焊接的健康与安全welding health and safety

WeldingHealthandSafety

焊接作业的健康与安全Hazards危害性Weldinghasboth“Apparent”hazardsand“Hidden”hazards.Apparenthazardsarethosewhichcanbeeasilyidentified.Hiddenhazardsarethosenotseenandoftenforgotten.焊接分明显的危害和隐藏的危害，明显的危害是容易鉴定而隐藏的危害是不明显而且容易忽略的。Someoftheseare:

ElectricalShock触电

Overexposuretoarcradiation电弧光辐射

Fumesandgasses有害的烟和气Burnsandfire灼伤和火灾

Compressedgascylinders压力容器

Noise噪音

EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafety电气安全Electricshockandelectrocutionarepossiblehazardswithallweldingprocesses.在整个焊接过程中，触电和电击是可能存在的危害。①EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafety电气安全FuseorBreakerpanel保险丝或者断路面板PowerSupplycables电源线Internalpartsofthepowersource电源内部零件Exposedwiresontheweldinglead.焊接端面上的裸线Contactwiththeelectrodeandtheworkpiece.电极和工件之间的连接Wetglovesorskin.湿的手套或者外套Theprimaryside:主要方面:Thesecondaryside:次级方面:Therearetwodifferentareasofconcern.有两个不同的区域需要注意。①EHS俱乐部Primarysidepowerisnormallyishighamperage/highvoltage.Theweldershouldnotworkinthisarea.Itshouldleftuptoaqualifiedmaintenanceperson.初级电源通常是高电流/电压,焊工不应工作在这个区域。它应该由一个合格的维护人操作。Notice:注意：EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafety电气安全①ACCurrent交流电Paralyzesvoluntarymuscles.肌肉麻痹ACistheprimarypowerforweldingwhichismuchhigherthantheoutputweldingcurrent.交流电主电源处电压比输出端高很多DCCurrent直流电DCCurrentcancauseseverinternalburnsbutdoesnotparalyzemuscles.直流电能引起严重的内部燃烧，但不会使肌肉麻痹Question:Whichismoredangerous?哪个更危险？ACCurrentorDCCurrent？交流电或直流电？Answer:InGMAW,ACcurrentismoredangerous.气体保护电弧焊中，交流电是更加危险的。EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafety电气安全①WorkReturnLeadvs.Ground.工作回路引线和接地Theworkreturnleadisoftenreferredtoastheground.工作回路引线有点像接地Workreturnandgroundingaretwodifferentthings.但是接地和工作回路引线是两种不同的事情。EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafety电气安全①Groundingis：接地是：Acableattachedtoacopperroddrivenintotheground.电缆联接铜棒插入地下。Itspurposeistocarryawaycurrentincaseofatransformerfault,powersurge,orstrayvoltage.它的目的将使在变压器故障,电力高峰及短路情况下把电流导入地下。AWorkReturnLeadis:工作回路引线是:Acableattachedtotheworkpiece.电缆被连接到工件上。Itspurposeistocreateacompletecircuitforwelding.它的目的是使焊接时建立一条完全回路。EHS俱乐部ConnectingtheWorkReturnlead连接工作回路引线ElectricalSafety电气安全①Properconnectionisveryimportant，becausetheweldingcurrentwillfindtheeasiestpathbacktothePowersource.正确的连接非常重要,因为焊接电流将容易找到返回到功率源的路径。Possiblythroughthebuildingifthereisametalfloor.容易通过金属平台穿过建筑。Throughanattachedliftingdevicesuchasanoverheadcrane.通过一个附属的起重装置例如一架吊车。Throughpowertoolsifotheroperationsbeingperformedontheassemblyyouareweldingon.当在焊接时如果有组装的时候，通过一个手动工具。EHS俱乐部Possiblecurrentreturnpaths.目前可能的返回路径。Throughoverheadliftingdevices.通过起重设备Throughmetalplatesthatmaybeplacedinthefloorforotherfunctions.通过放在地上的金属板或类似物品Throughpowertoolsusedforotheroperationsonthesameunit.在同一个产品上操作时，通过电动工具ElectricalSafety电气安全①EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafetyTips:PowerSource电气安全提示：电源Shouldbeinstalledandservicedbyaqualifiedelectricianormaintenanceperson.持有电工证的电工或则维修人员安装电源和维护。Avoidworkingnearprimarysidepowercables.避免在主要电源端附近工作。Neverrunoverprimarysideoranyotherpowercableswithaforklift.Also,becarefulnottodropheavyobjectsonpowercords.Damagetotheoutercasingcanresultandexposetheconductorunderneath.绝对不能使用叉车压住主要电源端和任何电源线。同样，小心不要掉重物在电源线上。破坏电器箱将会是使导体裸露。ElectricalSafety电气安全①EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafetyTips:WeldingEquipment电气安全提示：焊接设备Checkcablesforwornorcutinsulation.检查电源线是否磨损或者绝缘断开。Letyoursupervisorknowifdamageisfoundsomaintenancecanbecalled.如果发现破坏，通知你的主管让维修人员去修理。ElectricalSafety电气安全①EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafetyTips:ProtectiveClothing电气安全提示：防护服Wearproperglovesthataredryandfreeofholes.穿那些干燥的且有通气孔的特制的手套Wearrubbersoledsafetyshoes.穿橡胶制作的安全鞋ElectricalSafety电气安全①EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafetyTips:WorkReturnLead电气安全提示：工作回路引线Makesuretheworkreturnleadisproperlyconnectednearthepointofweldingandmakesgoodelectricalconnection.确定工作回路引线是被正确的夹在焊接点的附近和确保有好的电气连接。Donotplacethepowersourceonafloorthatcouldconductweldingcurrent.不要将电源放置在能导电的地面上。Neverleaveanoverheadcraneorotherliftingdeviceconnectedtotheassemblybeingwelded.Currentcantravelbackthroughthesedevicesandcauseveryseriousdamage.不要把吊机或是其它起重设备连接在正在焊接的产品上。通过这些设备电流能够回流，也能引起非常严重的破坏。ElectricalSafety电气安全①EHS俱乐部ElectricalSafetyTips:IncaseofElectricalShock电气安全提示：假如发生电击Ifpossible,turnthepoweroffimmediately.如有可能，立即关闭电源。Donottrytopullthevictimfreewhileincontactwiththeelectricalpower.不要试图去推开那些正触电的受害者。ActivatetheEMS(emergencymedicalsystem),call120.Alertfirstrespondersaccordingtoprotocolspostednearthephonesintheshop.启动急救系统，呼叫120。向厂房里电话边张贴的负责人提供警报。ElectricalSafety电气安全①EHS俱乐部Ultraviolet–UV紫外线Visible可见光Infrared-(IR)红外线ArcRadiation电弧辐射②Theweldingarcemitsthreetypesofradiation.焊接时有三种辐射产生。EHS俱乐部ShortwavelengthUVcauses“Arceye”or“Weldersflash”短波紫外线引起的眼病。UVintherangeof300-400Nano-Meters(NM)hasbeenassociatedwiththeformationofcataracts.紫外线引起白内障。InfraredandVisiblelightcancauseburnsandretinallesions.红外线和可见光损坏视网膜。ArcRadiation电弧辐射②EHS俱乐部Themostcommontypeofeyeinjuryfromradiationis“arceye”or“weldersflash”.最常见的眼病，从辐射是“红眼”或“电光性眼炎”。Severalhoursafterexposure,you’reeyeswillfeellikethereissandinthemandwillberedandswollen.眼睛曝光几个小时后，会觉得像有沙子，他们将变红和肿胀。Theeffectsareshortlivedandcanbetreatedbyavisittotheemergencyroomwheredropscanbeadministeredtocorrectthiscondition.影响是短暂的。到急诊室处理有助于缓解和改善这样的状况。However,theeyescanbepermanentlydamagedbyintenseexposureovertime.然而，曝光时间过长的话，视力将会永久的伤害。

