北美新托福入学测试题

环球新托福考试院入学英语水平测试题ReadingExtinctionoftheDinosaursPaleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhich/\dinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevideneepreservedinseafloorsediments, indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantoday 's.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.AttheendoftheCretaceous,thegeologicalrecordshowsthattheseseawaysretreatedfromthecontinentsbackintothemajoroceanbasins.Nooneknowswhy.Overaperiodofabout100,000years,whiletheseaspulledback,climatesaroundtheworldbecamedramaticallymoreextreme:warmerdays,coolernights;hottersummers,colderwinters.Perhapsdinosaurscouldnottoleratetheseextremetemperaturechangesandbecameextinct.Iftrue,though,whydidsurvivecold-bloodedanimalssuchassnakes,lizards,summers?turtles,andcrocodilesthefreezingwintersandtorridTheseanimalsareatthemercyoftheclimatetomaintainalivablebodytemperature.Itshardtounderstandwhytweyldnotbeaffected,whereasdinosaurswerelefttoocrippledtocope,especiallyif,assomescientists believe,dinosaurswerewarm-blooded.CriticsalsopointoutthattheshallowseawayshadretreatedfromandadvaneedonthecontinentsnumeroustimesduringtheMesozoic,sowhydidthedinosaurssurvivetheclimaticchangesassociatedwiththeearlierfluctuationsbutnotwiththisone?Althoughinitiallyhypothesisofasimpleappealing,theclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelsisinsufficienttoexplainallthedata.Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsled/toasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.Manyplantsandanimals disappearshistory.Becausshistory.Becaus，'scoreasthIthasnotbeencommonatEarth ssincetheverybeginningoftheplanetusuallyexistsinametallicstate,itwaspreferentiallyincorporatedinEarthandconsolidated.ltisfoundinhighconcentrationsinsomemeteorites,inwhichthesolarsystemoriginalchemicalcompositionispreserved.Eventoday,microscopicmeteoritescontinuallybombardEarth,fallingonbothlandandsea.BymeasuringhowmanyofthesemeteoritesfalltoEarthoveragivenperiodoftime,scientistscanestimatehowlongitmighthavetakentodeposittheobservedamountofitintheboundaryclay.Thesecalculationssuggestthataperiodofaboutonemillionyearswouldhavebeenrequired.However,otherreliableevideneesuggeststhatthedepositionoftheboundaryclaycouldnothavetakenonemillionyears.Sotheunusuallyhighconcentrationofltseemstorequireaspecialexplanation.Inviewofthesefacts,scientistshypothesizedthatasinglelargeasteroid,about10to15kilometersacross,collidedwithEarth,andtheresultingfalloutcreatedtheboundaryclay.Theircalculationsshowthattheimpactkickedupadustcloudthatcutoffsunlightforseveral months,inhibitingphotosynthesisinplants;decreasedsurfacetemperaturesoncontinents tobelowfreezing;causedextremeepisodesofacidrain;andsignificantly raisedIong-termglobaltemperaturesthroughthegreenhouseeffect.Thisdisruptionoffoodchainandclimatewouldhaveeradicatedthedinosaursandotherorganismsinlessthanfiftyyears.[PassageEnd][Question]Paragraph1Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurs wascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesin thepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevideneepreservedinseafloorsediments,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantoday 's.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.Theclimatewasverysimilartotoday 'sclimate.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.Paragraph2AttheendoftheCretaceous,thegeologicalrecordshowsthattheseseawaysretreatedfromthecontinentsbackintothemajoroceanbasins.Nooneknowswhy.Overaperiodofabout100,000years,whiletheseaspulledback,climatesaroundtheworldbecamedramaticallymoreextreme:warmerdays,coolernights;hottersummers,colderwinters.Perhapsdinosaurscouldnottoleratetheseextremetemperaturechangesandbecameextinct.Whichofthefollowingreasonsissuggestedinparagraph2fortheextinctionofthedinosaurs?ChangesinthelengthsofthedaysandnightsduringthelateCretaceousperiodDroughtscausedbythemovementofseawaysbackintotheoceansThechangefrommildtosevereclimatesduringtheLateCretaceousperiodAnextremedecreaseintheaverageyearlytemperatureover10,000yearsParagraph3Iftrue,though,whydidcold-bloodedanimalssuchassnakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodilessurvivethefreezingwinters