考研考博-英语-山东化工职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东化工职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Atmidnight,hedrovethroughstreets（

）oftraffic.

问题1选项

A.empty

B.lacking

C.lack

D.crowded

【答案】A

【解析】词组辨析。emptyof“无，没有”；lackof“缺乏”；crowdedwith“拥挤，挤满……”。句意：午夜时分，他开车穿过空无一人的街道。因此选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Motivationlevelscan（

）frompersontoperson,soitisimportanttotreateachpatient’spsychologicalproblemseparatelywithsolutionsforeachofthemrespectively.

问题1选项

A.differ

B.vary

C.alter

D.distinguish

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。Differ“使不同”；vary“使多样化”；alter“改变，更改；distinguish“区分，辨别。句意：动机水平因人而异，因此，重要的是要分别对待每个病人的心理问题，并针对每个问题提出相应的解决方案。选项B符合题意。

3.单选题

Wateristhegiverand,atthesametime,thetakeroflife.Itcoversmostofthesurfaceoftheplanetweliveonandfeatureslargeinthedevelopmentofthehumanrace.Onpresentpredictions,itisancementthatissettoassumeevengreatersignificance.

Throughouthistory,waterhashadahugeimpactonourlives.Humankindhasalwayshadaratherambiguousrelationshipwithwater,ontheonehandreceivingenormousbenefitfromit,notjustasadrinkingsource,butasaprovideroffoodandameanswherebytotravelandtotrade.Butforcedtoliveclosetowaterinordertosurviveandtodevelop,therelationshiphasnotalwaysbeenpeacefulorbeneficial.Infact,ithasbeenquitethecontrary.Whathasessentiallybeenanecessityforsurvivalwasturnedoutinmanyinstancestohaveaverydestructiveandlife-threateningside.

Throughtheages,greatfloodsalternatedwithlongperiodsofdroughthaveassaultedpeopleandtheirenvironment,hamperingtheirfragilefightforsurvival.Thedramaticchangestotheenvironmentthatarenowafeatureofourdailynewsarenotexactlynew:fieldsthatwereoncelushandfertilearenowbarren;lakesandriversthatwereonceteemingwithlifearenowlonggone;savannahhasbeenturnedtodesert.Whatperhapsisnewisournativewonderwhenfacedwiththeforcesofnature.

Today,wearemoreawareofclimaticchangesaroundtheworld.Floodsinfar-flungplacesareinstantnewsforthewholeworld.Perhapstheseeventsmakeusfeelbetteraswefacethedestructionofourownpropertybyfloodsandothernaturaldisasters.

In2002,manypartsofEuropesufferedsevereflooddamagerunningintobillionsofeuros.Propertiesacrossthecontinentcollapsedintotheseaaswavespoundedthecoastlinewreakinghavocwithseadefenses.Butitwasnotjusttheseas.Riversswollenbyheavyrainsandbytheeffectsofdeforestationcarriedlargevolumesofwaterthatwreckedmanycommunities.

Buildingstrongerandmoresophisticatedriverdefensesagainstfloodingistheexpensiveshort-termanswer.Therearesimplerways.Plantingtreesinhighlandareas,notjustinEuropebutinplacesliketheGangesDelta,isacheaperandmoreattractivesolution.Progressisalreadybeingmadeinconvincingcountriesthattheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesiscausingconsiderabledamagetotheenvironment.Butmoreeffortisneededinthisdirection.

Andthefuture?Ifwearetobelievetheforecasts,itispredictedthattwothirdsoftheworldpopulationwillbewithoutfreshwaterby2025.Butforagrowingnumberofregionsoftheworldthefutureisalreadywithus.Whilesomeareasaredevastatedbyflooding,scarcityofwaterinmanyotherplacesiscausingconflict.ThestateofTexasintheUnitedStatesofAmericaissufferingashortageofwaterwiththeRioGrandefailingtoreachtheGulfofMexicoforthefirsttimein50yearsinthespringof2002,pittingregionagainstregionastheyvieforwatersources.Withmanypartsofthegloberunningdrythroughdroughtandincreasedwaterconsumption,thereisnowtalkofwaterbeingthenewoil.

