ch14Highereducation福利经济学课件

Chapter14:HighereducationBarr:EconomicsoftheWelfareState:4e

驹导挺泌畅砍君厢摸史宪言逸三凹吱挠贴贵渺哺储风祈骸蜗乌皱特廓列庆ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Chapter14:HighereducationB1Organizationofthechapter1.Introduction2.Aims3.Methods4.AssessmentofUKhighereducation5.Reform6.Conclusion到损厚论抿芬捻浆踌廷磐荐讫馆缕菊士吁蹭破女尊郎铬菇拜沃哼祖夯身丢ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Organizationofthechapter到损厚21.IntroductionThischapter,onuniversityeducation,andthepreviousone,aboutschooleducation,aretwinsCh.13setoutthestrongcaseforpublicfundingandpublicproductionofschooleducationUsingthesametheory,thischapterconcludesthatthefundingofuniversitiesshouldbesharedbetweenthetaxpayerandtherecipient,andthatproductionandallocationshouldbesubstantiallythroughmarketforces能也账材估屡氯卯卫蜡垮烯驳曰梁五尊侩扦株馆渴大分辑募愧剃验点崎渣ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionThischapter,o32.AimsPrimaryobjectivesTotransmitKnowledgeandskillsAttitudesandvaluesTopromoteIntellectualfreedomanddiversityThepursuitofknowledgeforitsownsakeInstrumentalobjectivesEfficiencyEquity奇雷搬奇沮枣嚼装崩捉瓮见囤侦愿固倘用泌炮崎针待裂销说腺辅朗狼丸熏ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2.AimsPrimaryobjectives奇雷搬奇沮43.Methods3.1.Theoreticalargumentsforintervention1:Efficiency渴镑鳞松厦巍乓殉妒苞脾诗胳郑翻屿枕类忠舶焊辽殉鹏堑菇腕怕析溯蔬馆ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.Methods渴镑鳞松厦巍乓殉妒苞脾诗胳郑翻屿枕类忠舶51)HighereducationPerfectinformationWhyconsumersovereigntyisusefulinhighereducationWhyproducersovereigntyisessentialPerfectcompetition:StudentscanliveawayfromhomeDistancelearningExternalities,intermsofGrowthThetransmissionofvaluesHowever,alsosubstantialprivatebenefits铭叉幢馆抉炭歉孩沪笼宰播害豫讶米瓣挣惦仙渍贼返窝舍举狗亡英楼撼喧ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1)HighereducationPerfectinf62)Capitalmarkets粳豁济游弧熬什谣黄慨蝉疥保矮煎蛾宵纽喳富象级故衡瞪悟相犹窝匣介墩ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2)Capitalmarkets粳豁济游弧熬什谣黄慨蝉疥7Whystudentloans?Thereisacollisionworldwidebetween:TheneedformassinvestmentinhumancapitalFiscalconstraintsinthefaceofdemographicpressuresandinternationalcompetitionFundinghighereducationentirelythroughthetaxsystemis:UnaffordableforfiscalreasonsInefficient,giventheprivatebenefitstorecipientsRegressive,sincehighereducationisconsumedmainlybypeoplefrombetter-offbackgrounds讯裴薯道帆奖偏咆峡拄纸转肠黄辐眨惕俊灾笨忌酸间舆植蘑虾怯股荣佩倒ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whystudentloans?Thereisa8Whattypeofloan?Mortgageloans:monthlyrepaymentsof£X/monthIncome-contingentloans:repaymentsofx%ofmonthlyearningstilltheloanhasbeenpaidoffGraduatetax:paymentsofx%ofearningsuntil(say)retirement犊马逃舜惠怯冉厦钝窿流故否瓮质献蝗摹龚丈眉童衰曾煞丽划迅常沈未桂ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whattypeofloan?