考研考博-英语-广西中医药大学赛恩斯新医药学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广西中医药大学赛恩斯新医药学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thedistinctionbetweensecondandforeignlanguagelearningcancauseconfusioninthefieldofsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA),whichisthesub-disciplineofappliedlinguisticsthataimstounderstandhowpeoplelearnasecondlanguageandthefactorsthataffecttheirlanguagelearning.SLAresearchnotonlyexaminessecondlanguagelearning,butalsoanyforeign,thirdorfourthlanguagelearning.Duetothecomplexityoflanguagelearning,weseethattheSLAliteratureoftentreatadditionallanguageandforeignlanguagelearninginthesamesecondlanguageacquisitionframework.Ofcourse,weknowthatlearningathirdlanguageisnotnecessarilythesameaslearningasecondlanguage.Amoresolidtheoreticalframeworkforthirdorfourthlanguageacquisitionwilleventuallyemergeasmoreresearchisconducted.

1.Whichofthefollowingisthesub-disciplineofappliedlinguistics?

2.Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?

3.Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?

4.Amoresolidtheoreticalframeworkforthirdorfourthlanguageacquisitionwilleventuallyemergeasmoreresearchisconductedbecause______.

5.Whichofthefollowingwillserveasthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Thedistinctionbetweensecondandforeignlanguagelearning.

B.Thesecondlanguage.

C.Theforeignlanguage.

D.Secondlanguageacquisition.

问题2选项

A.SLAresearchexaminessecondlanguagelearning,someforeign,thirdorfourthlanguagelearning.

B.SLAresearchexaminessecondlanguagelearning,anyforeign,thirdorfourthlanguagelearning.

C.SLAresearchexaminesforeignlanguagelearning.

D.SLAresearchexaminesfirstlanguagelearning.

问题3选项

A.Additionallanguageandforeignlanguagelearningshouldbetreatedinthesamesecondlanguageacquisitionframework

B.Additionallanguageandforeignlanguagelearningshouldnotbetreatedinthesamesecondlanguageacquisitionframework.

C.Additionallanguageandforeignlanguagelearninghavebeentreateddifferentlyinsecondlanguageacquisitionframework

D.Additionallanguageandforeignlanguagelearninghavenotbeentreatedindifferentsecondlanguageacquisitionframework

问题4选项

A.theSLAliteratureoftentreatsadditionallanguageandforeignlanguagelearninginthesamesecondlanguageacquisitionframework

B.theSLAliteratureoftentreatsadditionallanguageandforeignlanguagelearningindifferentsecondlanguageacquisitionframework.

C.learningathirdlanguageisnecessarilythesameaslearningasecondlanguage.

D.learningathirdlanguageisnotnecessarilythesameaslearningasecondlanguage

问题5选项

A.InsideSLA

B.OutsideSLA

C.FutureofSLA

D.ThethirdlanguageandSLA

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章中的Thedistinctionbetweensecondandforeignlanguagelearningcancauseconfusioninthefieldofsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA),whichisthesub-disciplineofappliedlinguisticsthataimstounderstandhowpeoplelearnasecondlanguageandthefactorsthataffecttheirlanguagelearning.（第二语言和外语学习之间的区别在于第二语言习得领域可能导致困惑，第二语言习得是应用语言学的一个分支学科，旨在了解人们如何学习第二语言以及影响他们语言学习的因素）可知选D。

2.细节事实题。由文章中的SLAresearchnotonlyexaminessecondlanguagelearning,butalsoanyforeign,thirdorfourthlanguagelearning.（第二语习得研究不仅研究第二语言学习，而且也研究任何外语、第三或第四语言学习）可知选B。

3.细节事实题。由文章中的Duetothecomplexityoflanguagelearning,weseethattheSLAliteratureoftentreatadditionallanguageandforeignlanguagelearninginthesamesecondlanguageacquisitionframework.（由于语言学习的复杂性，我们发现第二语习得著作通常把在同样的第二语言习得框架里讨论第二语言和外语学习）可知D选项“第二语言和外语学习一直没有在不同的的第二语言习得框架里讨论”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章中的Ofcourse,weknowthatlearningathirdlanguageisnotnecessarilythesameaslearningasecondlanguage.（当然，我们知道学习第三语言并不一定等同于学习第二语言）可知D选项“学习第三语言不一定等于学习第二语言”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了第二语言习得（SLA）研究的内容与目的，根据文章最后一句Amoresolidtheoreticalframeworkforthirdorfourthlanguageacquisitionwilleventuallyemergeasmoreresearchisconducted.（随着研究的深入，第三语言或第四语言习得的理论框架将逐渐形成）可知C选项“第二语言习得的未来”符合题意。

