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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广西演艺职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.写作题

Directions:“Thepurposeofeducationshouldbetocreateanacademicenvironmentthatisseparatefromtheoutsideworld.Thiskindofenvironmentisidealbecauseitallowsstudentstofocusonimportantideaswithoutbeingheldbackbypracticalconcerns.”Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordstoexplainyouropinionsonthisissue.

【答案】

ThePurposeofEducation2.翻译题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

1.Whatremainspertinentisthereport'svisionoftheroleofgovernmentinresearch,includinghisassertionthatthefederalgovernmenthadboththeauthorityandtheobligationtosupportbasicresearch.

2.Thecriticismandbudgetcutsdirectedatuniversitieshavecreateduneaseandacorrespondingsearchforsolutions.

3.Wewouldn'thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn'tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintotheuniverse.

4.Ratherthanevaluatingprogramsintermsofhowhappytheymakepeople,howsatisfiedthosepeoplebecome,programsmustbeevaluatedintermsofthequalityofthediscontenttheyengender.

5.Whenamaniswrong,heiswrong,andthereisnoneedforonetobeimpressedandoverawedbyagreatnameorbythenumberofbooksthathehasreadandwehaven’t.

【答案】1.该报告对政府在研究中所扮演的角色的看法仍然中肯,他认为联邦政府有权利,也有义务支持基础研究。

2.针对大学的批评以及削减其财政预算,既造成了不安定因素,又激发了解决相应问题的探索精神。

3.如果物理学家和天文学家不曾连续发明工具,以便更深入地探讨宇宙的话,我们就不会有能够处理大量信息的网络系统。

4.对于各项计划的评估,不要看其令人们高兴的程度,让人们满意的程度,而要看其引起的不满情绪属于什么性质。

5.当一个人犯错误时,他就是错了,不必因震于他的大名,或震于他的高深学问,而对他有所畏惧。

3.单选题

Duetosluggishmarketconditions,thefactory'sworkforcehas()fromover4,000toafewhundred.

问题1选项

A.proclaimed

B.dwindled

C.repressed

D.indulged

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析题。proclaimed公告;dwindled减少,变小,缩小;repressed抑制,镇压,约束;indulged放任,放纵。句意:由于市场不景气,工厂的工人已从4000多人减少到几百人。选项B符合句意。

4.单选题

Afterthemusichad(

)therewasastormofapplause.

问题1选项

A.diedout

B.diedhard

C.diedoff

D.diedaway

【答案】D

【解析】dieout灭绝,消失;diehard难改掉,难断气;dieoff相继死去,逐个死亡;diedaway减弱,消失。

根据句意,这里指音乐减弱直至消失,所以选项D符合句意。

5.单选题

Theideaofspendingtherestofmylifetherenever()me.

问题1选项

A.approvesto

B.attractsto

C.appallsto

D.appealsto

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项approveto“批准,赞成”,B选项attract“吸引”,一般没有“attractto”这样的用法,可以用attractsb.todosth.或者sb.isattractedtodosth.,C选项appall“使胆寒,使大吃一惊”,一般不和介词to搭配;D选项appealsto“呼吁,吸引,要求”。句意:在那里度过余生的想法从来没有吸引过我。由选项意思和固定搭配可知,D选项符合句意。

6.单选题

Itwasverydifficulttofindthepartsneededtodothejobbecauseofthe()waythestorewasorganized.

问题1选项

A.logical

B.haphazard

C.orderly

D.tidy

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。logical“有逻辑的”;haphazard“偶然的;随意的”;orderly“有秩序的”;tidy“整洁的”。句意:找到这个工作所需要的零件很难,因为商店摆放的方式很随意。选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

Thisisanidealsiteforauniversity

itisfarfromthedowntownarea.

问题1选项

A.providedthat

B.nowthat

C.inthat

D.sothat

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。providedthat“如果;条件是”;nowthat“既然,由于”;inthat“因为,由于”;sothat“以便,所以”。句意:这里是建大学的理想场所,因为它离市中心很远。选项C符合题意。

8.单选题

Thesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthe“greatclasslesssociety”.Theideathatthe20thcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofgreatclichesofourtime.