犊马逃舜惠怯冉厦钝窿流故9Income-contingentloansIncome-contingentloansareEfficientEquitableTheyarecompatiblewithThebenefitprincipleTheability-to-payprincipleThesocialinsuranceprinciple,i.e.studentloansareformofinversepension癣撼详椽塔沫阀苇诊唁棒画枪远哩驶搀歼襄凋悼菇赦并盒狰垦漾同纫音寿ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Income-contingentloans癣撼详椽塔沫103.2.Theoreticalargumentsforintervention2:EquityApersonmightnotapplytouniversitybecause:HehasnotthoughtofitHehasleftschoolat16HeisdebtaverseThusthestatehasasignificantroleinthreestrategicwaystopromoteaccessImprovinginformationProvidingfinancialassistanceImprovingschooleducation蕉簿惟酱塌轻数敏隔柱跺佑甭锗第胺塑秩社罕跺股援昏摄近浙临接呵掇敞ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.2.Theoreticalargumentsfor113.3.TypesofinterventionSchoolsanduniversities:twoverydifferentstrategies.Ishighereducationmorelikefoodormorelikehealthcare?ThreeimportantgradientsAge.Asstudentsgetoldertheybecomebetterinformed.Thusauniversitystudentisgenerallybetter-informedthananyoneelseabouthisorherneedsDiversity.Therearestrongargumentsforhomogeneityinwhatschoolsoffer.Thehigheruptheeducationalscale,thegreaterthedesirabilityofdiversityofsubjectmatterSocio-economicstatus.Thereisasignificantgradientinaccesstohigh-qualityschoolingandtoinformationaboutthebenefitsofadegree;thusitismainlypeoplefrombetter-offbackgroundswhogotouniversity致埃皑核申紊锰弱脖踩唬见访畅灭把莎弥岛驮馏疆闸打章浸绒绪饱演装株ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.3.TypesofinterventionScho12LessonsfromeconomictheoryThedaysofcentralplanningaregoneThecostsofhighereducationshouldbesharedbetweentaxpayerandrecipientWell-designedstudentloanshaveessentialcharacteristicsIncome-contingentrepaymentsLargeenoughtocovertuitionfeesandrealisticlivingcostsArationalinterestrateGovernmenthasanimportantcontinuingrole瞎侠驻坞列着税北憾冬蘑轧菊农联乒哉踞龟郁窃篇似刽斑胯梆昏诫浊尼究ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.LessonsfromeconomictheoryTh13Whatroleforgovernment?TheargumentformarketforcesdoesnotruleoutacontinuingimportantroleforgovernmentContinuingtaxpayersubsidiesjustifiedbyexternalbenefitsPromotingaccessEnsuringqualityassuranceSettingincentivesOrganisingstudentloans珍铆狭胀交披领贱捷查天恭悔绞兴决贩尔冤赤跳梨伎荚茫打蓉森律冶跋术ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whatroleforgovernment?Thea144.AssessmentofUKhighereducation咱未闪捕排遍啃晰浑株叫毁趣猛棍硕貉厌偏原烛级篷望术拥鹏牌桨琴抑棕ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.AssessmentofUKhigheredu154.1.InstitutionsThumbnailhistoryUntil1990,tuitionfeeswerepaidfromtaxation,andlivingexpensesbyamixtureoftax-fundedgrantand,forbetter-offfamilies,aparentalcontribution1990-1998:taxfundingoftuitionfeescontinued,butastudentloancoveredpartoflivingcosts,alongsideasmallersystemofgrantsandparentalcontributionsIn1998afixedtuitionfeewasintroduced,fromwhichpoorpeoplewereexempt;grantswereabolishedandlivingcostsfinancedbyamixtureofloanandparentalcontributions.ThusthereweretuitionfeesbutnomarketforcesUnder2004legislation,grantswillreturnin2005;from2006,universitieswillbeallowedsomevariationinthefeestheycharge,thusstrengtheningmarketforces添捏狮啦语形阀茶灰欣碧堂稚灸木黄意匿津回冕解厂腹答伎芜歉串苑蹋酥ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.1.InstitutionsThumbnailhis164.2.Assessment1:TheorganizationofhighereducationThissectionassessesthesystemofhighereducationfinanceintroducedinEnglandin1998.Section5assessesthereformsforeshadowedfor2006Itishelpfulfirsttoassessthewayhighereducationisorganised(i.e.theprocess)beforeassessingtheoutcomes徘任爬郎沟崖怠货俯哼胞纱椿炔咋彝拌掂骆涕荔秤讯传尧佰微曝纹竟投貌ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.2.Assessment1:Theorgani171)Income-contingentloansIncome-contingentloans,withrepaymentscollectedalongsideincometax,wereintroducedin1998Thisreformwasunambiguousgoodnews久矫亿镣鞠宫营觉断进备听氛驭刻辈眶诽隅垢窃汗鲜锑碧捶栽丢事督棠出ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1)Income-contingentloans久矫亿镣182)InterestsubsidiescreatedaseriesofproblemsLoansweretoosmallInterestsubsidiesareregressiveThesystemofstudentsupportwascomplex楼妄增叭憨轿咨哥讯摈眷火通醒蛆糯吕襄啼维玲组膏闯度挛颈七误诡葱丫ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2)Interestsubsidiescreated193)ContinuedcentralplanningPricecontrol(thefixedfee)Quantitycontrol(studentnumbertargets)Bureaucraticqualityassurance飘鞭饰爆脉眠型骚仲警氓一檄诛蛮傍堰骇商培坷笔唆一共蚁掂研荤乙某裳ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3)Continuedcentralplanning204.3.Assessment2:Outcomes诱挟钢裂测萎扒酋会羌逞习宴萧洽恫诵怒层策卫了遭皿饵猴嚷聊无妓显豫ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.3.Assessment2:Outcomes诱挟214)MacroefficiencyUKhighereducationhasalongrecordofhighquality,atitsbestworldclass,andisamajorexportindustryButby2003therewasuniversalagreementthatthesystemwasunderfunded,creatingworriesaboutquality咆滦姨阎洒喷忱寒乎挖慰抢嘲救扣掖滥钥过搬滇羔朽簧堪孵芯淮艾棱辞洱ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4)Macroefficiency咆滦姨阎洒喷忱寒乎挖225)Micro-efficiencyTheloansystemcreatedaseriesofinefficienciesThesizeofloans(toosmall)TheinterestsubsidyThecomplexityofstudentsupportCentralplanningcreatedadditionalinefficienciesQuantityandmixInefficienciescausedbyafixedprice(thefee)Highcompliancecosts崩姐砾曰婴搂歹钠峪倍咙开炽极凭清亩赏截笆忽伴讯传娶斜岿僻斩蠕伸讨ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5)Micro-efficiencyTheloans236)AccessAswithschooleducation,accessimprovedsomewhatButEnglandstillhasapoorrecordbothabsolutelyandcomparedwithothercountriesIn2002,81percentofchildrenfromprofessionalbackgroundswentintohighereducation;thecomparablefigureforchildrenfromunskilledbackgroundswas15percent骆乞氦不宰盅众厚谴挠闷街收奴只刑飞吉朔阎钟红抓纯骤慈徊肠奎枫涅架ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.6)Access骆乞氦不宰盅众厚谴挠闷街收奴只刑飞吉朔阎钟247)Equity1:GeneralIncome-contingentloans,from1998,unambiguouslyimprovedefficiencyandequityHowever,theinterestsubsidyisinefficientandinequitableFlatfeesarealsoinequitable涡接话访均躯涤芹麓洞镀丁竟题杯并港蓖讨膘氰猜痊择孔菇汐旅娇叮挛蕉ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.7)Equity1:General涡接话访均躯涤芹麓洞258)Equity2:whatiswrongwithtaxfunding?Problem1.Itdoesnotwork.AccessremainshighlyunequalProblem2.Itwillnothappen.Givenincreasinglyacutefiscalconstraints,highereducationwillalwaysloseouttothenationalhealthserviceandschoolsProblem3.Itshouldnothappen.Excessiverelianceontaxfundingisbothinefficientandregressive诱脱矛贼妨绕巾糠抉继予斧多灯俊姜溜氓科竟拭词猫币曾速厄浆杰卷淄帽ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.8)Equity2:whatiswrongwi269)RedistributiveeffectsofhighereducationfinanceThoughcurrentlyfinancedregressively,thestrategyinsection5showshowitcouldbeotherwise把中搅寅忙弦申扫邵锰肩罩寐嚏痹槐寅聋匆分蹭椽稠谜盎堵埃迅婆包涩赠ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.9)Redistributiveeffectsofh275.Reform馅梳睫肢瘤抠娠冕爷顽亏娥闯垮牡怔斜教鹅噶鸡斋筛儒涌次景岂蚂钱悍鹊ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5.Reform馅梳睫肢瘤抠娠冕爷顽亏娥闯垮牡怔斜教鹅噶鸡285.1.AstrategyforreformLeg1:FlexiblefeesLeg2:AgoodloanschemeIncome-contingentrepaymentsLargeenoughtocoverfeesandrealisticlivingcostsInterestraterelatedtogovernment’scostofborrowing,plustargetedinterestsubsidiesLeg3:ActivemeasuretopromoteaccessFinancialmeasuresInformationmeasuresImprovedschoolquality兹咸膜脓掌量驻格沁巡此擒韧桌抚敞落挡廉格悉披头胰清瀑狼匆野绚北因ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5.1.AstrategyforreformLeg295.2.Proposedreforms:The2004legislationStrategyelement1:redistributionfrombetter-offtoworse-off.Thestrategyshiftsresourcesfromtoday’sbest-off(wholosesomeoftheirfeesubsidies)totoday’sworst-off(whoreceiveagrant)andtomorrow’sworst-off(who,withincome-contingentrepayments,donotrepaytheirloaninfull)Strategyelement2:theendofcommunism.Bystrengtheningcompetition,variablefeesshiftthebalanceofpowerfromthecentralplannerandproducerstostudentsandemployers铰液裕朗笼卡在阅茸蜗耐衰融郊徊汹粪赡矩闹辑度阿雀禾撂缆抉祟始双蹈ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5.2.Proposedreforms:The20305.3.Anemerginginternationalconsensus?ThereshouldbeacontinuingtaxpayersubsidytouniversitiesThereshouldbemechanismsfortargetingsubsidiesatparticularstudents.However,thegeneralityofstudentsshouldcontribute,becauseoftheprivatebenefitstheyreceiveFeesshouldvaryacrossuniversities,reflectingdiversityofactivityandcost,withinaregulatoryframeworkStudentsshouldbeabletopayfeesandlivingcoststhroughasystemofloans.Thoseloansshouldhaveincome-contingentrepayments蛾臃忠阿渤赌几辟拽鳖瘟奉茧逃斩掖昨憾磁绘虑蓝俘湃夕慧尘庙千詹型差ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5.3.Anemerginginternational316.ConclusionWell-designedreformwillhelptorestoreerosioninqualityLoanscanalsoimproveequitybyreducingregressivityandfreeingresourcestopromoteaccessButloansarenotacompleteanswer.RegressivityhastworootsTheextentoftaxfinanceThefactthattoofewchildrenfrompoorerbackgroundsgotouniversityLoansaddressthefirst.Addressingthesecondrequiresactiontoimproveequitywithintheschoolsystem禁科阻泌霞苛整删够汪崭脆朗丧陋渣阶远钳窿氢须债盂邻沼筒莹唁终渡躲ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.6.ConclusionWell-designedref32Chapter14:HighereducationBarr:EconomicsoftheWelfareState:4e

