考研考博-英语-四川铁道职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川铁道职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmoderncivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumaninter-living,longenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.

Voiceshavebeenraisedinprotestsincethebeginning,risinginpitchandviolenceinthenineteenthcenturyduringtheearlystagesoftheindustrialrevolution,summoningurgentcrowdsintothestreetsontheissueofnuclearenergy."Giveitback,"saysomeofthevoices,“Itdoesn’treallywork,we'vetrieditanditdoesn’twork.Gobackthreehundredyearsandstartagainonsomethingelselesschancyfortheraceofman.”

Theprinciplediscoveriesinthiscentury,takingallinall,aretheglimpsesofthedepthofourignoranceofnature.Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,andmattersofabsolutecertainty—Newtonianmechanics,forexample—haveslippedthroughourfingers;andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,andambiguities.Someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears;somearecanceledoutright;someundergorevisedversionoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.

JustthirtyyearsagowecallitabiologicalrevolutionwhenthefantasticgeometryoftheDNAmoleculewasexposedtopublicviewandthelinearlanguageofgeneticswasdecoded.Forwhile,thingsseemedsimpleandclear:thecellwasaneatlittlemachine,amechanicaldevicereadyfortakingtopiecesandreassembling,likeatinywatch.Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablecomplexfilledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday’simagining.

Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo,thereiseverythingtodo.Whatliesahead,orwhatcanlieaheadiftheeffortsinbasicresearcharecontinued,ismuchmorethantheconquestofhumandiseaseortheimprovementofagriculturaltechnologyorthecultivationofnutrientsinthesea.Aswelearnmoreaboutfundamentalprocessesoflivingthingsingeneralwewilllearnmoreaboutourselves.

1.WhatCANNOTbeinferredfromthefirstparagraph?

2.Theprinciplediscoveryinthiscenturyshows（）.

3.Nowscientistshavefoundinthepastfewyears（）.

4.Thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageistosaythat（）.

5.Thewriter’sattitudetowardsscienceis（）.

问题1选项

A.Scientificexperimentsinthepastthreehundredyearshaveproducedmanyvaluableitems.

B.Forthreehundredyearstherehavebeenpeopleholdingahostileattitudetowardscience.

C.Moderncivilizationdependsonsciencesomansupportsscientificprogressunanimously.

D.Somepeoplethinkthreehundredyearsisnotlongenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofscientificmethod.

问题2选项

A.manhasoverthrownNewton’slawsofphysics

B.manhassolvedanewsetofgiganticpuzzles

C.manhaslostmanyscientificdiscoveries

D.manhasgivenupsomeoftheonceacceptedtheories

问题3选项

A.theexposureofDNAtothepublicisunnecessary

B.thetinycellinDNAisaneatlittlemachine

C.manknowsnothingaboutDNA

D.manhasmuchtolearnaboutDNA

问题4选项

A.scienceisjustatitsbeginning

B.sciencehasgreatlyimprovedman'slife

C.sciencehasmadeprofoundprogress

D.sciencehasdonetoolittletohumanbeings

问题5选项

A.critical

B.approving

C.neutral

D.regretful

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。第一段Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmoderncivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumaninter-living,longenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.大约三个世纪以来，我们一直在研究科学，试验科学，用科学来建设我们所说的现代文明。现代科技的每一项可有可无的东西，从运河水闸到电话拨号，再到青霉素，都是由一系列科学实验提供的数据分析拼凑而成的。三百年来，对人类相互生存的一种新方法进行试验似乎是一段漫长的时间，这段时间足以使我们对这种科学方法进行批判性的评价，甚至可能长到足以投票决定是否继续使用这种方法。这里有一个争论。C项“现代文明依赖于科学，所以人们一致支持科学进步。”与文中“人们有足够的时间对科学方法进行批判性地评价”不符。D项“有些人认为三百年的时间不够长，不足以对科学方法进行批判性的评价。”与“Thereisanargument.有些人认为三百年足够长来对科学方法进行投票，而另外一些人观点却不一样”相符。

2.推理判断题。由第三段“Someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears;somearecanceledoutright;someundergorevisedversionoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.一些物理定律每隔几年就会修正;有些内容被彻底取消;有些修订了立法意图，仿佛它们是国会的法案”。可知D项正确。由Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,andmattersofabsolutecertainty—Newtonianmechanics,forexample—haveslippedthroughourfingers;andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,andambiguities.过去看似清晰合理的事情，以及绝对确定的事情——比如牛顿力学——已经从我们的指缝中溜走了;我们留下了一系列新的巨大的谜团，宇宙的不确定性和模棱两可。可知A项“人们已经推翻了牛顿的物理定律”与文中的描述“人们已经不在关注牛顿力学，而是有了更多谜团”不符。B项“人类已经解决了一系列新的巨大难题”与文中“人们有了很多新的谜团”不符。C项并为提及。

3.推理判断题。由第四段Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablecomplexfilledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday’simagining.但就在最近几年，它已经变得几乎难以置信的复杂，充满了奇怪的部分，其功能超出了今天的想象。可知最近几年科学家发现DNA极其复杂，所以还需要进一步研究。故D项正确。

4.作者意图题。由最后一段“Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo,thereiseverythingtodo.这不仅仅是有更多的事情要做，还有所有的事情要做。”可知作者认为关于科研还有很多方面的工作需要做，不仅仅是战胜人类疾病等领域，还包括生物的基本过程等，科研仍然处于开端。故A项正确。BCD三项均不是作者的写作目的。

5.观点态度题。本文主要讲述了科学的发展状况，并介绍了人们对待科学的不同观点。全文内容比较客观地呈现，故作者的态度是中立的。

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

我崇拜朝气，喜欢自由，赞美胆量大的，精力强的。一个人行为或精神上有朝气，不在蝇头小利上打算计较，不拘泥于物质攫取与人世毁誉；他能挺起脊梁，坚持走自己的路，他所学的或同我所学的完全是两样东西，他的政治思想或与我的极其相反，他的宗教信仰或与我的格格不入，那不碍事，我仍然觉得他是个朋友，这是个人。我喜欢这种人，也尊敬这种人。这种人也许粗鲁了一点，但一切伟大事业伟大作品就只有这类人才有份，他不可避免会失败，但决不会轻易放弃。

【答案】Iworshipvitalityandfreedom,andIadmirethepluckyandthestronginheart.Apersonwhoisfullofvitalityinbehaviorandspiritwouldbeneitherconcernedwithpettyprofitsnorconstrainedbythematerialprosperityandreputation.Hecanbeuprightandinsistonhisownway.Thoughwhathehaslearntistotallydifferentfromthatofmine,aswellaspoliticalthoughtsandreligiousbelief,allofthesedonotmatter.Istillconsiderhimasmyfriendandarealman.Ilikehimandalsorespecthiskindofperson.Maybetheyarealittlerude,butonlythiskindofmencanaccomplishgreatworksandcause.Inevitably,hemaybefail,buthewillnevergiveupeasily.

3.单选题

Afterfouryearsinthesamejob,hisenthusiasmfinally（）.

问题1选项

A.deteriorated

B.dispersed

C.dissipated

D.drained

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项deteriorate“恶化，变坏”；B选项disperse“分散；消散”；C选项dissipate“驱散；放荡”；D选项drain“逐渐消失；流干”。句意：在做同样的工作四年后，他的激情逐渐消失了。根据句意可知D选项正确。

4.单选题

IntheUnitedStates,thefirstdaynurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe（1）halfofthe19thcentury;mostof（2）werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.,theday-nurserymovementreceivedgreat（3）duringtheFirstWorldWar,when（4）ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentofunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountries,nurserieswereestablished（5）inmunitionsplants,underdirectgovernmentsponsorship.（6）thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose（7）,thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,（8）,FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol（9）thedaynurseries,chieflyby（10）themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries.