Otherdoom-ladenestimatessuggestthat,whiletropicalareaswillbecomedrieranduninhabitable,coastalregionsandsomelow-lyingislandswillinallprobabilitybesubmergedbytheseaasthepolaricecapsmelt.Popularexoticdestinationsnowvisitedbycountlesstouristswillbecomeno-goareas.Today'sholidayhotspotsofsouthernEuropeandelsewherewillliterallybecomehotspots—toohottoliveinorvisit.Withthecurrenterraticbehavioroftheweather,itisdifficultnottosubscribetosuchdespair.

Somemightsaythatthisdespondencyisill-founded,butwehavehadampleproofthatthereissomethingnotquiterightwiththeclimate.Manypartsoftheworldhaveexperienceddevastatingflooding.Astheseasonsrevolve,thefocusofthedestructionmovesfromonecontinenttoanother.Theimpactontheenvironmentisalarmingandthecosttolifedepressing.Itisapicturetowhichwewillneedtobecomeaccustomed.

1.Thewriterbelievesthatwater（）

2.Humankind'srelationshipwithwaterhasbeen（）

3.Thewritersuggeststhat（）

4.Accordingtothepassage,plantingtrees（）

5.By2025,itisprojectedthat（）

6.Accordingtothepassage,inthefuturelow-lyingislands（）

7.Accordingtothewriter,（）

问题1选项

A.isgraduallybecomingofgreaterimportance

B.willhavelittleimpactonourlivesinfuture

C.issomethingwewillneedmorethananythingelse

D.willhaveevengreaterimportanceinourlivesinfuture

问题2选项

A.two-sided

B.one-side

C.purelyoneofgreatbenefit

D.fairlyfrightening

问题3选项

A.weareinaweofthenewswereadandseeonTVeveryday

B.changetotheenvironmentleavesusspeechless

C.weshouldnotbeinaweofthenewswereadandseeonTVeveryday

D.oursurpriseattheenvironmentalchangebroughtaboutbynatureissomethingnew

问题4选项

A.hastobecoordinatedinternationally

B.ismoreexpensivethanbuildingseaandriverdefenses

C.isalessexpensiveanswertofloodinginallregions

D.isnotananswertotheproblemoffloodinginallregions

问题5选项

A.atleasthalftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater

B.one-thirdoftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater

C.themajorityoftheworldpopulationwillhavefreshwater

D.freshwaterwillonlybeavailabletohalfoftheworldpopulation

问题6选项

A.willstillbehabitable

B.willnotbeunderwater

C.arelikelytobeunderwater

D.willprobablynotbeunderwater

问题7选项

A.peopledonotneedtogetusedtoenvironmentaldamage

B.peoplewillneedtogetusedtoclimatechangesthatcauseenvironmentaldamage

C.peoplearenowmoreusedtoenvironmentaldamagethantheyhavebeeninthepast

D.thegeneraldespondencyaboutenvironmentalchangesisill-founded

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:C

第7题:B

【解析】第1题:细节推断题。根据第一段的第一句“Onpresentpredictions,itisacementthatissettoassumeevengreatersignificance.”可知选项D符合原文。

第2题:细节推断题。根据第二段的第二句“Humankindhasalwayshadaratherambiguousrelationshipwithwater.”人类与水一直有一种相当模糊的关系，一方面...（积极的），另一方面...（消极的）。所以说是双面性的，选项A正确。

第3题:细节推断题。根据第三段的最后一句“Whatperhapsisnewisournativewonderwhenfacedwiththeforcesofnature.”也许当我们面对自然的力量时，我们对此感到惊奇，觉得这是一件新鲜事。选项D符合原文。

第4题:细节推断题。根据关键词“plantingtrees”定位到第六段第三句“Plantingtrees...isacheaperandmoreattractivesolution.”选项C符合原文。

第5题:细节事实题。根据关键词“2025”定位到第七段第二句“Ifwearetobelievetheforecasts,itispredictedthattwothirdsoftheworldpopulationwillbewithoutfreshwaterby2025.”到2025年世界人口的三分之二将没有淡水。选项B世界人口的三分之一拥有淡水，换了一种表达方法，但符合原文。

第6题:细节事实题。根据关键词“low-lyingislands”定位到原文第八段首句“...coastalregionsandsomelow-lyingislandswillinallprobabilitybesubmergedbythesea...”沿海地区和一些低洼岛屿极有可能被海水淹没。选项C符合原文。

第7题:细节推断题。根据最后一段的最后两句“Theimpactontheenvironmentisalarmingandthecosttolifedepressing.Itisapicturetowhichwewillneedtobecomeaccustomed.”环境影响令人担忧，生活需要付出的代价令人沮丧。这是我们需要习惯的画面。选项B符合原文。

4.单选题

Bothdog'sdietandstructureare_______tothoseofthehumanbeing,andsoithasbeenthesubjectofcountlessdemonstrationsandexperiments.