andtorridsummers?Theseanimalsareatthemercyoftheclimatetomaintainalivablebodytemperature.It'shardtounderstand whytheywouldnotbeaffected,whereasdinosaurswerelefttoocrippledtocope,especiallyif,assome scientistsbelieve,dinosaurswerewarm-blooded.CriticsalsopointoutthattheshallowseawayshadretreatedfromandadvaneedonthecontinentsnumeroustimesduringtheMesozoic,sowhydidthedinosaurssurvivetheclimaticchangesassociatedwiththeearlierfluctuationsbutnotwiththisone? Althoughinitiallyappealing,thehypothesisofasimpleclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelsisinsufficienttoexplainallthedata.Whydoestheauthormentionthesurvivalof“snakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodiles”nparagraph3?Toarguethatdinosaursmayhavebecomeextinetbecausetheywerenotcold-bloodedanimalsToquestiontheadequacyofthehypothesisthatclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelscausedtheextinctionofthedinosaursTopresentexamplesofanimalsthatcouldmaintainalivablebodytemperaturemoreeasilythandinosaursTosupportahypothesisthattheseanimalswerenotassensitive toclimatechangesintheCretaceousperiodastheyaretodayThewordcopeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoadaptmovecontinuecompeteThewordfluctuationsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoextremesretreatsperiodsvariationsParagraph4Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridiumitcontained.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformation inthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaning inimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.ThefossilrecordsuggeststhattherewasanabruptextinctionofmanyplantsandanimalsattheendoftheMesozoicera.FewfossilsoftheMesozoicerahavesurvivedintherocksthatmarktheendoftheCretaceous.FossilsfromtheCretaceousperiodoftheMesozoicuptothebeginningoftheCenozoicerahavebeenremovedfromthelayersofrockthatsurroundedthem.PlantsandanimalsfromtheMesozoicerawereunabletosurviveintheCenozoicera.Inparagraph4,allthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:WhyistherealayerofclaybetweentherocksoftheCretaceousandCenozoic?WhywerescientistsinterestedindetermininghowlongittooktodepositthelayerofclayattheendoftheCretaceous?Whatwastheeffectofthesurprisingobservationscientistsmade?WhydidscientistswantmoreinformationaboutthedinosaurextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceous?Paragraph5.lthasnotbeencommonatEarth 'ssincetheverybeginningoftheplanet 'sBecauseitusuallyexistsinametallicstate,itwaspreferentiallyincorporatedinEarthplanetcooledandconsolidated.ltisfoundinhighconcentrations insomemeteorites,inwhichthesolarsystem'soriginalchemical compositionispreserved.Eventoday,microscopicmeteoritescontinuallybombardEarth,fallingonbothlandandsea.BymeasuringhowmanyofthesemeteoritesfalltoEarthoveragivenperiodoftime,scientistscanestimatehowlongitmighthavetakentodeposittheobservedamountofltintheboundaryclay.■Thesecalculationssuggestthataperiodofaboutonemillionyearswouldhavebeenrequired.■However,otherreliableevideneesuggeststhat thedepositionoftheboundaryclaycouldnothavetakenonemillionyears.■Sotheunusuallyhighconcentrationofltseemstorequireaspecialexplanation. ■Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Consequently,theideathattheltintheboundaryclaycamefrommicroscopicmeteoritescannotbeaccepted.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[ ■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.1234Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Toreviewpassage,ClickViewTextForalongtimescientistshavearguedthattheextinctionofThedinosaurswasrelatedtoclimatechange.AnswerchoicesAsimpleclimatechangedoesnotexplainsomeimportantdatarelatedtotheextinctionofthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous.TheretreatoftheseawaysattheendoftheCretaceoushasnotbeenfullyexplained.