问题1选项

A.latter

B.other

C.late

D.first

问题2选项

A.those

B.them

C.whose

D.which

问题3选项

A.impetus

B.input

C.imitation

D.initiative

问题4选项

A.sources

B.abundance

C.shortage

D.reduction

问题5选项

A.hardly

B.entirely

C.only

D.even

问题6选项

A.Because

B.As

C.Since

D.Although

问题7选项

A.unanimously

B.sharply

C.predominantly

D.militantly

问题8选项

A.therefore

B.consequently

C.however

D.moreover

问题9选项

A.over

B.in

C.at

D.about

问题10选项

A.formulating

B.labeling

C.patenting

D.licensing

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:B

第8题:C

第9题:A

第10题:A

【解析】（1）上下文语义题。根据上文中提到1954年，时间应该为19世纪后期，故选项A符合题意。

（2）代词词义解析。本句为一个独立的简单句，所以课排除关系代词whose和which，those意思是他们的形容词性物主代词，选项B符合题意。

（3）名词词义解析。impetus“推动”；input“输入”；imitation“模仿”；initiative“主动权”。句意：日托所运动在一战期间受到了极大的推动力。选项A符合题意。

（4）上下文语境题。sources“来源”；abundance“丰富：充裕”；shortage“短缺”；reduction“减少”。此句的意思应该表示男性劳动力的短缺，选项C符合题意。

（5）逻辑关系考查题。根据上下文，这里是对建立日托所运动的一个进一步说明。所以用even甚至这个单词。选项D符合题意。

（6）逻辑关系考查题。文章中的“withoutgovernmentaidofanykind”与“underdirectgovernmentsponsorship”存在鲜明对比，意思完全相反，所以有转折意思。选项D符合题意。

（7）考查副词。unanimously“无异议地”；sharply“急剧地”；predominantly“支配地”；militantly“好战地”。句意：在美国，托儿所的数量急速增长，政府并未给予援助。选项B符合题意。

（8）逻辑关系考查。根据上下文，此句存在转折意义。选项C符合题意。

（9）固定短语考查。考查介词搭配，controlover“控制”，选项A符合题意。

（10）动词词义辨析。formulating“规范”；labeling“贴标签”；patenting“取得……的专利权”；licensing“批准”。选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Let’sspeedupthelesson.Ifwe___toolongongrammar,we___enoughtimefororalactivities.

问题1选项

A.spent...wouldget

B.spent...wouldnotget

C.hadspent...wouldhavegot

D.hadspent…wouldnothavegot

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：让我们加快上课速度。如果我们___太多在语法上，我们___足够的时间进行口语活动。根据句意可知提出对于现在的条件，主句：主语would/should/might/could＋动词原形；从句：动词过去式。因此B选项正确。

6.翻译题

Attentiontodetailissomethingeveryonecanandshoulddoespeciallyinatightjobmarket.BobGrossley,ahuman-resourcesexpertnoticesthisinthejobapplicationsthatcomeacrosshisdeskeveryday.“It’samazinghowmanycandidateseliminatethemselves.”Hesays.

“Resume(简历)arrivewithstains.Somecandidatesdon’tbothertospellthecompany’snamecorrectly.Onseeingsuchamistake,Ieliminatethecandidate,”Crossleyconcludes.“Iftheycannottakeofthesedetails,whyshouldwetrustthemwithajob?”

Canwepaytoomuchattentiontodetail?Absolutely.Perfectionistsstruggleoverlittlethingsatthecostofsomethinglargertheyworktoward.“Tokeepfromlosingtheforestofthetrees,”saysCharlesGarfield,associateprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,“wemustconstantlyaskourselveshowthedetailswe’reworkingonfitintothelargerpicture.Iftheydon’t,weshoulddropthemandmovetosomethingelse”.

Knowingwherewewanttogohelpsusjudgetheimportanceofeverytaskweundertake.Toooftenwebelievewhataccountsforothers’successissomespecialsecretoraluckybreak(机遇).Butrarelyissuccesssomysterious.Againandagain,weseethatbydoinglittlethingswithinourgraspwell,largerewardsfollow.