问题1选项

A.comparable

B.comparative

C.equal

D.contrary

【答案】A

【解析】comparable比得上;comparative比较的,相当的。句意：狗的饮食和结构都可以与人类相比,因此它已经成为无数演示和实验的对象。选项A符合句意。

5.单选题

Thosewhoanticipatepricechangescorrectlycanoftengainfinanciallyfromtheirforesight.

问题1选项

A.forecast

B.vision

C.estimate

D.talent

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.forecast预测，预报B.vision眼力，远见卓识

C.estimate（对数量、成本等的）估计，估价D.talent天资，天赋

【答案】B

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】foresight的意思为“深谋远虑，先见之明”，指的是有先见之明的人可以正确预测价格变化，因此就可以获得可观的经济收益，强调对事物发展的洞察力，vision与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】那些正确预测价格变化的人往往能从他们的远见中获得经济利益。

6.单选题

Theformandphysiologyofleavesvaryaccordingtothe（）inwhichtheydevelop:forexample,leavesdisplayawiderangeofadaptationstodifferentdegreesoflightandmoisture.

问题1选项

A.relationship

B.environment

C.sequence

D.arrangement

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项relationship“关系，关联”；B选项environment“环境，外界”；C选项sequence“序列，顺序，续发事件”；D选项arrangement“布置，安排”。句意：叶片的形态和生理机能因其生长环境的不同而不同：例如，叶片对不同程度的光照和湿度表现出广泛的适应性。选项B符合语境。

7.单选题

Webeganwithanexperiment.Themanaskedmetomakeadrawingonablankpieceofpaper.ImadeasketchofacreatureIhadinventedsometimeagotoamusemychildren.WhenIhadfinished,heaskedmetocoverthedrawingwithmyhand.ThenheaskedmetoconcentratehardandtotrytotransmitthethoughtofwhatIhadsketchedAminutewentbywithnoresult.Heshookhishead,"itseemsverycomplicated:isitakindofamoeba?"Slowlyandhesitantlyhebegantodrawthecreature’srightear-thespotwhereI’vealwaysbeginthedrawing.“you’vegotit.”Isaid."Goon!"Hecompletedthedrawingquickly.IhadcarefullyredrawnthepictureinmymindasItriedtotransmitit—whichprobablyaccountsfortheidenticalstartingpoint.

Themanthendemonstratedotherpower.Hemadethehandsofmywatchturnbacktwohoursandthedategoforwardtwodaysbystrokingacoinplacedoveritsface,explainingafterwardthathederivespowerfrommetal.Hehadalittletroubletryingtobreakmycarkey.However,heplaceditagainstametalradiator,andafterafewseconds,said,46Itisstartingtogo.Thekeysnappedintwo.

Thenhetriedtotransmitapicturetomebytelepathy.Iattemptedtomakemymindreceptive,butnoimagecameintoit.Feelingratherembarrassed,Ijustdrewthefirstthingthatcameintomyhead:checkmark.Themanshowedmethepieceofpaperhewasholding.ItcontainedamirrorimageofthesymbolIhaddrawn.Itcouldbesignificantinthisconnectionthatthemanisleft-handed.

AfterIlefttheroom,Ibegantosiftmyimpressions.Onlythedaybefore,anacquaintancehadwarnedmetowatchcarefullyforsleight-of-handtricks,especiallyasthemanhadearlierbeenastageconjuror.Ihadtoadmitthatmostofthethingshaddonecouldhavebeentricks.Forinstance,snappingthekeyswithhisfingersandalteringthehandsanddateonmywatchwiththewinderwouldhavebeenwellwithintheabilityofaskilledconjuror.ButhowcouldhehavefakedthedrawingofwhatIhaddrawn?Andifthatfeatwasduetogenuinetelepathicpower,theotherdemonstrationscouldalsobegenuine.

1.Inline11,“derives”mostnearlymeans（

）.

2.Itbeinferredfromline19-25thatthetelepathist’sdemonstrationswouldappearmostconvincingtoacriticalobserverifthetelepathistwereto

（

）.

3.The“acquaintance”mentionedinline19canbestbedescribedasa

（

）.