ArcRadiation电弧辐射②EHS俱乐部ClearPlasticlensesandsideshieldswillblockshortwaveUVandhelpavoidexposure.透明胶镜片将阻止短波紫外线，并有助于避免曝光。UVintherangeof300to400Nano-Meters,Infrared,andvisiblelightarenotblockedbyclearplastic.Thecorrectshadeoffilterplateneedstobeusedtopreventexposure.透明胶镜片不可以拦住300~400纳米范围的紫外线，红外线和可见光的。需要选用正确的滤光片来防止曝光。ArcRadiation电弧辐射②EHS俱乐部ArcRadiation电弧辐射②Thefollowingslideisachartofrecommendedfilterplateshadesfordifferentweldingprocessesandcurrentlevels.以下说明不同的焊接时需要不同滤光片的种类。EHS俱乐部Arcradiationcancauseaconditionverymuchlikesunburn.电弧辅射可能导致很多象晒斑的情况Thehazardisincreasedbyhigheramperageandargonbasedgas.更高的安培数和氩气体会增加危险ArcRadiation电弧辐射②Properweldingclothessuchassleeves,capesleeves,aprons,andahelmetshouldbewornforprotection.穿适当的焊接服装例如袖子，护袖，围裙，头盔将保护身体。Screensandprotectivebarriersshouldbeinplacetoprotectnon-weldersinthearea.防晒霜和防护墙在焊接区域应该是保护非焊工。Sunscreencanbeusedtoprotectexposedskin.