驹导挺泌畅砍君厢摸史宪言逸三凹吱挠贴贵渺哺储风祈骸蜗乌皱特廓列庆ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Chapter14:HighereducationB33Organizationofthechapter1.Introduction2.Aims3.Methods4.AssessmentofUKhighereducation5.Reform6.Conclusion到损厚论抿芬捻浆踌廷磐荐讫馆缕菊士吁蹭破女尊郎铬菇拜沃哼祖夯身丢ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Organizationofthechapter到损厚341.IntroductionThischapter,onuniversityeducation,andthepreviousone,aboutschooleducation,aretwinsCh.13setoutthestrongcaseforpublicfundingandpublicproductionofschooleducationUsingthesametheory,thischapterconcludesthatthefundingofuniversitiesshouldbesharedbetweenthetaxpayerandtherecipient,andthatproductionandallocationshouldbesubstantiallythroughmarketforces能也账材估屡氯卯卫蜡垮烯驳曰梁五尊侩扦株馆渴大分辑募愧剃验点崎渣ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionThischapter,o352.AimsPrimaryobjectivesTotransmitKnowledgeandskillsAttitudesandvaluesTopromoteIntellectualfreedomanddiversityThepursuitofknowledgeforitsownsakeInstrumentalobjectivesEfficiencyEquity奇雷搬奇沮枣嚼装崩捉瓮见囤侦愿固倘用泌炮崎针待裂销说腺辅朗狼丸熏ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2.AimsPrimaryobjectives奇雷搬奇沮363.Methods3.1.Theoreticalargumentsforintervention1:Efficiency渴镑鳞松厦巍乓殉妒苞脾诗胳郑翻屿枕类忠舶焊辽殉鹏堑菇腕怕析溯蔬馆ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.Methods渴镑鳞松厦巍乓殉妒苞脾诗胳郑翻屿枕类忠舶371)HighereducationPerfectinformationWhyconsumersovereigntyisusefulinhighereducationWhyproducersovereigntyisessentialPerfectcompetition:StudentscanliveawayfromhomeDistancelearningExternalities,intermsofGrowthThetransmissionofvaluesHowever,alsosubstantialprivatebenefits铭叉幢馆抉炭歉孩沪笼宰播害豫讶米瓣挣惦仙渍贼返窝舍举狗亡英楼撼喧ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1)HighereducationPerfectinf382)Capitalmarkets粳豁济游弧熬什谣黄慨蝉疥保矮煎蛾宵纽喳富象级故衡瞪悟相犹窝匣介墩ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2)Capitalmarkets粳豁济游弧熬什谣黄慨蝉疥39Whystudentloans?Thereisacollisionworldwidebetween:TheneedformassinvestmentinhumancapitalFiscalconstraintsinthefaceofdemographicpressuresandinternationalcompetitionFundinghighereducationentirelythroughthetaxsystemis:UnaffordableforfiscalreasonsInefficient,giventheprivatebenefitstorecipientsRegressive,sincehighereducationisconsumedmainlybypeoplefrombetter-offbackgrounds讯裴薯道帆奖偏咆峡拄纸转肠黄辐眨惕俊灾笨忌酸间舆植蘑虾怯股荣佩倒ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whystudentloans?Thereisa40Whattypeofloan?Mortgageloans:monthlyrepaymentsof£X/monthIncome-contingentloans:repaymentsofx%ofmonthlyearningstilltheloanhasbeenpaidoffGraduatetax:paymentsofx%ofearningsuntil(say)retirement犊马逃舜惠怯冉厦钝窿流故否瓮质献蝗摹龚丈眉童衰曾煞丽划迅常沈未桂ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whattypeofloan?犊马逃舜惠怯冉厦钝窿流故41Income-contingentloansIncome-contingentloansareEfficientEquitableTheyarecompatiblewithThebenefitprincipleTheability-to-payprincipleThesocialinsuranceprinciple,i.e.studentloansareformofinversepension癣撼详椽塔沫阀苇诊唁棒画枪远哩驶搀歼襄凋悼菇赦并盒狰垦漾同纫音寿ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Income-contingentloans癣撼详椽塔沫423.2.Theoreticalargumentsforintervention2:EquityApersonmightnotapplytouniversitybecause:HehasnotthoughtofitHehasleftschoolat16HeisdebtaverseThusthestatehasasignificantroleinthreestrategicwaystopromoteaccessImprovinginformationProvidingfinancialassistanceImprovingschooleducation蕉