4.Whichphrasebestcharacterizestheauthor’sgeneralattitudeinthispassage?

问题1选项

A.Obtains

B.infers

C.connects

D.traces

问题2选项

A.providemoreinformationabouthisbackground

B.critiquetheperformancesofothertelepathist

C.performinarigorouslycontrolledenvironment

D.talkaboutwhatheisdoingasheperforms

问题3选项

A.skeptic

B.hypocrite

C.hoaxer

D.confidant

问题4选项

A.Completeindifferent

B.righteousindignation

C.Cynicalamusement

D.guardedacceptance

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】1.题干中的单词出现在第二段第二句Hemadethehandsofmywatchturnbacktwohoursandthedategoforwardtwodaysbystrokingacoinplacedoveritsface,explainingafterwardthathederivespowerfrommetal（通过抚摸放在脸上的硬币，他把我的手表指针调慢了两个小时，日期也调回到了两天前，他解释说这是为了从金属那里……力量）。可以推测“他解释这种力量是从金属那里得到的”，derive在这里是“获得，得到”的意思。选项A符合题意。

2.文章最后一段提到作者对于心灵感应者其他一些手段他能够识破，比如snappingthekeyswithhisfingersandalteringthehandsanddateonmywatchwiththewinderwouldhavebeenwellwithintheabilityofaskilledconjuror，但是作者对如何伪造画这一过程不明白，因为这是他重构的画（buthowcouldhehavefakedthedrawingofwhatIhaddrawn?），这件事也是作者正在做的一件事。因此可以推测，如果当表演的时候，谈论的是正在做的事情，那么心灵感应者的表演会更有说服力。选项D符合题意。

3.题干中的单词出现在文章最后一段第二句话Onlythedaybefore,anacquaintancehadwarnedmetowatchcarefullyforsleight-of-handtricks,especiallyasthemanhadearlierbeenastageconjuror（就在前两天，我的一个……还警告我要小心戏法，特别是当那个人以前是个舞台魔术师的时候。）警告者要作者当心舞台上的一些小把戏，证明他对魔术师的花招比较了解。选项A符合题意，这个警告者是一个怀疑者。

4.作者在最后一段提到他承认很多舞台上的表演其实是戏法，但是作者对如何伪造画这一过程不明白，因为这是他重构的画（buthowcouldhehavefakedthedrawingofwhatIhaddrawn?）。证明作者对有些部分还是有疑问的。所以选项D“有保留的接受”符合题意。

8.单选题

Weneedtobemore（

）totheneedsoftheyoungstudents.

问题1选项

A.sensitive

B.sensational

C.sensory

D.sensible

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析。sensitive“敏感的”；sensational“轰动的，耸人听闻的”；sensory“感知的，知觉的”；sensible“明智的，通情达理的”。句意：我们需要对青年学生的需求更加敏感。因此选项A符合题意。

9.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Notlongagosocialmediaheldoutthepromiseofamoreenlightenedpolitics,asaccurateinformationandeffortlesscommunicationhelpedgoodpeopledriveoutcorruption,bigotry(偏执)andlies.YetFacebookacknowledgedthatbeforeandafter2016Americanpresidentialelection,146millionusersmayhaveseenRussianmisinformationonitsplatform.Farfrombringingenlightenment,socialmediahavebeenspreadingpoison.And,becauseofhowtheywork,theywieldextraordinaryinfluence.Theymaketheirmoneybyputtingphotos,personalposts,newsstoriesandadsinfrontofyou.Theycollectdataaboutyouinordertohavealgorithms(计算程序)todeterminewhatwillcatchyoureye,inan“attentioneconomy”thatkeepsusersscrolling,clickingandsharingagainandagainandagain.EveryonewhohasscrolledthroughFacebookknowsthat,insteadofimpartingwisdom,thesystemdishesoutcompulsivestuffthattendstoreinforcepeople’sbiases.

【答案】不久前，随着精准的信息和毫不费力的交流帮助好人挖出了腐败、赶走了偏执，击败了谎言，社会媒体展示了一个更加开明的政治的前景。然而，Facebook承认，在2016年美国总统大选前后，1.46亿用户可能在其平台上看到了俄罗斯的虚假信息。社交媒体非但没有带来启迪，反而在传播毒药。而且，由于他们的工作方式，他们具有非凡的影响力。他们通过在你面前放照片、个人帖子、新闻故事和广告来赚钱。他们收集关于你的数据，以便在一个让用户不断滚动、点击和分享的“注意力经济”中，有算法来决定什么会吸引你的眼球。每个浏览过Facebook的人都知道，这个系统并没有传授智慧，而是发布一些强迫性的东西，这些东西往往会强化人们的偏见。

10.单选题

MissTracymovedtoNewYorkintheearly1960s,apparentlytoescapejealousfriendswhowerebecomingincreasingly（

）ofhersuccess.