2.单选题

Cyberspace,datasuperhighways,multimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuture,thelinkingofcomputers,televisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopialittleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.Aswithallnewhightechnology,whiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththe‘‘how’’,thequestionof“forwhom”isputasideonceagain.

Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundaries,andtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftrade,exchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarket―withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.

Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.As“futures”aretradedoncomputerscreens,developingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.Sowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrol?Onealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—so-called“developmentcommunications”modernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies.

CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.Europe,orJapan;thepatents,skillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensive,andimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit-creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.

Furthermore,whennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelites,foreigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransitionalcorporationsmaybenefit,thosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.

1.Fromthepassageweknowthatthedevelopmentofhightechnologyisintheinterestof（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat

（

）.

3.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheelectroniceconomymayhaveadestructiveimpactdevelopingcountries?

4.Thedevelopmentofmoderncommunicationstechnologyindevelopingcountriesmay

（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecommunicationsrevolutionis（

）.

问题1选项

A.therichcountries

B.scientificdevelopment

C.theelite

D.theworldeconomy

问题2选项

A.internationaltradeshouldbeexpanded

B.theinternationalofthepoorcountrieshavenotbeengivenenoughconsideration

C.theexportsofthepoorcountriesshouldbeincreased

D.communicationstechnologyinthedevelopingcountriesshouldbemodernized

问题3选项

A.Becauseitenablesthedevelopedcountriestocontroltheinternationalmarket.

B.Becauseitdestroystheeconomicbalanceofthepoorcountries

C.Becauseitviolatesthenationalboundariesofthepoorcountries.

D.Becauseitinhibitstheindustrialgrowthofdevelopingcountries.

问题4选项

A.hindertheirindustrialproduction

B.causethemtolosecontroloftheirtrade

C.forcethemtoreducetheirshareofexports

D.costthemtheireconomicindependence

问题5选项

A.positive

B.ritical

C.indifferent

D.tolerant

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。文章第二段最后一句提到“信息科技使得电子经济成为可能，这将让富裕国家加强对全球市场的控制，而对贫困国家则是毁灭性的影响”（Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarket―withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots），由此可知，高科技的发展意味着富裕国家的利益不断增加，选项A符合题意。

第2题:推理判断题。文章第一段提到对于那些看得见未来的人来说，计算机、电视和电话将永远改变我们的生活；但是却很少有人关注这些科技的发展对穷人的影响（forthosewhohaveseenthefuture,thelinkingofcomputers,televisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopialittleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor），由此可知贫困国家的利益并没有得到重视，选项B符合题意。

第3题:推理判断题。文章第二段最后一句提到“信息科技使得电子经济成为可能，这将让富裕国家加强对全球市场的控制，而对贫困国家则是毁灭性的影响”（Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarket―withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots），由此可知，由于电子经济会使得全球市场掌控在富裕国家手中，因而贫穷国家的利益将会受到损害，选项A符题意。

第4题:细节事实题。文章第三段主要讲述了通信技术对发展中国家的影响。文章提到发展中国家对自己命运的掌控越来越少，为了重新获得控制权，它们会考虑通信现代化（“developmentcommunications”modernization），但是这样做的后果是会导致长期依赖和对本国经济永久地制约（Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies），由此可知选项D“付出了经济独立的代价”符合题意。

第5题:观点态度题。文章讨论的主要内容是通信技术对发展中国家的负面影响，作者对此是持否定态度的，因此，选项B“批判的”符合题意。

3.单选题

Alwayssincethecreationofcelluloid,plasticshavebeenfoundtohaveamultitudeofindustrialandcommercialuses.