Thesameoldargumentsareputforwardinevidence.Herearesomeofthem:Monarchyasasystemofgovernmenthascompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprivedofallpoliticalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,intime,thegreatfortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.Thepeoplerule;thegreatmillenniumhasbecomeapoliticalreality.Buthasit?Closeexaminationdoesn’tbearouttheclaim.

Itisafallacytosupposethatallmenareequalandthatsocietywillbeleveledoutifyouprovideeverybodywiththesameeducationalopportunities.(Itisdebatablewhetheryoucaneverprovideeveryonewiththesameeducationalopportunities,butthatisanotherquestion.)Thefactisthatnaturedispensesbrainsandabilitywithatotaldisregardfortheprincipleofequality.Theoldrulesofthejungle,“survivalofthefittest”,and“mightisright“arestillwithus.Thespreadofeducationhasdestroyedtheoldclasssystemandcreatedanewone.Rewardsarebasedonmeritfor“aristocracy”read“meritocracy”;inotherrespectssocietyremainsunaltered:theclasssystemisrigidlymaintained

Genuineability,animalcunning,skilltheknackofseizingopportunities,allbringsmaterialrewards.Andwhatisthefirstthingpeopledowhentheybecomerich?Theyusetheirwealthtosecurethebestpossibleopportunitiesfortheirchildren,togivethem“agoodstartinlife”.Forallthelipservicewepaytotheideaofequality.Wedonotconsiderthiswronginthewesternworld.Privateschoolswhichofferunfairadvantagesoverstateschoolsarenotbannedbecauseoneoftheprinciplesinademocracyisthatpeopleshouldbefreetochoosehowtheywilleducatetheirchildren.Inthisway,thenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent:anablechildfromawealthyhomecansucceedfarmorerapidlythanhispoorercounterpart.Wealthisalsousedindiscriminatelytofurtherpoliticalends.Itwouldbealmostimpossibletobecometheleaderofademocracywithoutmassivefinancialbacking.Moneyisaspowerfulaweaponaseveritwas.

Insocietieswhollydedicatedtotheprincipleofsocialequality.Privilegedprivateeducationisforbidden.Butevenherepeoplearerewardedaccordingtotheirabilities.Infact,sogreatistheneedforskilledworkersthattheleastablemaybeneglected.Brightchildrenarecarefullyandexpensivelytrainedtobecomefuturerulers.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboildowntothesamething:classdivisionspersistwhetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedpeasant.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thesameeducationalopportunitiescan’tgetridofinequalitybecause(

).

3.Whocanobtainmorerapidsuccess?

4.Whydoestheauthorsaythenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent?Because(

).

5.Accordingtotheauthor,“classdivisions”refersto(

).

问题1选项

A.Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem.

B.Equalitymeansmoney.

C.Thereisnosuchsocietyasclasslesssociety.

D.Naturecan’tgiveyouaclasslesssociety.

问题2选项

A.theprinciple“survivalofthefittest”exists.

B.natureignoresequalityindispensingbrainsandability.

C.materialrewardsareforgenuineability.

D.peoplehavethefreedomhowtoeducatetheirchildren.

问题3选项

A.Thosewithwealth.

B.Thosewiththebestbrains..

C.Thosewiththebestopportunities.

D.Thosewhohavetheabilitytocatchatopportunities.

问题4选项

A.moneydecideseverything.

B.privateschoolsofferadvantagesoverstateschools.

C.peoplearefreetochoosethewayofeducatingtheirchildren.

D.wealthisusedforpoliticalends.

问题5选项

A.therichandthepoor.

B.differentopportunitiesforpeople.

C.oppressorandtheoppressed.