防晒霜可以被用于保护暴露的皮肤EHS俱乐部Highlyreflectivematerialssuchasaluminum,stainlesssteel,andgalvanizedincreasetheriskofexposure.高度反射性材料例如铝，不锈钢和镀锌增加曝光的风险Arcradiationisreflectedoffthesematerialsandcausesinjurytothebackoftheneckorotherexposedareas.弧辐射被反射这些材料并且造成伤害到脖子或其他被暴露的区域的后面Properclothingorsunscreencanhelpeliminateorminimizetheexposure.适当的衣物或遮阳霜可能帮助消灭或使曝光减到最小ArcRadiation电弧辐射②EHS俱乐部CausesofFumesandGasses.烟尘和废气产生的原因。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③Becauseofthevariablesinfumeandgasgenerationwithdifferentweldingprocesses,wewillneedtotreatthesubjectinaverygeneralizedway.由于发烟和气体不同的焊接过程产生不同烟和气，我们将需要制定一个广泛的方式对待这个问题。Fumeandgassescanbehazardousifproperventilationisnotused.如果没有适当的空气流动，发烟和气体是很危害的。EHS俱乐部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Particulatematterintheweldplumegivestheplumeit’scolor.特殊的物质在焊接中产生它自己特有的颜色。Theparticulateiscomposedprimarilyofoxidizedfillermetal,basemetal,andanycoatingsfoundonthebasemetal.微粒物质主要由被氧化的填充金属、母材和所有覆盖在母材上的东西。Weldersshouldtakecaretoavoidbreathingthefumesbecauseofthepotentialassociatedhealthhazards.焊工应当心避免吸入烟尘,因为它与身体建康相关联。AluminumandIronparticlescancausedustdiseaseofthelungesiflevelsarehighenoughandoccuroveralongperiodoftime.铝和铁微粒可能导致刺的积尘病，如果量是足够多和长时间。。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③EHS俱乐部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Somemetalsposeamoreserioushealthhazard.一些金属构成更严重的健康危害Itisveryimportanttouseallavailablesafetydeviceswhenworkingwiththesematerials:它是很重要的当与这些材料一起使用时，使用所有可利用的保险装Manganese,foundinAluminum(3003),caneffectthecentralnervoussystem,resultinginimpairedspeechandmovement.锰与铝(3003)焊接，可能影响中央神经系统，造成语言和行动功能受损。FumesfromstainlesssteelandotherspecializedconsumableshavethepotentialtocontaincertaincompoundsofChromiumand/ornickel.Someofthesecompoundsareknownorsuspectedtohavecausedlungcancerinprocessesotherthanwelding.从不锈钢的发烟和其他专业消费品有潜力包含铬和镍某些化合物。除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在过程中知道或被怀疑有导致的肺癌。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③EHS俱乐部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：ThemostcommoncoatingfoundatGreenheckisZinc,whichisthecoatingfoundonGalvanizedorGalvanealmaterial.在格林瀚克最主要的涂层材料是镀锌板,是一种电镀或热镀锌的材料。Zincmeltsbetween800°and900°andiseasilyvaporizedbytheweldingarc.锌融化在800度到900度之间,通过焊弧很易蒸发,。TheresultingfumeisZincOxide.随之发生烟是氧化锌。ZincOxide,inlargeenoughquantitiescancause“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFever”.氧化锌，在足够大的数量，可引起自然或金属灰发烧。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③EHS俱乐部FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Cause原因Effect结果Zinc（GalvanizedSteel）涂锌（镀锌钢）Exposuretozincfumescanresultin“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFever”暴光的锌可能引起自燃或金属灰发烧CadmiumPlating电镀铬Exposuretocadmiumfumescanbetoxic暴光的铬气可能引起中毒Lead-Containingpaints含铅油漆Exposuretoleadfumescan