问题1选项

A.delightful

B.graceful

C.resentful

D.respectful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。delightful“可爱的；令人愉快的”；graceful“优雅的”；resentful“气愤的；厌恶的”；respectful“恭敬的；有礼貌的”。句意：特雷西女士在20世纪六十年早期搬到了纽约，明显是为了逃离那些对她的成功嫉恨的朋友。选项C符合题意。

11.单选题

Chadperformshis24-footaluminumboatpastyoungwillowtreesthatstickoutofthewatersoftheMississippiRiver.Sunshinedancesoffmaples,theirbranchesheavywith（1）springleaves.Buta

（2）inspectiondisclosestroublebehindthebeautifulsight.Rubbishis

（3）inalogjamandhangsfromthetrees’branches.

ForthenextthreehoursChasandhisteampullplasticbags,tanks,bottlesandevenbowlingpinsoutofthewater.Thenthey（4）forapicnictablecaughtinthetrees.

TheMississippiRiverBeautification&RestorationProjectbeganin1997（5）Chad’sone-manefforttopickuprubbishalonga400-milestretchofthe2340-mileriverstarted.Thatyear,oftenworking

（6）,the22-year-oldcleaned150milesofshoreline.

Atfirsttheprojectappearedimpossibleanduseless.ButChadtriedhisbesttofindsupporters,andwiththeirsupporting,hesoonhadanew

（7）andafive-manteam—theBoomCraneCrew.Lastyearalonethecrewpulledfromthewater44051gallondrums,1104tyresandenoughplasticbagstocoverafootballfield.Muchofthewastewillbe（8）.

“Chad’soperationistheonlyone（9）

inprogressontheriver,”saysMarkoftheMississippiRiverBasinAlliance,a（10）ofenvironmentalgroups.“It’sthebiggestI’veeverseenin20years,andheisinspiringotherstodothesame.

问题1选项

A.ripe

B.brown

C.falling

D.fresh

问题2选项

A.slower

B.quicker

C.closer

D.stricter

问题3选项

A.placed

B.piled

C.trapped

D.thrown

问题4选项

A.come

B.give

C.head

D.arrive

问题5选项

A.when

B.by

C.for

D.as

问题6选项

A.alone

B.hard

C.quietly

D.happily

问题7选项

A.car

B.boat

C.plan

D.crew

问题8选项

A.burned

B.buried

C.used

D.recycled

问题9选项

A.eagerly

B.actually

C.strongly

D.generally

问题10选项

A.lab

B.market

C.union

D.meeting

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:A

第7题:B

第8题:D

第9题:B

第10题:C

【解析】（1）考查上下文语义。空格处修饰的词语是leaves“树叶”，其前面还有一个spring“春天的”修饰，春天的树叶应是D选项fresh“新鲜的”。

（2）考查形容词辨析。A选项slower“较慢的”；B选项quicker“快一些”；C选项closer“更近些”；D选项stricter“更严格一点”。句意：但是……的检查揭示了美丽景象背后的问题。只有更仔细些观看才能发现美景后的问题，而仔细看的第一步是“靠近些看”，因此C选项正确。

（3）考查动词辨析。此处为be动词+动词过去分词结构构成复合谓语。A选项place“放置；任命；寄予”；B选项pile“累积；堆积”；C选项trap“使……陷入困境；捕捉”；D选项throw“投掷；抛”。句意：垃圾被漂浮阻塞的木头……，或挂在树枝上。河道上的木头会把垃圾圈起来，一起漂浮在河面，因此C选项正确。

（4）考查固定搭配。本句表示：接着他们驶向卡在树中间的野餐桌。四个选项中只有C选项head才可与空格后的for搭配，headfor表示“向……进发”。

（5）考查时间状语从句的用法。空格前后是两个完整句子，因此空格处应填入关联词，先排除B和C。句中说到的“密西西比河美化和还原项目”开始于Chad的“收集垃圾”行动。因此主句与从句的动作是同时发生的，排除A选项when，D选项正确。