【答案】注重细节是每个人都可以而且应该做到的事，尤其是在就业市场紧张的情况下。人力资源专家鲍勃•格罗斯利在他每天收到的求职申请中注意到了这一点。“有那么多候选人自我淘汰，真是令人吃惊。”他说。

“收到的简历上布满污点。有些求职者连公司名称都懒得拼对。一旦看到这样的错误，我就会淘汰这个候选人。”“如果他们不能顾及这些细节，我们为什么要把工作托付给他们？”

我们可以过于注重细节吗？当然。完美主义者总是为了一件小事花费比事情本身更大的代价去完成。加州大学旧金山分校副教授查尔斯•加菲尔德说：“为了不失去树中之林，我们必须不断自问，我们正在处理的细节如何与大局相适应。如果它们不适合，我们就应该放弃它们，转而做其他事情。”

了解我们的目的有助于我们判断所承担的每一项任务的重要性。我们常常认为别人成功的原因是某种特殊的秘密或幸运的机遇。但成功很少是如此神秘的。我们一次又一次地看到，在力所能及的范围内将一些小事做好，大的回报就会随之而来。

7.单选题

Tobesure,thatisnotwhatmanysee.FederalReserveBoardChairmanBenBernankeandothershaveblamedthefinancialcrisisof2008onaglobalsavingsglut,whichfueledflowsofmoneyfromhigh-savingsemerging-marketeconomies—especiallyinAsia—thatrunchronicbalance-of-paymentssurpluses.Accordingtothisschoolofthought,excessivesavingspushedlong-terminterestratesdowntorock-bottomlevels,leadingtoassetbubblesintheUnitedStatesandelsewhere.

Thealternativetheory—ofaglobalcreditglut—gainedmoregroundwiththereleaselastweekoftheFinancialStabilityBoard’sreportonshadowbanking.TheFSBreportcontainsstartlingrevelationsaboutthescaleofglobalshadowbanking,whichitdefinesas“creditintermediationinvolvingentitiesandactivitiesoutsidetheregularbankingsystem”.

Thereport,whichwasrequestedbyG20leadersattheirsummitinSeoullastNovember,foundthatbetween2002and2007,theshadowbankingsystemincreasedby$33trillion,morethandoublinginassetsizefrom$27trillionto$60trillion.Thisis8.5timeshigherthanthetotalUScurrent—accountdeficitof$3.9trillionduringthesameperiod.

Theshadowbankingsystemisestimatedatroughly25%-30%oftheglobalfinancialsystem($250trillion,excludingderivatives)andathalfoftotalglobalbankingassets.Thisrepresentsahugeregulatory“blackhole”atthecenteroftheglobalfinancialsystem,hithertonotcloselymonitoredformonetaryandfinancialstabilitypurposes.Itsimportancewasexposedonlybyanalysisofthekeyrolesplayedbystructuredinvestmentvehicles(SIVs)andmoney-marketfunds(MMFs)inthe2008meltdown.

Theshadowbankingsystemiscomplex,becauseitcomprisesamixofinstitutionsandvehicles.InvestmentfundsotherthanMMFsaccountfor29%oftotal,andSIVsmakeup9%,buttheshadowsystemalsoincludespublicfinancialinstitutions(suchasthegovernment-backedmortgagelenderFannieMaeintheUS).Theyaresomeofthelargestcounterpartieswiththeregularbankingsystem,andtheircombinedcreditcreationandproprietarytradingandhedgingmayaccountformuchofthegloballiquidityflowsthatmakemonetaryandfinancialstabilitysodifficulttoensure.

Thetroubleisthat,by2010,theshadowbankingsystemwasaboutthesamesizeasitwasjustbeforethe2007marketcrash,whereastheregulatedglobalbankingsystemwas18%largerthanin2007.ThatiswhytheFSBreportpinpointstheshadowbankingsystem,togetherwiththelargeglobalbanks,assourcesofsystemicrisk.Buttheglobalproblemislikelytobemuchlargerthanthesumofitsparts.Specifically,globalcreditcreationbytheregularandshadowbankingsystemsislikelytobesignificantlylargerthanthesumofthecreditcreationcurrentlymeasuredbynationalstatistics.

21.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?

22.ThegloballiquidityflowsincludethefollowingEXCEPT________.

23.AccordingtothereportrequestedbyG20leaders,howmuchmoneyintotalfortheshadowbankingsystembefore2008meltdown?

