合原文。

【干扰项排除】A选项“同情的”、B选项“出色的”、D选项“无法弥合的”,不符合原文语义衔接。

第5题:【选项释义】

Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.在本文中,作者主要关注的是____。

A.analyzingaproblemA.分析问题

B.providingasolutionB.提供解决办法

C.definingasituationC.明确一个状况

D.outliningaproposalD.概述一项提议

【答案】C

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】原文第一段主要内容,研究人员对穷人进行了研究并列出了贫困研究的一些关注点;第二段主要内容,精英阶层在贫困产生和再生中的作用也是贫困研究的研究对象,但是精英们很可能会忽视或否认他们自己的行为(和疏漏)对穷人生活条件的外部影响,接着介绍了一些不好的影响;第三段主要内容,贫穷的经济功能;第四段的主要内容,穷人与非穷人(以及精英)之间的分离。综上所述,本文主要围绕贫困研究的研究对象之一精英阶层在贫困产生和再生中的作用展开,着重介绍了精英们的行为的影响下,穷人及贫困的现状。因此,C选项“明确一个状况”更符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“分析问题”,虽然说原文“明确精英们的行为的影响下,穷人及贫困的现状”也算是在分析贫困问题,但是C选项“明确一个状况”表述更准确,作者主要关注的是贫困问题研究中的这一个现状。如果说作者主要关注的是分析问题的话,就会详细分析这个问题的原因、解决办法等,而原文并没有这么做,该选项属于推理过度。

B选项“提供解决办法”,原文并未提出任何解决办法,该选项属于无中生有;

D选项“概述一项提议”,原文并未提出任何提议,该选项属于无中生有。

10.单选题

Thepriestmadetheofthe(

)crosswhenheenteredthechurch.

问题1选项

A.mark

B.signal

C.sign

D.gesture

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。句意:牧师进入教堂之前比划了一个十字。

Signofthecross为固定搭配,意为“十字架”,mark标记,记号;signal信号;gesture手势,makeagesture做手势;摆...姿态,但是通常不和thecross连用。故选C。

11.单选题

I.Thepsychologicalexplorationintolitigants’proceduralpreferencesdatesbacktotheearly1970s,whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm—andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.Theydemonstratedthatwhenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.Theirearlyworkhighlightstheimportantrolethat“voice”(i.e.,theopportunitytoshareone’sstoryorsideofthedispute)playsinhowdisputantsconstruedisputeresolutionoptions,whichinturnilluminatesthecriticalrolethatsubjectiveperceptionsplayinthefunctioningofthelegalsystem.Subsequentresearchproducedadditionaltheoriesthatexplainwhydisputantscareaboutprocess.Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.Anotherframework—the“groupvalue”model—suggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

Inpractice,legalorganizationsandscholarsoftenusetheconceptofcontroltoclassifylegalprocedures.Mediationandnegotiationarecommonlyconceptualizedasofferinglitigantsgreaterprocessandoutcomecontrolascomparedtoadjudicatoryoptionssuchastrialandarbitration.TheAmericanBarAssociation,forexample,describesmediationandnegotiationasofferingpartiesgreaterparticipationinreachingaresolution,aswellascontrolovertheoutcome.Similarly,scholarsoftenconceptualizelegalproceduresonaspectrum.Ononeendofthescale,negotiationoffersparticipantscontroloverboththeprocessandoutcomeanddoesnotinvolveathird-partyneutral.Ontheotherend,arbitrationandtrialempowerthird-partyneutralstodeterminetheoutcomeofadisputeandimposeformalityontheprocess.Mediation,existinginthemiddleofthespectrum,utilizesathird-partyneutral,butallowspartiestoshapetheprocessandcontroltheoutcome.

1.ThibautandWalkerareregardedas___.

2.ThibautandWalkerfoundintheirresearchthatlaypeople___.

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthestatementsiswrong?

4.Whatisthemostsuitabletopicofthesecondparagraph?

问题1选项

A.researchersoflitigants'proceduralpreferences

B.laypeoplewhocareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisions

C.originatorsoftheempiricalresearchofproceduraljustice

D.empiricalresearchers

问题2选项

A.caremoreabouttheirdirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem

B.evaluateproceduresbythedistributionofcontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties

C.preferproceduresthatdoesnotallowthethirdpartiestocontroltheprocess

D.believethatprocesscontrolprovidesadirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome

问题3选项

A.Whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisclear,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocessasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

B.Socialexchangetheorysuggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.

C.Groupvaluemodelsuggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.

D.Processhasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice.

问题4选项

A.NegotiationOffersLitigantstheGreatestControl

B.MediationOffersLitigantsGreaterControl

C.ArbitrationOffersLitigantsLessControl

D.ClassificationofLegalProceduresbyProcessControl

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键字“ThibautandWalker”定位到原文第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm…(当Thibaut和Walker的实证研究——很大程度上被认为是程序正义范式的创始人……)可知选C选项“程序正义实证研究的发起人”以及D选项“实证研究”错误;A选项“诉讼当事人程序偏好的研究人员”,B选项“关心他们对法律决定的直接和间接控制的外行人”和原文不符。因此C选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段whenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).(当外行评估程序时,他们通常会评估程序如何在当事人本身和第三方(如调解员、仲裁员、法官)之间分配控制权)可知选B选项“通过在双方和第三方之间分配控制权来评估程序”;第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker…andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.(当Thibaut和Walker的实证研究……和他们的同事们发现,外行关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接和间接控制)可知A选项“更关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接控制”错误,不完整;第一段Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.(他们的研究还表明,争论双方更喜欢让他们(而不是第三方)控制过程的程序)可知只是不喜欢让第三方控制过程的程序而不是不允许,C选项“选择不允许第三方控制过程的程序”过度推测;第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.(一种理论——“工具”或“社会交换”理论——认为,人们渴望过程控制,因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果)可知D选项“相信过程控制提供了一种直接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”和原文相悖。因此B选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句话Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.(其他研究强调了过程对人们如何感知社会公正的重要影响——当结果的公平性不明确时,人们通常会把他们对过程的评价作为评估结果的心理捷径)可知A选项“当一个结果的公平性很明确时,人们通常会把他们对这个过程的评估作为评估结果的心理捷径”和原文相悖,D选项“过程对人们如何感知社会公正有重要的影响”在原文中有提及;第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.(一种理论——“工具”或“社会交换”理论——认为,人们渴望过程控制,因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果)可知B选项“社会交换理论认为,人们渴望过程控制,因为他们相信它提供了一种间接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”原文有提及;第一段Anotherframework—

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