D.geniusandstupidity.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。A项Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem(20世纪的机会均等并没有破坏阶级制度)能更好概括本文主旨。

2.细节题。作者指出:自然在分配大脑和能力的时候,完全不考虑平等的原则。有智慧能力才能生存,才能获报偿,这已经是不平等,因此即使获同样的受教育的机会,也不可能铲除不平等。

3.细节题。第三段指出:英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。一个来自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其对立面获得成功要快得多得多。因此推测,有钱人能够快速获得成功。

4.细节题。英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。因为有钱,才上得起私立学校。故选A。

5.推断题。作者强调穷人,富人在天赋、教育机会等方面的差异造成即使是同样的教育机会也不可能铲除不平等,因此在作者眼里,真正的阶级分化在于贫富差距。

9.单选题

Withonlyabout1000pandasleftintheworld,Chinaisdesperatelytryingtoclonetheanimalandsavetheendangeredspecies.That’smovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearcherhasbeenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalled“Noah’sArk”.

Dr.DuaneKraemer,aprofessorinTexasA&M’sCollegeofVeterinaryMedicineandapioneerinembryotransferworkandrelatedprocedures,sayshesalutestheChineseeffortand“Iwishthemallthebestsuccesspossible.It’saworthwhileproject,certainlynotaneasyone,andit’sverymuchlikewhatwe’reattemptinghereatTexasA&M—tosaveanimalsfromextinction.”

Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggs,embryos,semenandDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.Ifcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinct.Kraemersaystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.

Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2000speciesofmammals,birdsandreptileswillbecomeextinctoverthenext100years.Thepanda,nativeonlytoChina,isindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25years.

Thisweek,ChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryobyintroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.

Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.

“Thenucleartransferofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasy,andthelackofavailablepandaeggscouldbeamajorproblem,”Kraemerbelieves.“Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundredtransferstoresultinonepregnancy.Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficult,butthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.Theyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisk,soitisworththeeffort,”addsKraemer,whoisoneoftheleadersoftheMissyplicityProjectatTexasA&M,thefirst-everattemptatcloningadog.

“Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendone,andthisisverysimilartoourworkinNoah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyapplaudtheireffortandthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuchneeded.”

1.Theaimof“Noah’sArk”projectisto().

2.Theword“groundbreaking”(Paragraph7)canbeinterpreted().

3.WhatcouldbethemajorproblemincloningpandasaccordingtoProfessorKraemer?

4.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe().

问题1选项

A.implantembryointoahostanimal

B.salutetheChineseeffortsinsavingpandas

C.saveendangeredanimalsfromextinction

D.introducecellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit

问题2选项

A.essentiallynew

B.pioneering

C.evolutionary

D.epoch-making

问题3选项

A.Lackofavailablepandaeggs.

B.Lackofhostanimals.

C.Lackofqualifiedresearchers.

D.Lackoffunds.

问题4选项

A.China-theNativePlaceofPandasForever

B.China’sEffortstoClonePandas

C.China’sFirstClonedPanda

D.ExploringthePossibilitytoClonePandas

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“aim”可以定位到文章第三段Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggs,embryos,semenandDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.Ifcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinct.Kraemersaystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.(诺亚方舟的目标是收集濒危动物的卵子、胚胎、精液和DNA,并将它们储存在液氮中。如果某些物种灭绝,克雷默说,未来将会有足够的基本构件来重新引入这个物种。),说明诺亚方舟项目的目标是拯救濒危动物。因此C选项“拯救濒临灭绝的动物”正确。由A选项关键词“implantembryo”可以定位到文章第五段最后一句Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.(他们现在正试图将胚胎植入宿主动物体内。),这是中国科学家的做法,不是诺亚方舟项目的目标,所以A选项“将胚胎植入宿主动物体内”错误。由B选项关键词“salute”可以定位到文章第二段第一句hesalutestheChineseeffortand“Iwishthemallthebestsuccesspossible.(他对中国的努力表示敬意,并说“我祝愿他们取得最好的成功。”),这是克雷默博士对中国拯救大熊猫努力的态度,而不是诺亚方舟项目的目标,所以B选项“向中国拯救大熊猫的努力致敬”错误。由D选项关键词“introducecells”可以定位到文章第五段第一句ChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryobyintroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.(中国科学家表示,他们将一只死去的雌性熊猫的细胞引入一只日本白兔的卵细胞中,培育出了一个胚胎。),这是中国科学家的做法,不是诺亚方舟项目的目标,所以D选项“将死亡雌性熊猫的细胞导入日本白兔的卵细胞”错误。