问题1选项

A.Always

B.plastics

C.tohave

D.amultitudeof

【答案】A

【解析】根据题意，A选项句首应该为eversince“自从”，句意：自从发明了电影胶片，人们发现塑料有很多商业和工业的用途。选项A符合题意。

4.单选题

Iremindedhimthatwehadaskedforanordinaryroom,notaspecialroom,andwhenIinquiredwhatisunusualaboutourroom,heseemednottowanttoanswer.

问题1选项

A.hadaskedforanordinaryroom，not

B.inquiredwhat

C.unusualabout

D.seemednottowant

E.没有错误

【答案】C

【解析】形容词误用。将unusual改为special。句意:我提醒他,我们要求入住的是普通间,而不是专用房，并且，当我询问我们的房间有什么特殊时,他似乎不想回答。unusual不寻常的；不平常的。special特别的；专门的。

5.单选题

Thetownplanningcommissionsaidthattheirfinancialoutlookforthenextyearwasoptimistic.Theyexpectedincreasedtax（）.

问题1选项

A.efficiency

B.revenues

C.privileges

D.validity

【答案】B

【解析】efficiency效率;revenue收入,税收;privilege特权,特免;validity有效性,合法性。句意：城镇规划局表示,下一年的财政前景是乐观的,他们期望能够增加税收收入。

6.单选题

Behaviorisoneoftwogeneralresponsesavailabletoendothermic(warm-blooded)speciesfortheregulationofbodytemperature,theotherbeinginnate(reflexive)mechanismsofheatproductionandheatloss.Humanbeingsrelyprimarilyonthefirsttoprovideahospitablethermalmicroclimateforthemselves,inwhichthetransferofheatbetweenthebodyandtheenvironmentisaccomplishedwithminimalinvolvementofinnatemechanismsofheatproductionandloss.Thermoregulatorybehavioranticipateshyperthermia,andtheorganismadjustsitsbehaviortoavoidbecominghyperthermic:itremoveslayersofclothing,itgoesforacoolswim,etc.Theorganismcanalsorespondtochangesinthetemperatureofthebodycore,asisthecaseduringexercise;butsuchresponsesresultfromthedirectstimulationofthermoreceptorsdistributedwidelywithinthecentralnervoussystem,andtheabilityofthesemechanismstohelptheorganismadjusttogrosschangesinitsenvironmentislimited.

Untilrecentlyitwasassumedthatorganismsrespondtomicrowaveradiationinthesamewaythattheyrespondtotemperaturechangescausedbyotherformsofradiation.Afterall,theargumentruns,microwavesareradiationandheatbodytissues.Thistheoryignoresthefactthatthestimulustoabehavioralresponseisnormallyatemperaturechangethatoccursatthesurfaceoftheorganism.Thethermoreceptorsthatpromptbehavioralchangesarelocatedwithinthefirstmillimeteroftheskin’ssurface,buttheenergyofamicrowavefieldmaybeselectivelydepositedindeeptissues,effectivelybypassingthesethermoreceptors,particularlyifthefieldisatnear-resonantfrequencies.Theresultingtemperatureprofilemaywellbeakindofreversethermalgradientinwhichthedeeptissuesarewarmedmorethanthoseofthesurface.Sincetheheatisnotconductedoutwardtothesurfacetostimulatetheappropriatereceptors,theorganismdoesnot“appreciate”thisstimulationinthesamewaythatit“appreciates”heatingandcoolingoftheskin.Intheory,theinternalorgansofahumanbeingorananimalcouldbequiteliterallycookedwell-donebeforetheanimalevenrealizesthatthebalanceofitsthermomicroclimatehasbeendisturbed.

Untilafewyearsago,microwaveirradiationsatequivalentplane-wavepowerdensitiesofabout100mW/cm2wereconsideredunequivocallytoproduce“thermal”effects;irradiationswithintherangeof10to100mW/cm2mightormightnotproduce“thermal”effects;whileeffectsobservedatpowerdensitiesbelow10mW/cm2wereassumedtobe“nonthermal”innature.Experimentshaveshownthistobeanoversimplification,andarecentreportsuggeststhatfieldsasweakas1mW/cm2canbethermogenic.Whentheheatgeneratedinthetissuesbyanimposedradiofrequency(plustheheatgeneratedbymetabolism)exceedstheheat-losscapabilitiesoftheorganism,thethermoregulatorysystemhasbeencompromised.Yetsurprisingly,notlongago,anincreaseintheinternalbodytemperaturewasregardedmerelyas“evidence”ofathermaleffect.