24.Asthepassageindicates,whatistheroughfigureforthetotalglobalbankingassetsjustbeforethe2007marketcrash?

25.Thewords“proprietarytrading”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

问题1选项

A.CreditGlutorSavingGlut

B.ThecomingGlobalCreditGlut

C.TheRegularandShadowBankingSystems

D.MonetaryandFinancialStability

问题2选项

A.money-marketfunds(MMFs)

B.structuredinvestmentvehicles(SIVs)

C.thecombinedcreditcreation

D.proprietarytradingandhedgingfund

问题3选项

A.$17.4trillion

B.$27trillion

C.$3.9trillion

D.$60trillion

问题4选项

A.$250trillion

B.$5.4trillion

C.$33trillion

D.$120trillion

问题5选项

A.haircut

B.carrytrade

C.usingthefirm’sowncapital

D.highfrequencytrading(HFT)

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】21.主旨大意题。根据第二段第一句aglobalcreditglut—gainedmoreground（全球信贷过剩——得到了更多的支持），后文对此展开讨论，根据文章最后一句Specifically,globalcreditcreationbytheregularandshadowbankingsystemsislikelytobesignificantlylargerthanthesumofthecreditcreationcurrentlymeasuredbynationalstatistics.（具体来说，常规银行和影子银行系统在全球创造的信贷很可能远远大于目前国家统计数据所衡量的信贷创造总量。），可知文章在预测全球信贷过剩，所以B选项“即将到来的全球信贷过剩”正确。A选项“信贷过剩还是储蓄过剩”：这只是文章开头的不同观点来引入主题，不是主要内容，故错误。C选项“常规银行系统和影子银行系统”和D选项“货币和金融稳定”：都是主要内容的部分内容，故错误。因此B选项正确。

22.语义推测题。根据第五段第二句InvestmentfundsotherthanMMFsaccountfor29%oftotal,andSIVsmakeup9%（除MMFs之外的投资基金占总数的29%，SIVs占9%），可知B选项“结构性投资工具（SIVs）”包含在内，故错误。根据第五段最后一句andtheircombinedcreditcreationandproprietarytradingandhedgingmayaccountformuchofthegloballiquidityflows（它们的信贷创造、自营交易和对冲交易可能是全球流动性流动的主要原因），可知C选项“联合信贷创造”和D选项“自营交易和对冲基金”包含在内，故错误。A选项“货币市场基金”没有提到，因此A选项正确。

23.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句between2002and2007,theshadowbankingsystemincreasedby$33trillion,morethandoublinginassetsizefrom$27trillionto$60trillion（2002年至2007年间，影子银行体系增加了33万亿美元，资产规模从27万亿美元增至60万亿美元，增加了一倍多），可知D选项“60万亿美元”正确。A选项“17.4万亿美元”，B选项“27万亿美元”和C选项“3.9万亿美元”错误。因此D选项正确。

24.事实细节题。根据第四段第一句Theshadowbankingsystemisestimatedatroughly25%-30%oftheglobalfinancialsystem($250trillion,excludingderivatives)andathalfoftotalglobalbankingassets.（据估计，影子银行体系约占全球金融体系的25%-30%（250万亿美元，不包括衍生品），占全球银行业总资产的一半。），可知全球银行业总资产应为250*25%*2=125，所以D选项“120万亿美元”正确。A选项“250万亿美元”，B选项“5.4万亿美元”和C选项“33万亿美元”错误。因此D选项正确。

25.词义辨析题。proprietarytrading意思为自营交易，C选项“使用公司自己的资本”符合意思，所以正确。A选项“发型”，B选项“套利交易”和D选项“高频交易（HFT）”错误。因此C选项正确。

8.单选题

Theyearwas1959.Location:ThecentralAfricancityofLeopoldville,nowcalledKinshasa,shortlybeforethewavesofviolentrebellionthatfollowedtheliberationoftheBelgianCongo.AseeminglyhealthymanwalkedintoahospitalclinictogivebloodforaWestern-backedstudyofblooddiseases.Hewalkedawayandwasneverheardfromagain.Doctorsanalyzedhissample,frozeitinalesttubeandforgotaboutit.Aquarter-centurylater,inthemid-1980s,researchersstudyingthegrowingAIDSepidemictookasecondlookatthebloodanddiscoveredthatitcontainedHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.