2.语义推测题。由题干关键词“groundbreaking”可以定位到文章第七段第三句Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficult,butthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.(这需要很长时间,也很困难,但如果成功的话,这可能将会成为科学史上的开拓。),这是科学上的一次开创性举措,因此B选项“首创的;先驱的”正确。A选项“本质上新的”,C选项“进化的”,D选项“划时代的”均没有开创、先驱的意思,所以A,C,D错误。

3.客观细节题。根据题干关键词“majorproblem”可以定位到文章第七段第一句“Thenucleartransferofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasy,andthelackofavailablepandaeggscouldbeamajorproblem,”Kraemerbelieves.(克雷默认为:“将一个物种的细胞核移植到另一个物种并不容易,而且缺乏可用的熊猫卵子可能是一个主要问题。”)说明克隆大熊猫的主要问题是缺乏熊猫的卵子。因此A选项“缺少可用的熊猫卵子”正确。B选项“缺乏宿主动物”,C选项“缺乏合格的研究人员”,D选项“缺乏资金”在文中均没有提及,所以B,C,D错误。

4.主旨大意题。文章主要围绕中国开展的克隆大熊猫的项目展开,首先说到中国克隆大熊猫的努力和诺亚方舟项目很相似,接着介绍了中国尝试克隆大熊猫的具体举措,最后说到这项研究是很值得、很有必要的。因此B选项“中国克隆大熊猫的努力”最适合作为文章的标题。A选项“中国——熊猫的故乡”没有说到中国正在努力克隆熊猫,所以A错误。C选项“中国第一只克隆熊猫”,中国现在还没有成功克隆出熊猫,所以C错误。D选项“探索克隆熊猫的可能性”没有提到中国做出的努力,所以D错误。

10.单选题

Veryfewpeoplecouldunderstandthelecturetheprofessordeliveredbecauseitssubjectwasvery().

问题1选项

A.obscure

B.indefinite

C.dubious

D.intriguing

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项obscure“昏暗的,晦涩的”,B项indefinite“不确定的,无限的”,C项dubious“可疑的,暧昧的”,D项intriguing“有趣的,迷人的”。根据句子前半句的句意“很少有人能听懂教授的讲座”可知,A项符合句意。句意:很少有人能听懂教授的讲座,因为它的主题非常晦涩。因此,该题选择A项正确。

11.单选题

Thetestofanydemocraticsocietyliesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossible().

问题1选项

A.altitude

B.latitude

C.longitude

D.multitude

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项altitude“高地;高度;海拔”;B选项latitude“纬度;行动自由”;C选项longitude“经度;经线”;D选项multitude“群众;多数”。句意:对任何一个民主社会的考验不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是否给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由。由题干中“freedomofthoughtandexpression思想和表达自由”的提示可知“行动自由”符合语境,因此B选项正确。

12.单选题

Throughoutthenineteenthcenturyandintothetwentieth,citizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentersofcorruption,crime,poverty,andmoraldegradation.Theirdistrustwascaused,inpart,byanationalideologytheyproclaimedfanningthegreatestoccupationandrurallivingsuperiortourbanliving.Thisattitudeprevailedevenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessentialfeatureofthenationallandscape.Gradually,economicrealityovercameideology.Thousandsabandonedtheprecariouslifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeoplemigratedfromthecountryside,theycarriedtheirfearsandsuspiciouswiththem.Thesenewurbanities,alreadyconvincedthatcitieswereoverwhelmedwithgreatproblems,eagerlyembracetheprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthechaosofthecity.

Oneofmanyreformscameintheareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedbymunicipalgovernments,butthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswouldchargeexorbitantratesfortheseessentialservicesanddeliverthemonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedbyregulatingtheutilitycompanies,butanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.Proponentsofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwouldinsurewidespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteeafairprice.