1.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingpointsaboutinnatemechanismsforheatproduction?

3.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostlogicaltopicfortheauthortotakeupintheparagraphfollowingthefinalparagraphoftheselection?

4.Theauthor’sstrategyinlines39-42isto（

）.

5.Theauthorimpliesthattheproponentsofthetheorythatmicrowaveradiationactsonorganismsinthesamewayasotherformsofradiationbasedtheirconclusionsprimarilyon（

）.

6.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas（

）.

7.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

问题1选项

A.showingthatbehaviorisamoreeffectivewayofcontrollingbodilytemperaturethaninnatemechanisms

B.criticizingresearcherswhowillnotdiscardtheirtheoriesabouttheeffectsofmicrowaveradiationonorganisms

C.demonstratingthateffectsofmicrowaveradiationaredifferentfromthoseofotherformsofradiation

D.analyzingthemechanismbywhichanorganismmaintainsitsbodilytemperatureinachangingthermalenvironment

E.discussingtheimportanceofthermoreceptorsinthecontroloftheinternaltemperatureofanorganism

问题2选项

A.Ionly

B.IandIIonly

C.IandIIIonly

D.IIandIIIonly

E.I,II,andIII

问题3选项

A.Asuggestionfornewresearchtobedoneontheeffectsofmicrowavesonanimalsandhumanbeings

B.Ananalysisofthedifferencesbetweenmicrowaveradiation

C.Aproposalthattheuseofmicrowaveradiationbeprohibitedbecauseitisdangerous

D.Asurveyoftheliteratureontheeffectsofmicrowaveradiationonhumanbeings

E.Adiscussionofthestrategiesusedbyvariousspeciestocontrolhyperthermia

问题4选项

A.introduceahypotheticalexampletodramatizeapoint

B.proposeanexperimenttotestascientifichypothesis

C.citeacasestudytoillustrateageneralcontention

D.produceacounterexampletodisproveanopponent’stheory

E.speculateabouttheprobableconsequencesofascientificphenomenon

问题5选项

A.laboratoryresearch

B.unfoundedassumption

C.controlgroupsurveys

D.deductivereasoning

E.causalinvestigation

问题6选项

A.genialandconversational

B.alarmedanddisparaging

C.facetiousandcynical

D.scholarlyandnoncommittal

E.scholarlyandconcerned

问题7选项

A.pointingoutweaknessesinapopularscientifictheory

B.developingahypothesistoexplainascientificphenomenon

C.reportingonnewresearchontheeffectsofmicrowaveradiation

D.criticizingtheresearchmethodsofearlierinvestigators

E.clarifyingambiguitiesintheterminologyusedtodescribeaphenomenon

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

第6题:E

第7题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文，发现作者讨论的重点是微波辐射产生的影响不同于其他种类的辐射。从而得出本题答案。

2.细节信息题。根据题干关键词“innatemechanismsforheatproduction”将信息点定位到原文第一段。“butsuchresponsesresultfromthedirectstimulationofthermoreceptorsdistributedwidelywithinthecentralnervoussystem（但这种反应是由分布在中枢神经系统内的热感受器的直接刺激引起的）”与I对应；“theabilityofthesemechanismstohelptheorganismadjusttogrosschangesinitsenvironmentislimited.（这些机制帮助有机体适应其环境的巨大变化的能力是有限的。）”与II对应。从而得出本题答案。

3.

细节推理题。根据题干关键词“takeupintheparagraphfollowingthefinalparagraphoftheselection”，将信息点定位到原文最后一段。根据“Yetsurprisingly,notlongago,anincreaseintheinternalbodytemperaturewasregardedmerelyas“evidence”ofathermaleffect.（然而，令人惊讶的是，就在不久前，体内温度的升高还仅仅被视为热效应的“证据”。）”即可得出本题答案。

4.

细节推断题。根据题干，定位到原文对应部分，即可得出本题答案。

5.

细节信息题。根据题干关键词“microwaveradiationinthesameway”“otherformsofradiation”,将信息点定位到原文第二段第一句。“Untilrecentlyitwasassumedthatorganismsrespondtomicrowaveradiationinthesamewaythattheyrespondtotemperaturechangescausedbyotherformsofradiation.（直到最近，人们还认为生物体对微波辐射的反应与它们对其他形式辐射引起的温度变化的反应是一样的。）”即可得出本题答案。

6.