（6）考查副词辨析。空格处词语修饰前面的working因此为副词词性。A选项alone“独自地”；B选项hard“努力地；困难地”；C选项quietly“安静地；秘密地；平稳地”；D选项happily“快乐地；幸福地”。句意：那一年，22岁的他经常……工作，清理了150英里长的海岸线。上一句说到“one-maneffort一个人的努力”，因此A选项workingalone更符合文意。

（7）考查上下文语义。文章开头提到了交通工具“24-footaluminumboat24英尺铝船”，这里对应的交通工具也应是船，指Chad获得支持后，有了新的船和一个五人团队、B选项正确。

（8）上下文语义。上一句说到，收集的垃圾是“gallondrum加仑桶、tyre轮胎和plasticbag塑料袋”，因此这些垃圾应该被recycled“回收利用”，而不是焚烧或掩埋，自然也无法再使用。因此D选项符合题意。

（9）考查副词辨析。A选项eagerly“急切地；渴望地”；B选项actually“实际上；事实上”；C选项strongly“鉴定地；强有力地”；D选项generally“通常；普遍地”。句意：……查德是唯一一个在河上开展此活动的人。综合句意及选项可知，此处B选项“事实上”符合逻辑与语境。

（10）考查名词辨析。A选项lab“实验室”；B选项market“市场；行情”；C选项union“联盟；工会”；D选项meeting“会议；集合”。空格处部分是用来补充说明逗号前的“theMississippiRiverBasinAlliance密西西比河流域联盟”，因此只有C选项符合题意。

12.翻译题

Scientificandtechnologicaladvancesareenablingustocomprehendthefurthestreachesofthecosmos,themostbasicconstituentsofmatter,andthemiracleoflife.

Atthesametime,today,theactions,andinaction,ofhumanbeingsimperilnotonlylifeontheplanet,buttheverylifeoftheplanet.

Globalizationismakingtheworldsmaller,fasterandricher.Still,9/11andavianfluremindusthatasmaller,fasterworldisnotnecessarilyasaferworld.

Ourworldisburstingwithknowledge—butdesperatelyinneedofwisdom.Now,whensoundbitesaregettingshorter,wheninstantmessagescrowdoutessays,andwhenindividuallivesgrowmorecrazy,collegegraduatescapableofdeepreflectionarewhatourworldneeds.

ForallthesereasonsIbelieved—andIbelieveevenmorestronglytoday—intheuniqueandirreplaceablemissionofuniversities.

【答案】科技和技术的进步正在使我们能够去了解宇宙最远的地方、物质最基本的成分和生命的奇迹。

与此同时，人类今天的作为和不作为，不仅危及地球上的生命，且还危害地球本身的寿命。

全球化正在让世界变得更小、更快速地运转和更富裕。但是，9/11事件和禽流感却提醒我们一个更小、更快速运转的世界不一定是一个更安全的世界。

我们的世界正充满知识，但其迫切需要智慧。现在，当（新闻采访的）原声摘要播出正变得更短、即时信息排挤短文和和个人生活变得更疯狂时，能够深思的大学毕业生是我们这个世界所需要的。

由于这些原因，我相信，并且我今天甚至更坚定地相信，大学有着独特的且无可取代的使命。

13.单选题

Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic（官僚主义的）managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife-Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalaiybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubniissivenessandindependence.Fromthemomentontheyarctestedagainandagainbythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone'sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century"freeenterprise"capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities―thoseofallloveandofreason―aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

1.By"awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendstodelivertheideathatmanis（）.

2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat（）.

3.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose（）.

4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorputsforwardasuggestionthatweshould（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof（）.

问题1选项

A.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual'sfunctionisnegligible

B.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

C.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety

D.ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly

问题2选项

A.theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs

B.theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife

C.theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence

D.theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence

问题3选项

A.whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

B.whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus

C.whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors

D.whoareatthebottomofthesociety

问题4选项

A.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

B.offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees

C.enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

D.takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted

问题5选项

A.approval

B.dissatisfaction

C.suspicion

D.susceptibility

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段“...yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless...”,由此推断,作者将人比喻成机械中运转良好的齿轮,实则是想表明人们相对于社会中其他部分来说已经变得不那么重要了。选项C符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据第二段的内容可知,工人和雇员们焦虑不仅是因为他们可能面临着失业,他们焦虑也因为他们不能获得任何有趣的生活和真正的满足,但是真正的原因还是第二段的最后一句“Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.”,选项D他们被剥夺了个性和独立性,符合原文,所以选D。