Whilesomereformsfocusedongovernmentandpublicbehavior,otherslookedatthecitiesasawhole.Civicleaders,convincedthatphysicalenvironmentinfluencedhumanbehavior,arguedthatcitiesshoulddevelopmasterplanstoguidetheirfuturegrowthanddevelopment.Cityplanningwasnothingnew,buttherapidindustrializationandurbangrowthofthelatenineteenthcenturytookplacewithoutanyconsiderationfororder.Urbanrenewalinthetwentiethcenturyfollowedseveralcourses.Somecitesintroducedplanstocompletelyrebuildthecitycore.Mostothercitiescontentedthemselveswithzoningplansforregulatingfuturegrowth.Certainpartsoftownwererestrictedtoresidentialuse,whileothersweresetaideforindustrialorcommercialdevelopment.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Thefirstparagraphsuggeststhatmostpeoplewholivedinruralareas()

3.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,manyruraldwellersmigratedtothecityinorderto()

4.Whatconcerndidreformershaveaboutprivatelyownedutilitycompanies?

5.AllofthefollowingwerethedirectresultofpublicutilityreformsEXCEPT()

6.Whydoestheauthormention"industrialization"inParagraph3?

问题1选项

A.Acomparisonofurbanandrurallifeintheearlytwentiethcentury.

B.Theroleofgovernmentintwentiethcenturyurbanrenewal.

C.Effortstoimproveurbanlifeintheearlytwentiethcentury.

D.Methodsofcontrollingurbangrowthinthetwentiethcentury.

问题2选项

A.weresuspiciousoftheirneighbors

B.wereveryproudoftheirlifestyle

C.believedcitygovernmenthadtoomuchpower

D.wantedtomovetothecities

问题3选项

A.participateintheurbanreformmovement

B.seekfinancialsecurity

C.complywithagovernmentordinance

D.avoidcrimeandcorruption

问题4选项

A.Theyfearedtheserviceswouldnotbemadeavailabletoallcitydwellers.

B.Theybelievedprivateownershipwouldsloweconomicgrowth.

C.Theydidnottrustthecompaniestoobeythegovernmentregulations.

D.Theywantedtoensurethattheserviceswouldbeprovidedtoruralareas.

问题5选项

A.localgovernmentsdeterminedtherateschargedbyprivateutilitycompanies

B.someutilitycompanieswereownedandoperatedbylocalgovernments

C.theavailabilityofserviceswasregulatedbylocalgovernment

D.privateutilitycompanieswererequiredtopayafeetolocalgovernments

问题6选项

A.Toexplainhowfasturbangrowthledtopoorlydesignedcities.

B.Toemphasizetheeconomicimportanceofurbanareas.

C.Tosuggestthatlabordisputeshadbecomeanurbanproblem.

D.Toillustratetheneedforconstructionofnewfactories.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨题。文章第一段主要讲述了美国人民对城市生活的看法,第二、三段主要讲述城市改革。结合全文,选项C更能概括全文主题。

第2题:细节推断题。根据第一段的第三句“theyproclaimedfanningthegreatestoccupationandrurallivingsuperiortourbanliving.”他们宣称,这种意识形态宣扬的是最伟大的职业和农村生活优于城市生活。由此可以推断居住在乡下的人认为农村生活好,这就是一种"自豪感"。选项B正确。

第3题:细节推断题。根据第一段的五、六句“Gradually,economicrealityovercameideology.Thousandsabandonedtheprecariouslifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.”经济现实战胜了理想,为了获得稳定并且薪水高的工作,人们返回都市。选项B符合原文。

第4题:细节推断题。根据第二段的第三句“Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswouldchargeexorbitantratesfortheseessentialservicesanddeliverthemonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.”改革者担心私营的公用事业公司会对这些基本服务收取过高的费用,并且只向有能力承担的人提供这些服务。也就是说并非所有城市居民都能享受这些服务,选项A符合原文。

第5题:细节判断题。根据第二段的最后一句“Proponents...guaranteeafairprice.”可知选项A和C正确;根据第二段的第二句“Waterandsewerage...wereprivatelyowned.”可知选项B正确;选项D私营公用事业公司被要求向地方政府支付费用曲解了原文“Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswouldchargeexorbitantratesfortheseessentialservicesanddeliverthemonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.”的意思。

第6题:细节推断题。定位到第三段的第三句“Cityplanningwasnothingnew,buttherapidindustrializationandurbangrowthofthelatenineteenthcenturytookplacewithoutanyconsiderationfororder.”城市规划并不是什么新鲜事,但是19世纪晚期的快速工业化和城市发展却没有考虑到秩序,也就是说对于发展的布局没有很好的构思和设计,这个就是提到industrialization的目的。选项A正确。

13.单选题

3.