观点态度题。通读全文，可发现作者行文时十分注重相关的学术研究，用词十分专业，并且对该问题十分关注。从而得出本题答案。

7.主旨大意题。通读全文，发现作者全篇讨论的是一个著名的科学理论，尤其是该理论的缺点及不足。从而得出本题答案。

7.写作题

Directions:Youaregiven30minutesonthistask.Writedownyourunderstandingof“ItPaystoBeHonest”withnolessthan150words.

【答案】略

8.单选题

Thisyoungman,（）withacravingformaterialisticgratification,caresaboutnothingbutmoney.

问题1选项

A.obsessed

B.negotiated

C.compromised

D.provided

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。obsessedwith沉迷于；negotiatedwith与…协商；compromisedwith向（某人）妥协；providedwith给…提供。句意：这个年轻人贪图物质上的满足，只关心钱。选项A符合句意。

9.单选题

Ahundreddollarswillbe（

）tobuyahomecomputer.

问题1选项

A.efficient

B.sufficient

C.effective

D.proficient

【答案】B

【解析】句意:100美元足以买一台家用电脑。选项中只有B选项符合句意。

10.单选题

Ournewfirm（）foracredible,aggressiveindividualwithgreatskillstofillthisposition.

问题1选项

A.havelooked

B.arelooking

C.islooking

D.look

【答案】C

【解析】句意：我们的新公司正在寻找一个可靠的、有进取心的、有很强技能的人来填补这个职位。填空处应填入单数谓语动词，选项C符合语境。

11.单选题

Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferent（）oftheworld.

问题1选项

A.impressions

B.complications

C.foundations

D.conceptions

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项impressions“印象，观感”；B选项complications“并发症”；C选项foundations“基础，房建”；D选项conceptions“怀孕，概念，设想”。句意：来自不同文化的人对世界有不同的（）。这句话表达的意思是“不同的人对世界有不同的看法”，因此A选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Eyewitnessesdonotalwaysrecalleventsasthey________actually.

问题1选项

A.arehappening

B.willhappen

C.happened

D.wouldhappen

【答案】C

【解析】考查时态。A选项现在进行时；B选项一般将来时；C一般过去时；D过去将来时。句子意思：目击者的回忆不总是事情的全貌（眼见不一定为实），从句的谓语发生在主句谓语recall之前的，而这里的recall是一般现在时，所以我们得选一般过去时，答案选C。

13.单选题

（）occasionaldifferencesofopinion,RonandPaulgetalongverywell.

问题1选项

A.Exceptfor

B.Outof

C.Inspiteof

D.Inadditionto

【答案】C

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项Exceptfor“除了...以外”；B选项Outof“由于”；C选项Inspiteof“尽管，不顾”；D选项Inadditionto“除...之外，还有...”。句意：尽管偶尔意见有分歧，但罗恩和保罗相处得很好。选项C符合句意。

14.单选题

Westernmovieshavebeensuchfavoritesthattheyhave____thepublic’sconceptionofwhatthewesternworldis.

问题1选项

A.changed

B.dominated

C.constructed

D.complicated

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.changed改变B.dominated控制；支配；主导

C.constructed组成；创建；构建D.complicated使复杂化

【考查点】语义衔接

【解题思路】句意：西方电影是如此受欢迎，以至于它们____公众对西方世界的概念。由此可知，空格处所填词的宾语是“概念”，并且填它是“西方电影是如此受欢迎”的结果。公众们喜欢看西方的电影，通过电影形成了对西方世界的认识，C选项constructed“组成；创建；构建”符合句意。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原文语义逻辑。

【句意】西方电影是如此受欢迎，以至于它们构建了公众对西方世界的概念。

15.单选题

Whenhelefthighschool,he（）togotocollegeandstudyforadegree,ratherthangetajobstraightaway.