betoxic可能引起中毒Zincchromatepaints含锌铬酸盐的油漆Hexavalentchromiumisassociatedwithlungcancer六价铬离子可能引起肺癌EHS俱乐部FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③Gasses废气Asphyxiates(inert)使窒息(惰性气体)Irritants刺激性气体Systemicpoisons全身的毒气CarbondioxideArgonCarbonmonoxide二氧化碳氩气一氧化碳OzoneChloridesFluoridesSulfurdioxide臭氧氯化物氟化物二氧化硫Fluorides,OxidesofNitrogenPhosgene氟化物氧化氮光气EHS俱乐部ConfinedSpace:狭小的空间：Asphyxiatescanbeveryhazardousinconfinedspaces.在狭小的空间内,呼吸不畅是很危险的。Thesegasesareheavierthanairandcansettleinenclosedareasanddisplaceoxygen.这些气体比空气重，并能解决在封闭区和取代氧气。Alwaysusesometypeofventilationtokeepfreshairflowinginthistypeofenvironment.总要使用一些通风器以保持新鲜空气的流动，在这种类型的环境。Theremaynotbeanywarningsignsofoxygendeficiency.Youmaysimplyloseconsciousness.可能没有任何警告标志的氧气不足。你可能很容易失去意识。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③EHS俱乐部Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接产生的气体：Caremustbetakenwhenusingcleaningsolventsformulatedwithchlorinatedhydrocarbons.必须注意当使用清洗溶剂与氯化碳氢化合物TrichloroethyleneandPerchloroethyleneareexamplesofthese.氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是这些的例子。WhenvaporsfromthesecleaningsolventsareexposedtoUVfromtheweldingarc,Phosgenegasisproduced.当蒸汽从这些清洗溶剂是暴露在紫外线从焊接电弧，光气是天然气生产。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③EHS俱乐部OzonecanbeaproblemwhenweldingAluminum当焊接铝件时臭氧是一个问题。Cancauseheadache,chestpain,andshortnessofbreath.能导致头痛,胸闷和呼吸短促。Veryhighlevelsofexposuretoozonecancausefluidtobuildupinthelungsandevendeath.非常严重的暴露于臭氧中能使流进肺中和甚至死亡。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接产生的气体：EHS俱乐部TheproductionofOzonedependsonthetypeoffillermetalused.臭氧的产生主要依靠那种焊丝被使用。Theuseof4043fillermetalcausestheformationofozone.使用4043焊丝能导致臭氧的产生。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接产生的气体：EHS俱乐部ReducingtheRisk:减少危险：Keepyourheadoutoftheweldingplume.保持你的头部离开焊接废气。FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③EHS俱乐部ReducingtheRisk:减少危险：FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③Uselocalfumeextractiondevicestohelpremovethefume.利用局部的排烟装置，以帮助排走烟气。EHS俱乐部ReducingtheRisk:减少危险：FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③Usefiltersorotherdevicestofiltertheairinyourbreathingzone.在你呼吸地方使用过滤器或其他装置，以过滤空气。EHS俱乐部ReducingtheRisk:减少危险：FumesandGasses烟尘和废气③Insomecasesitmaybenecessarytoremovethecoatingfromthebasemetalbeforewelding.在某些情况下，也许要先清理涂层从金属母材上在焊前Makesureyouknowtheproperwaytoremovethecoating.Grindingsomecoatingsmaybejustashazardousaswelding.确保您知道正确的做法对于清理涂层。磨削有些涂料可能只是为减少焊接危险EHS俱乐部Burnsareoneofthemostcommonhazardsfacedinallweldingprocesses.烧伤是最常见的危险在所有焊接工作中。Arcradiation,sparks,spatter,andthepartsthemselvescancauseseriousinjury.电弧辐射，火花飞溅及零件本身可能导致严重伤害。BurnsandFire烧伤和火灾④EHS俱乐部ProtectiveClothingandGear.防护服和手套。BurnsandFire烧伤和火灾④Propergearandclothingcanhelpprotectyoufromthesehazards.适当的装备和服装可以帮助您避免这些危害。WeldingMaskWeldingGlovesDustMaskProtectiveClothingWeldingApronEHS俱乐部Cleaningsolventsanddegreasersareflammableandposeaseverefireandexplosionhazard.清洗溶剂和脱脂剂是易燃的及构成严重火灾和爆炸危险。BurnsandFire烧伤和火灾④Fireisalsoamajorconcernassociatedwithwelding.火灾也是焊接时主要要考虑的。Thesesubstancesshouldbekeptoutoftheweldingarea.这些物质应远离焊接区域贮存。EHS俱乐部Materialssuchaspaperandragsarecombustibleandcanbeignitedbysparksandspatterfromtheweldingprocess.材料如纸张和抹布都是易燃物，可点燃的火花飞溅从焊接过程中。Thesematerialscansmolderforhoursbeforecatchingfire.这些材料在着火前能闷烧几个小时。Allcombustiblematerialsshouldbekeptoffthefloorandoutoftheimmediateweldingarea.所有可燃材料应保存在地面上，且于眼能看到的焊接区域。Thesematerialsshouldbeplacedinafireproofcontainerattheend