问题1选项

A.Inhisbag.

B.Bythelamp.

C.Inhishouse.

D.Noideaaboutwhereheleftit.

【答案】C

【解析】W:Whatareyoulookingfor?

M:Mylaptop.Ican’tfinditinmybagoranywhere.

W:Ican’trememberyoucarryingithere.Thinkaboutitonemoretime.

M:That’sright.Ileftitathome.

Q:Whereistheman’slaptop?

【解析】细节题。男士说:Ileftitathome,即他把电脑落家里了。

14.单选题

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,however,savage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguist,thereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.

Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindtheWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1)Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2)Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(thisandthat);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,andwhatisremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

1.Theauthorconsidersthetermcultureas____.

2.Animportantfunctionofalanguage’svocabularyisitspowerto____.

3.The“backward”languagesoftensurpriseusbecauseoftheir____.

4.Whichtwoconceptsaretreatedasparallelsinthisselection?

5.Theauthorprobablymakesitapointtorefertotheprofessionalanthropologistandlinguistbecause____.

问题1选项

A.equivalenttocustoms

B.acivilizednotion

C.anunprejudicedconcept

D.traditional,whethersavageorcivilized

问题2选项

A.describeobjects

B.adaptitselfandexpand

C.narrateevents

D.borrowfromotherlanguages

问题3选项

A.complexdistinction

B.remotenessfromdailyhabits

C.severestandardsofexpression

D.savagegroansandgestures

问题4选项

A.Civilizationandculture.

B.Languageandsocialorder.

C.Cultureandanthropology.

D.Languageandculture.

问题5选项

A.hewantstoinfluencethem

B.nonprofessionalpeoplethinkdifferently

C.hefavorsthegroup

D.theyarenowpreparedinthefield

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Theauthorconsidersthetermcultureas____.作者认为“文化”一词____。

A.equivalenttocustomsA.相当于习俗

B.acivilizednotionB.一个文明的概念

C.anunprejudicedconceptC.一个不带偏见的概念

D.traditional,whethersavageorcivilizedD.传统的,无论野蛮还是文明

【答案】C

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词thetermculture定位到原文第一、二段。第二段第一句提到“一种文化相对于另一种文化来说并不具有内在的优越性(nointrinsicsuperiority)”,由“没有优越性”可知,作者认为文化这个概念本身是不带任何偏见的,C选项“一个不带偏见的概念”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“相当于习俗”,第一段第一句提到“文化是某一特定群体的所有传统、习俗(customs)、信仰和生活方式的总和(thesumtotalofall)。”因此,习俗只是文化中的一部分,该选项属于以偏概全;

B选项“一个文明的概念”,第一段第二句提到“每个群体都有一种文化,无论在我们看来它是多么的野蛮、不发达或未开化(uncivilized)。”由此可知,即使在我们看来未开化的群体也拥有文化,所以说“文化是一个文明的概念”是不准确的,该选项表述错误,该选项属于曲解原文;

D选项“传统的,无论野蛮还是文明”,由A选项定位句可知,文化不仅仅包括传统的内容,该选项表述不准确,属于以偏概全。

第2题:【选项释义】

Animportantfunctionofalanguage’svocabularyisitspowerto____.一门语言的词汇的一个重要功能就是它能____。

A.describeobjectsA.描述对象

B.adaptitselfandexpandB.适应和扩展

C.narrateeventsC.叙述事件

D.borrowfromotherlanguagesD.借用其他语言

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词function和alanguage’svocabulary可定位到原文第四段。本段第三句提到“然而,即使在这一领域,也有两件事需要注意:所有语言似乎都具有扩大词汇量的机制(vocabularyexpansion),有的把已有的词汇组合在一起(puttingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence),有的从其他语言中借用词汇并使之适应自己的语言系统(borrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem)。”由“扩大词汇量”和“使借用词汇适应自己的语言系统”可知,B选项“适应和扩展”最符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“描述对象”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