问题1选项

A.opted

B.forwent

C.indulged

D.excelled

【答案】A

【解析】词义辨析题。opt选择，opttodosth.指选择做某事；forwent摒弃，放弃；indulge沉溺，放纵，后面一般接介词in；excelled超过，一般与at或in搭配。句意：高中毕业后，他选择上大学攻读学位，而不是直接找工作。选项A符合句意。

16.翻译题

2.Iclimbedheightsinordertoseethesplendidgranitemountaininitsfullestview.InthisexperienceIhadbeenseekingtheaesthetic.IknewIwouldfindit,forIhadseenpostcardsinadvanceandwasfollowingthemap.Theseekingtookconsiderableeffortandtime.Itwasaheavyinvestment.Iwasnotgoingforthescientificpurposeofstudyingrockformation,orwasitfortherecreationalpurposeofexercisingmylimbsinthefreshair,thoughthatexertionaddedintensitytotheexperienceandwasitscontext.

【答案】2.为了饱览壮丽的花岗岩山峰的全景，我登上了高地。这次旅程中我一直在捕捉一种美感。我知道会如愿以偿，因为我事先看过一些有关的风景明信片，循着山路示意图一路找来。这样的寻找费时费力，投入颇大。尽管这次跋涉加深了我对美的体验，而且是这番体验的不可或缺的环节，但我此行的目的既不是出于对科学的动机来研究岩石的结构，也不是出于娱乐消遣的考虑在清新的空气中舒展肢体。

17.单选题

Everypossiblemeans（

）tried,butthereisnoresult.

问题1选项

A.havebeen

B.hasbeen

C.willbe

D.were

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法。主语为“everypossiblemeans”为单数，故谓语动词用单数。而且means与try之间为被动关系，故B项正确。句意：所有可行的办法都尝试了，但仍然没有用。

18.单选题

Scientificandtechnologicaladvancesareenablingustocomprehendthefurthestreachesofthecosmos,themostbasic______ofmatter,andthemiraclesoflife.

问题1选项

A.bacteria

B.constituents

C.erosion

D.contexts

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项bacteria“细菌”；B选项constituents“成分”；C选项erosion“侵蚀，腐蚀”；D选项contexts“环境，上下文”。句意：科学和技术的进步使我们能够了解宇宙的边陲、物质最基本的……和生命的奇迹。根据matter（物质）可推测与其搭配的是constituents。结合句意，A选项及C选项都可排除。D选项contexts（环境）也不能与matter（物质）搭配，因此B选项为正确答案。

19.填空题

Persistentbullyingisoneoftheworstexperiencesachildcanface.Howcanitbeprevented?PeterSmith,ProfessorofPsychologyattheUniversityofSheffield,directedtheSheffieldAnti-BullyingInterventionProject,fundedbytheDepartmentforEducation.

Herethereportsonhisfindings.

SectionA

Bullyingcantakeavarietyofforms,fromtheverbal—beingtauntedorcalledhurtfulnames—tothephysical—beingkickedorshoved—aswellasindirectforms,suchasbeingexcludedfromsocialgroups.AsurveyIconductedwithIreneWhitneyfoundthatinBritishprimaryschoolsuptoaquarterofpupilsreportedexperienceofbullying,whichinaboutoneintencaseswaspersistent.Therewaslessbullyinginsecondaryschools,withaboutoneintwenty-fivesufferingpersistentbullying,butthesecasesmaybeparticularlyrecalcitrant.

SectionB

Bullyingisclearlyunpleasant,andcanmakethechildexperiencingitfeelunworthyanddepressed.Inextremecasesitcanevenleadtosuicide,thoughthisisthankfullyrare.Victimizedpupilsaremorelikelytoexperiencedifficultieswithinterpersonalrelationshipsasadults,whilechildrenwhopersistentlybullyaremorelikelytogrowuptobephysicallyviolent,andconvictedofanti-socialoffences.

SectionC

Untilrecently,notmuchwasknownaboutthetopic,andlittlehelpwasavailabletoteacherstodealwithbullying.Perhapsasaconsequence,schoolswouldoftendenytheproblem.“Thereisnobullyingatthisschool”hasbeenacommonrefrain,almostcertainlyuntrue.Fortunatelymoreschoolsarenowsaying:“Thereisnotmuchbullyinghere,butwhenitoccurswehaveaclearpolicyfordealingwithit.”