AndnotjustanyHIV.TheLeopoldvillesampleistheoldestspecimenoftheAIDSviruseverisolatedandmaynowhelpsolvethemysteryofhowandwhenthevirusmadetheleapfromanimals(monkeysorchimpanzees)tohumans,accordingtoareportpublishedlastweekinNature.Dr.DavidHo,directoroftheAaronDiamondAIDSResearchCenterinNewYorkCityandoneofthestudy’sauthors,saysacarefulgeneticanalysisofsample’sDNApushestheputativeoriginoftheAIDSepidemicbackatleastadecade,totheearly1950soreventhe1940s.

Overthepast15years,scientistshaveidentifiedatleast10subtypesoftheAIDSvirus.Buttheycouldn’ttellwhethertheywereseeingvariationsononechangeablevirusorthehandiworkofseveraldifferentvirusesthathadmadethejumpfromprimatestoman.AcloselookatthegeneticmutationsintheLeopoldvillesamplestronglysuggeststhatallitlooktolaunchtheAIDSepidemicwasoneunluckyturnofevents.

BycomparingtheDNAofthe1959viruswiththatofsamplestakenfromthe1980sand1990s,HoandhiscolleaguesconstructedaviralfamilytreeinwhichtheLeopoldvilleisolatesitsrightatthejuncturewherethreesubtypesbranchout.The39-year-oldspecimenisalsostrikinglysimilartotheothersevensubtypes.Theclearimplication:alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleeventoracloselyrelatedgroupofevents.OnetheoryisthatAIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinfectedmonkeysinaremoteareaandspreadtotherestofthepopulationthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.

ThefindingsunderscorehowrapidlyHIVcanadapttoitssurroundings,makingitdevilishlydifficulttodevelopeffectivevaccines.NooneknowshowmanymoresubtypesofHIVwillsproutinthenext40years,butchancesarethattheywillbeeverybitaslethalastheonesweseetoday,ifnotmoreso.

1.Whatdoesthephrase“BelgianCongo”mean?

2.Accordingtothisarticle,HIVinhumanbodyoriginatedfrom______.

3.ArethetensubtypesoftheAIDSvirusvariationofone?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttopicforthispassage?

问题1选项

A.BelgiumwasacolonyofCongo.

B.CongowasacolonyofBelgium.

C.BelgianCongowasanAfricanstate.

D.BelgiumandCongoweretwoseparatecountries.

问题2选项

A.animals

B.plants

C.food

D.notmentionedinthearticle

问题3选项

A.Yes.

B.No.

C.Scientistsarenotsureaboutitatpresent.

D.Itisnotmentionedinthearticle.

问题4选项

A.Alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleevent.

B.HIVcannoteasilyadapttoitssurroundings.

C.AIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinflectedmonkeysinaremotearea.

D.AIDSstartedthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.

问题5选项

A.HowtoProtectYourselffromAIDS?

B.WhereDoesHIVComeFrom?

C.ClassificationofHIV.

D.WhenDidAIDSBegin?

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.语义推测题。由题干关键词“BelgianCongo”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Location:ThecentralAfricancityofLeopoldville,nowcalledKinshasa,shortlybeforethewavesofviolentrebellionthatfollowedtheliberationoftheBelgianCongo.（地点：非洲中部城市利奥波德维尔，现称金沙萨，就在比属刚果解放后暴力叛乱浪潮爆发前不久。），比属刚果是比利时对刚果殖民统治时期对刚果的称呼，说明“BelgianCongo”是指“比利时的殖民地刚果”。因此B选项“刚果是比利时的一个殖民地”正确。A选项“比利时是刚果的一个殖民地”，C选项“比属刚果是一个非洲国家”，D选项“比利时和刚果是两个独立的国家”均不符合题意，所以A,C,D错误。