C选项“叙述事件”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

D选项“借用其他语言”,是扩展的方式之一,包含在B选项中,该选项属于以偏概全。

第3题:【选项释义】

The“backward”languagesoftensurpriseusbecauseoftheir____.“落后的”语言经常让我们感到惊讶,因为它们的____。

A.complexdistinctionA.复杂的区别

B.remotenessfromdailyhabitsB.远离日常习惯

C.severestandardsofexpressionC.严格的表达标准

D.savagegroansandgesturesD.野蛮的呻吟和手势

【答案】A

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词surpriseus定位到原文第四段倒数第二句,该句提到“在‘落后的’语言中,需要名称和区别的(requiringnamesanddistinctions)对象和活动,往往惊人的(surprisingly)多且复杂(numerousandcomplicated)。”由此可知,在“落后的”语言中,对象和活动的名称和区别惊人的多且惊人的复杂。因此,A选项“复杂的区别”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“远离日常习惯”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

C选项“严格的表达标准”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

D选项“野蛮的呻吟和手势”,可定位到原文第三段,该段第一句提到“人们曾经认为落后群体的语言是野蛮的、不发达的语言(savage,undevelopedformofspeech),主要由咕哝和呻吟组成(gruntsandgroans)”,由此可知,“野蛮的呻吟和手势”是人们本来就有的认知,在他们看来并不会惊奇,该选项表述错误,属于曲解原文。

第4题:【选项释义】

Whichtwoconceptsaretreatedasparallelsinthisselection?在这个选择题中,哪两个概念被视为是相似的?

A.Civilizationandculture.A.文明与文化。

B.Languageandsocialorder.B.语言和社会秩序。

C.Cultureandanthropology.C.文化和人类学。

D.Languageandculture.D.语言和文化。

【答案】D

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词treatedasparallels定位到原文第二段。本段将文化与语言进行类比,提到“对于专业人类学家来说,一种文化并不比另一种文化具有内在的优越性,就像对于专业语言学家来说,语言之间没有内在的等级制度一样。”由此可知,文化与语言,在没有优劣这一点上是类似的。因此,D选项“语言和文化”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“文明与文化”,原文并未提到文明,该选项属于无中生有;

B选项“语言和社会秩序”,原文并未提到社会秩序,该选项属于无中生有;

C选项“文化和人类学”,原文只是提到了人类学家,该选项属于偷换概念。

第5题:【选项释义】

Theauthorprobablymakesitapointtorefertotheprofessionalanthropologistandlinguistbecause____.作者提及专业人类学家和语言学家,可能是因为____。

A.hewantstoinfluencethemA.他想影响他们

B.nonprofessionalpeoplethinkdifferentlyB.非专业人士的想法不同

C.hefavorsthegroupC.他喜欢这个群体

D.theyarenowpreparedinthefieldD.在这个领域他们现在准备好了

【答案】D

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词professionalanthropologistandlinguist定位到原文第二段。该段提到专业的人类学家和语言学家,说明不同的文化和不同的语言一样,都是平等的,没有优劣之分。至于为什么要提到“专业的人类学家和语言学家”,因为他们是专业人士,比较权威,引用他们的观点,更有说服力。D选项“在这个领域他们现在准备好了”,即他们对各自的领域都有了一定的研究,有专业知识储备,比较权威,符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“他想影响他们”,本文的话题是文化和语言,“人类学家和语言学家”并不是重点,原文也不涉及作者想影响他们,该选项属于无中生有;

B选项“非专业人士的想法不同”,他们是专业人士,原文也没有提及非专业人士,该选项属于无中生有;

C选项“他喜欢这个群体”,本文是一篇比较正式的文章,如果单纯凭个人喜好选择内容,可能过于随便,不符合文章行文逻辑。

15.单选题

Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion—aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,neitheranxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmembersorgroups.Society’seconomicunderpinnings(支柱)wouldbedestroyed:sincetherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillsee,incentivesimplyacapacitytoen

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