SectionD

Threefactorsareinvolvedinthischange.Firstisanawarenessoftheseverityoftheproblem.Second,anumberofresourcestohelptacklebullyinghavebecomeavailableinBritain.Forexample,theScottishCouncilforResearchinEducationproducedapackageofmaterials,ActionAgainstBullying,circulatedtoallschoolsinEnglandandWalesaswellasinScotlandinsummer1992,withasecondpack,SupportingSchoolsAgainstBullying,producedthefollowingyear.InIreland,GuidelinesonCounteringBullyingBehaviourinPost-PrimarySchoolswaspublishedin1993.Third,thereisevidencethatthesematerialswork,andthatschoolscanachievesomething.Thiscomesfromcarefullyconducted“beforeandafter”evaluationsofinterventionsinschools,monitoredbyaresearchteam.InNorway,afteraninterventioncampaignwasintroducednationally,anevaluationofforty-twoschoolssuggestedthat,overatwoyearperiod,bullyingwashalved.TheSheffieldinvestigation,whichinvolvedsixteenprimaryschoolsandsevensecondaryschools,foundthatmostschoolssucceededinreducingbullying.

SectionE

Evidencesuggeststhatakeystepistodevelopapolicyonbullying,sayingclearlywhatismeantbybullying,andgivingexplicitguidelinesonwhatwillbedoneifitoccurs,whatrecordswillbekept,whowillbeinformed,whatsanctionswillbeemployed.Thepolicyshouldbedevelopedthroughconsultation,overaperiodoftime—notjustimposedfromtheheadteacher’soffice!Pupils,parentsandstaffshouldfeeltheyhavebeeninvolvedinthepolicy,whichneedstobedisseminatedandimplementedeffectively.

Otheractionscanbetakentobackupthepolicy.Therearewaysofdealingwiththetopicthroughthecurriculum,usingvideo,dramaandliterature.Theseareusefulforraisingawareness,andcanbestbetiedintoearlyphasesofdevelopment,whiletheschoolisstartingtodiscusstheissueofbullying.Theyarealsousefulinrenewingthepolicyfornewpupils,orrevisingitinthelightofexperience.Butcurriculumworkalonemayonlyhaveshorttermeffects;itshouldbeanadditiontopolicywork,notasubstitute.

Therearealsowaysofworkingwithindividualpupils,orinsmallgroups.Assertivenesstrainingforpupilswhoareliabletobevictimsisworthwhile,andcertainapproachestogroupbullyingsuchas“noblame”,canbeusefulinchangingthebehaviourofbullyingpupilswithoutconfrontingthemdirectly,althoughothersanctionsmaybeneededforthosewhocontinuewithpersistentbullying.

Workintheplaygroundisimportant,too.Onehelpfulstepistotrainlunchtimesupervisorstodistinguishbullyingfromplayfulfighting,andhelpthembreakupconflicts.Anotherpossibilityistoimprovetheplaygroundenvironment,sothatpupilsarelesslikelytobeledintobullyingfromboredomorfrustration.

SectionF

Withthesedevelopments,schoolscanexpectthatatleastthemostseriouskindsofbullyingcanlargelybeprevented.Themoreeffortputinandthewiderthewholeschoolinvolvement,themoresubstantialtheresultsarelikelytobe.Thereductioninbullying—andtheconsequentimprovementinpupilhappiness—issurelyaworthwhileobjective.

Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes22-26onyouranswersheet.

Whatstepsshouldschoolstaketoreducebullying?

Themostimportantstepisfortheschoolauthoritiestoproducea（1）whichmakestheschool’sattitudetowardsbullyingquiteclear.Itshouldincludedetailed（2）astohowtheschoolanditsstaffwillreactifbullyingoccurs.

Inaddition,actioncanbetakenthroughthe（3）.Thisisparticularlyusefulintheearlypartoftheprocess,asawayofraisingawarenessandencouragingdiscussion.Onitsown,however,itisinsufficienttobringaboutapermanentsolution.

Effectiveworkcanalsobedonewithindividualpupilsandsmallgroups.Forexample,potential（4）ofbullyingcanbetrainedtobemoreself-confident.Oragain,indealingwithgroupbullying,a“noblame”approach,whichavoidsconfrontingtheoffendertoodirectly,isofteneffective.

Playgroundsupervisionwillbemoreeffectiveifmem