3.判断推理题。根据原文以及题干可知,作者认为这些人之所以焦虑是因为处于一个竞争激烈的社会之中,只有远离了竞争激烈的社会,才会有真正幸福的生活。所以选项A正确。

4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第三句“Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemform,...,intoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.我建议改变我们的社会制度形式，……在这种社会安排中，人及其全部的爱和理性的潜能的充分发展是社会安排的目的。”由此可知，作者提出了充分发挥人的潜能的建议来解决当前的社会问题，选项C符合原文。

5.观点态度题。根据文章内容可知,作者认为现在的工业主义使人丧失了其在社会中应发挥的重要作用,最后一段提到了作者建议将工业主义转变为一种以人为本的工业主义,所以作者对待工业主义的态度是不满的。选项B正确。

14.单选题

Manyartistsbelievethatsuccessfulimitation,farfrombeingsymptomaticofalackof（

）,isthefirststepinlearningtobecreative.

问题1选项

A.elegance

B.resolution

C.sympathy

D.originality

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elegance“典雅；高雅”；B选项resolution“分辨率；解决；决心”；C选项sympathy“同情；赞同”；D选项originality“创意；独创性；原始”。句意：许多艺术家认为，成功的模仿远不是缺乏······的表现，而是学会创造的第一步。句中出现的“模仿”、“学会创造”表明，此处应表示“模仿成功不是缺乏创造力的表现”。D选项正确。

15.翻译题

I.(本题3段，每段10分)

Afterweseeanobjectseveraltimes,webegintorecognizeit.Theobjectisinfrontofusandweknowaboutit,butwedonotseeit—hence,wecannotsayanythingsignificantaboutit.Artremovesobjectsfromtheautomatismofperceptioninseveralways.HereIwanttoillustrateawayusedrepeatedlybyLeoTolstoy,thatwriterwho,forMerezhkovskyatleast,seemstopresentthingsasifhehimselfsawthem,andsawthemintheirentirety,anddidnotalterthem.

—VictorShklovsky,ArtasTechniqueMaywereallyattempttocomparetheimaginativewriterwiththe“dreamerinbroaddaylight,”andhiscreationswithdaydreams?…Onefeatureaboveallcannotfailtostrikeusaboutthecreationsofthesestory-writers:eachofthemhasaherowhoisthecenterofinterest,forwhomthewritertriestowinoursympathybyeverypossiblemeansandwhomheseemstoplaceundertheprotectionofaspecialprovidence.…ThefeelingofsecuritywithwhichIfollowtheherothroughhisperilousadventuresisthesameasthefeelingwithwhichaheroinreallifethrowshimselfintothewatertosaveadrowningmanorexposeshimselftotheenemy’sfireinordertostormabattery.Itisthetrueheroicfeeling,whichoneofourbestwritershasexpressedinaninimitablephrase:“Nothingcanhappentome!”Itseemstome,however,thatthroughthisrevealingcharacteristicofinvulnerabilitywecanimmediatelyrecognizeHisMajestytheEgo,theheroalikeofeverydaydreamandofeverystory.

—SigmundFreud,CreativeWritersandDaydreamingIcallthecombinationofaconceptandasound-imageasign,butincurrentusagethetermgenerallydesignatesonlyasound-image,aword,forexample(arbor,etc.)Onetendstoforgetthatarboriscalledasignonlybecauseitcarriestheconcept“tree,”withtheresultthattheideaofthesensorypartimpliestheideaofthewhole.

Ambiguitywoulddisappearifthethreenotionsinvolvedhereweredesignatedbythreenames,eachsuggestingandopposingtheothers.Iproposetoretainthewordsigntodesignatethewholeandtoreplaceconceptandsound-imagerespectivelybysignifiedandsignifier;thelasttwotermshavetheadvantageofindicatingtheoppositionthatseparatesthemfromeachotherandfromthewholeofwhichtheyareparts.

—FerdinanddeSaussure,CourseinGeneralLinguistics

【答案】当我们多次看到一个物体后，我们就开始辨别出它。物体就在我们面前，我们知道它，但我们看不到它。因此，我们不能说任何关于这个物体的有意义的事情。艺术通过几种方式将物体从无意识行为的感知中移除。在这里，我想说明列夫•托尔斯泰反复使用的一种方法，至少在