2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二句TheLeopoldvillesampleistheoldestspecimenoftheAIDSviruseverisolatedandmaynowhelpsolvethemysteryofhowandwhenthevirusmadetheleapfromanimalstohumans,accordingtoareportpublishedlastweekinNature.（根据上周发表在《自然》杂志上的一份报告，利奥波德维尔样本是迄今为止分离出来的最古老的艾滋病病毒样本，现在可能有助于解开该病毒是如何以及何时从动物传染给人类的谜团。），说明人体内的HIV来源于动物。因此A选项“动物”正确。B选项“植物”，C选项“食物”，D选项“文章中没有提到”均不符合原文，所以B,C,D错误。

3.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Overthepast15years,scientistshaveidentifiedatleast10subtypesoftheAIDSvirus.Buttheycouldn’ttellwhethertheywereseeingvariationsononechangeablevirusorthehandiworkofseveraldifferentvirusesthathadmadethejumpfromprimatestoman.（在过去的15年里，科学家们已经确认了至少10种艾滋病病毒的亚型。但是他们不能确定他们看到的是一种可变病毒的变异，还是几种不同病毒从灵长类动物传染给人类的结果。），说明科学家还不能确定艾滋病病毒的十种亚型是一种的变异。因此C选项“科学家们目前还不能确定”正确。A选项“是”，B选项“不是”，D选项“文章中没有提到”均不符合原文，所以A,B,D错误。

4.客观细节题。A选项“所有的病毒菌株都可以追溯到一个单一事件”，由原文Theclearimplication:alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleeventoracloselyrelatedgroupofevents.（显而易见的是：所有的病毒毒株都可以追溯到一个单一事件或一组密切相关的事件。）可知，病毒毒株不只可以追溯到单一时间，还有密切相关的一组事件，所以A错误。B选项“艾滋病病毒不容易适应其周围环境”，由原文ThefindingsunderscorehowrapidlyHIVcanadapttoitssurroundings（这些发现强调了艾滋病毒适应环境的速度有多快）可知，艾滋病病毒很容易适应周围环境，所以B错误。D选项“艾滋病是通过城市化和大规模接种开始的”，由原文spreadtotherestofthepopulationthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.（通过城市化和大规模接种传播到其他人群。）可知，艾滋病是通过城市化和大规模接种传播，而不是由其开始，所以D错误。C选项“艾滋病是通过与偏远地区的受感染的猴子接触开始的”，由原文AIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinfectedmonkeysinaremotearea（艾滋病起源于与偏远地区受感染的猴子的接触）可知，艾滋病是通过与偏远地区受感染的猴子接触开始的，C选项符合原文，所以本题选C。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文可知，文章首先描述了利奥波德维尔的一位看似健康的男性到医院抽血，25年后艾滋病研究者从中发现了艾滋病病毒。接着进一步强调并不只是发现了艾滋病病毒这么简单，之后介绍了该部分血液中发现的艾滋病毒并对其进行研究的重要意义。因此B选项“艾滋病病毒从何而来”符合文章的主旨，最适合作为文章标题。A选项“如何保护自己远离艾滋病”，C选项“艾滋病病毒的分类”在文中没有提及，所以A,C错误。D选项“艾滋病是什么时候开始的”只是文章的某一部分，不能全面地概括文章主旨，所以D错误。

9.单选题

Your______inteachingisdifferentfrommine.

问题1选项

A.altitude

B.approach

C.fuel

D.lump

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项altitude“海拔高度”；B选项approach“（待人接物或思考问题的）方式，方法，态度”；C选项fuel“燃料”；D选项lump“（通常为无定形的）块”。句意：你的______和我的不同。根据语境，这里指的是两人在某方面不同，B选项approach“（待人接物或思考问题的）方式，方法，态度”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

10.单选题

Theaudiencewaitedin（

）silencewhiletheiragedspeakersearchedamonghisnoteforthefigureshecouldnotremember.