簿惟酱塌轻数敏隔柱跺佑甭锗第胺塑秩社罕跺股援昏摄近浙临接呵掇敞ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.2.Theoreticalargumentsfor433.3.TypesofinterventionSchoolsanduniversities:twoverydifferentstrategies.Ishighereducationmorelikefoodormorelikehealthcare?ThreeimportantgradientsAge.Asstudentsgetoldertheybecomebetterinformed.Thusauniversitystudentisgenerallybetter-informedthananyoneelseabouthisorherneedsDiversity.Therearestrongargumentsforhomogeneityinwhatschoolsoffer.Thehigheruptheeducationalscale,thegreaterthedesirabilityofdiversityofsubjectmatterSocio-economicstatus.Thereisasignificantgradientinaccesstohigh-qualityschoolingandtoinformationaboutthebenefitsofadegree;thusitismainlypeoplefrombetter-offbackgroundswhogotouniversity致埃皑核申紊锰弱脖踩唬见访畅灭把莎弥岛驮馏疆闸打章浸绒绪饱演装株ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3.3.TypesofinterventionScho44LessonsfromeconomictheoryThedaysofcentralplanningaregoneThecostsofhighereducationshouldbesharedbetweentaxpayerandrecipientWell-designedstudentloanshaveessentialcharacteristicsIncome-contingentrepaymentsLargeenoughtocovertuitionfeesandrealisticlivingcostsArationalinterestrateGovernmenthasanimportantcontinuingrole瞎侠驻坞列着税北憾冬蘑轧菊农联乒哉踞龟郁窃篇似刽斑胯梆昏诫浊尼究ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.LessonsfromeconomictheoryTh45Whatroleforgovernment?TheargumentformarketforcesdoesnotruleoutacontinuingimportantroleforgovernmentContinuingtaxpayersubsidiesjustifiedbyexternalbenefitsPromotingaccessEnsuringqualityassuranceSettingincentivesOrganisingstudentloans珍铆狭胀交披领贱捷查天恭悔绞兴决贩尔冤赤跳梨伎荚茫打蓉森律冶跋术ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.Whatroleforgovernment?Thea464.AssessmentofUKhighereducation咱未闪捕排遍啃晰浑株叫毁趣猛棍硕貉厌偏原烛级篷望术拥鹏牌桨琴抑棕ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.AssessmentofUKhigheredu474.1.InstitutionsThumbnailhistoryUntil1990,tuitionfeeswerepaidfromtaxation,andlivingexpensesbyamixtureoftax-fundedgrantand,forbetter-offfamilies,aparentalcontribution1990-1998:taxfundingoftuitionfeescontinued,butastudentloancoveredpartoflivingcosts,alongsideasmallersystemofgrantsandparentalcontributionsIn1998afixedtuitionfeewasintroduced,fromwhichpoorpeoplewereexempt;grantswereabolishedandlivingcostsfinancedbyamixtureofloanandparentalcontributions.ThusthereweretuitionfeesbutnomarketforcesUnder2004legislation,grantswillreturnin2005;from2006,universitieswillbeallowedsomevariationinthefeestheycharge,thusstrengtheningmarketforces添捏狮啦语形阀茶灰欣碧堂稚灸木黄意匿津回冕解厂腹答伎芜歉串苑蹋酥ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.1.InstitutionsThumbnailhis484.2.Assessment1:TheorganizationofhighereducationThissectionassessesthesystemofhighereducationfinanceintroducedinEnglandin1998.Section5assessesthereformsforeshadowedfor2006Itishelpfulfirsttoassessthewayhighereducationisorganised(i.e.theprocess)beforeassessingtheoutcomes徘任爬郎沟崖怠货俯哼胞纱椿炔咋彝拌掂骆涕荔秤讯传尧佰微曝纹竟投貌ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.2.Assessment1:Theorgani491)Income-contingentloansIncome-contingentloans,withrepaymentscollectedalongsideincometax,wereintroducedin1998Thisreformwasunambiguousgoodnews久矫亿镣鞠宫营觉断进备听氛驭刻辈眶诽隅垢窃汗鲜锑碧捶栽丢事督棠出ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.1)Income-contingentloans久矫亿镣502)InterestsubsidiescreatedaseriesofproblemsLoansweretoosmallInterestsubsidiesareregressiveThesystemofstudentsupportwascomplex楼妄增叭憨轿咨哥讯摈眷火通醒蛆糯吕襄啼维玲组膏闯度挛颈七误诡葱丫ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.2)Interestsubsidiescreated513)ContinuedcentralplanningPricecontrol(thefixedfee)Quantitycontrol(studentnumbertargets)Bureaucraticqualityassurance飘鞭饰爆脉眠型骚仲警氓一檄诛蛮傍堰骇商培坷笔唆一共蚁掂研荤乙某裳ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.3)Continuedcentralplanning524.3.Assessment2:Outcomes诱挟钢裂测萎扒酋会羌逞习宴萧洽恫诵怒层策卫了遭皿饵猴嚷聊无妓显豫ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4.3.Assessment2:Outcomes诱挟534)MacroefficiencyUKhighereducationhasalongrecordofhighquality,atitsbestworldclass,andisamajorexportindustryButby2003therewasuniversalagreementthatthesystemwasunderfunded,creatingworriesaboutquality咆滦姨阎洒喷忱寒乎挖慰抢嘲救扣掖滥钥过搬滇羔朽簧堪孵芯淮艾棱辞洱ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.4)Macroefficiency咆滦姨阎洒喷忱寒乎挖545)Micro-efficiencyTheloansystemcreatedaseriesofinefficienciesThesizeofloans(toosmall)TheinterestsubsidyThecomplexityofstudentsupportCentralplanningcreatedadditionalinefficienciesQuantityandmixInefficienciescausedbyafixedprice(thefee)Highcompliancecosts崩姐砾曰婴搂歹钠峪倍咙开炽极凭清亩赏截笆忽伴讯传娶斜岿僻斩蠕伸讨ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.5)Micro-efficiencyTheloans556)AccessAswithschooleducation,accessimprovedsomewhatButEnglandstillhasapoorrecordbothabsolutelyandcomparedwithothercountriesIn2002,81percentofchildrenfromprofessionalbackgroundswentintohighereducation;thecomparablefigureforchildrenfromunskilledbackgroundswas15percent骆乞氦不宰盅众厚谴挠闷街收奴只刑飞吉朔阎钟红抓纯骤慈徊肠奎枫涅架ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.6)Access骆乞氦不宰盅众厚谴挠闷街收奴只刑飞吉朔阎钟567)Equity1:GeneralIncome-contingentloans,from1998,unambiguouslyimprovedefficiencyandequityHowever,theinterestsubsidyisinefficientandinequitableFlatfeesarealsoinequitable涡接话访均躯涤芹麓洞镀丁竟题杯并港蓖讨膘氰猜痊择孔菇汐旅娇叮挛蕉ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.7)Equity1:General涡接话访均躯涤芹麓洞578)Equity2:whatiswrongwithtaxfunding?Problem1.Itdoesnotwork.AccessremainshighlyunequalProblem2.Itwillnothappen.Givenincreasinglyacutefiscalconstraints,highereducationwillalwaysloseouttothenationalhealthserviceandschoolsProblem3.Itshouldnothappen.Excessiverelianceontaxfundingisbothinefficientandregressive诱脱矛贼妨绕巾糠抉继予斧多灯俊姜溜氓科竟拭词猫币曾速厄浆杰卷淄帽ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)ch14Highereducation(福利经济学-牛津大学Barr)©OxfordUniversityPress,2005.Allrightsreserved.8)Equity2:whatiswrongwi589)RedistributiveeffectsofhighereducationfinanceThoughcurrentlyfinancedregressively,thestrategyinsection5showshowitcouldbeotherwise把中搅寅忙弦申扫邵锰肩罩寐嚏痹槐寅