问题1选项

A.respective

B.respect

C.respectful

D.respectable

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项respective意为“分别的”；B选项respect意为“尊敬，敬重”动词；C选项respectful“恭敬的，有礼貌的”；D选项respectable“可敬的”。根据空格前后判断，根据“agedspeaker年老的演讲者”，可知C选项respectful“恭敬的，有礼貌的”符合语境，句意为：当上了年纪的演讲者搜寻笔记寻找他不记得的数字的时候，观众们都充满敬意地默默等待。因此选项C正确。

11.单选题

HowareNikeandStarbucksconnected?Botharebrands,perhapsNikebeingmorewell-known.Botharelifestyleproducts.BothhaveUSorigins.AndbothhavebenefitedfromtheexpertiseofbrandexpertScottBedbury.

WhenBedburyjoinedNikein1987,thecompanywasaUS$750millionbusiness.HedirectedNike’sworldwideadvertisingcampaignandlaunchedthe“Justdoit”theme.Whenheleftin1994,NikewasaUS$4billioncompany.

NowBedburyisseniorvicepresidentofmarketingatStarbucksCoffee,responsibleforbuildingtheUS$700millionSeattle9basedcompanyintoaglobalbrand.

Bedburyhassomebrand-buildingprinciples.

PrincipleOne:Agreatbrandisinitforthelonghaul.Thismeansthatcompaniesneedtorealizethatagreatbrandisanecessity,notluxury.Itmeansthatcompaniescannotfocusjustonshorttermfinancialreturnsandsacrificelong-termbrand-buildinginvestments.

PrincipleTwo:Agreatbrandcanbeanything.Nikedoesnotsimplyhavetobeshoesandapparels(服装).Nikecantakeadvantageofthedeepemotionalconnectionthatpeoplehavewithsportsandfitness.Starbuckshastheopportunityforemotionalleverageascoffeehaswovenitselfintothefabricofpeople’slives.

PrincipleThree:Agreatbrandknowsitself.Thismeansfindingoutwhatneedtoenergizeandre-energizethebrandthroughsurprising,intriguingcampaignsrelatedtothebrand’scorepositioning.

PrincipleFour:Agreatbrandinvestorinventsorreinventsanentirecategory.AccordingtoBedbury,greatbrandaimstobeaprotagonist—itaddsagreatersenseofpurposetotheexperienceconsumershavewiththebrand.Nikehasaninformedopiniononwheresportsaregoing.

PrincipleFive:Agreatbrandtapsemotions.Productperformanceisgoodbutitistheemotionalconnectionthatmattersmost.There’salwaystheemotionalelementbehindeverychoice.Abrandthathelpsconsumersconnectwiththeirdreamsandaspirationsisboundtohavemorepowerfulemotionalbonding.

What’simportanttorememberisthatagreatbrandcantravelworldwide,transcendculturalbarriers.

1.Thispassageismainlyfocusedon（）.

2.TheattempttheauthormentionsNikeandStarbucksisto（）.

3.ThemainideaofPrincipleFiveisthat（）.

4.Thesentence“agreatbrandcanbeanything”inparagraph6impliesthat（）.

问题1选项

A.howtobuildagreatbrand

B.theimportanceofbuildingabrand

C.thedevelopmentofNike

D.howtomakeadvertisementappealing

问题2选项

A.indicatetheachievementofBedbury

B.takethemassuccessfulexamples,ofbrandbuilding

C.pointimportanceofthesetwocompaniesinAmerica

D.comparethedifferencebetweenthem

问题3选项

A.itisnotnecessarytopayattentiontoproductperformance

B.greatbrandsaresoimpressivetoconsumersthattheyappearintheirdreams

C.greatbrandswillinfluenceconsumers’emotions

D.emotionalappealingofaproductismorepowerfulthantheproductitself

问题4选项

A.agreatbrandismoreimportantthananythingelse

B.marketingagreatbrandaloneisenough

C.agreatbrandcanbethebrandofanyproduct

D.thefunctionofagreatbrandisveryimportant

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文围绕“如何打造品牌”展开叙述。开头说到Nike和Starbucks都是受益于ScottBedbury才成为世界著名品牌的，重点讲述了他对建立品牌有一些原则，文章最后再指出品牌的重要性。因此A选项“如何打造一个伟大的品牌”正确，符合题意。B选项“打造品牌的重要性”，只是小部分陈述，不能作为本文的主旨。C选项“耐克的发展”，文中不仅仅只谈