…3.TheabruptnessofextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceousandthehighconcentrationoflrfoundinclaydepositedatthattimehasfueledthedevelopmentofanewhypothesis.…4.Extremechangesindailyandseasonalclimatesprecededtheretreatoftheseasbackintothemajoroceanbasins.…5.SomescientistshypothesizethattheextinctionofthedinosaursresultedfromtheeffectsofanasteroidcollisionwithEarth.…6.BoundaryclaylayersliketheonebetweentheMesozoicandCenozoicareusedbyscientiststodeterminetherateatwhichanextinctspeciesdeclined.Writing （改错） （满分理分）Theauthorofthereadingpassage①reachesthreetheoriesaslikely②explanation oftheprimaryfunctionofChacoCanyonhouses,③agrantstructuresbuiltinthe④12century.⑤Thelecturerpointstotheinaccuraciesineachofthesetheories.Thelecturer⑥arguethatthemodestnumberoffireplaces⑦onthesestructuresis⑧viacontradictionwiththehugesizeofthesehouses, ⑨indicatedthatthesestructures⑩cannothavebeenusedforResidentialpurposes.TheReading,however,drawscomparisons (11)fromtheChacohousesandothersimilarlargeResidentialstructures (12)atsupportofthe“Residential”theory.Thesecondtheory,(13)whichthehouseswereusedforfood (1A)storaging,isalso(15)supportedbythelecturer.He(16)explainingthataplace(17)hadbeenusedforstoringmaizewouldhavemanytracesofscatteredMaize,(18)thatisnotthecaseintheareaoftheChacoCanyonhouses.Thisprovesthatthe“foodstoragetheory"(19)likely.Finally,(20)regardthethirdtheory,the “ceremonytheory”,the(e1tuseysthatthepreseneeofbrokenpots(22)closelytothegreathousesdoesnotoffersufficientproofthatthis (23)isaplacefor(24)ceremonyactivities.Hearguesthatthereareothermaterials(25)forexamplepiecesofconstructiontrash(26)findalongwiththebrokenpots,which(27)suggestingthatthesepots(28)hadbeenprobablynotusedforceremonial(29)activitiesbutinstead(30)werediscardduetoconstructionworkersuponcompletionofthegreathouses.新托福口语测试题独立任务Speaking1Talkaboutapopulargatheringplaceinyourtownwherepeopleliketogo.Describetheplaceandexplainwhypeopleenjoygoingthere.准备时间：15秒答题时间：答题时间：45秒Speaking2Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?StudentsbenefitmorefromclasseswithalargenumberofstudentsthantheydofromsmallerclassesUsespecificexamplesanddetailstosupportyouropinion准备时间：15秒答题时间：45秒Speaking3只imamuft/ne人50secondsMusicComingtoCafeteriasIJIaryDixon.DireclororftheStudentLifeCommittee,announcedyesterdaythatbeginningnextsemesteruntversftycafeteriaswillbroadcastclassicalmusicdurtiigmealtimes."Musicwillfosteramorerelaxedatmosphere.'saidDixonr"Students1livesarehectic,andmealtimesprovideimportantopportunitiestotakeabreakandcatchupwithfiiendsbeforemovingontothenextclassarassignment/AddedDixon.,JWe'iealsohopingthat,ifweprovideHiemusic,studentswilliunplugtheirperianalmuAicdevices—heirwalkinansandmp3playersorwhatever andv/illspendmoretimetalkingtoeachother.Whenstudentshavetheirheadplioneson.they'renotconnectingwitheachother,'Listeningtotwostudentsdiscussingthenotice.ThemanexpnsssAshisopinionofth©university'splan.StateFitopinionandexplanthereasonshegivesforholdingthatopinion.30Seconds60SecondsPreparationTime:30Seconds60SecondsResponseTime:新托福口语测试题ConversationA.A.B.C.WhythewomanhaslittleincommonwithherroommatesHowthewomancankeepupinheracademicstudiesThewoman'sadjustmenttolifeattheuniversityD.Thewoman ^decisiontotransfertoanotheruniversityQ2:Whydoesthewomanmentionherhometown?TodrawacontrasttohercurrentsituationToacknowledgethatsheisaccustomedtolivinginbigcitiesToindicatethatshehasknownsomepeopleoncampusforalongtimeToemphasizeherprevioussuccessinacademicstudiesQ3:Whatdoesthewomanimplyaboutincidentthatoccurredinhersociologyclass?ShewasembarrassedbecauseshegaveanincorrectanswerShewasupsetbecausetheprofessorseemedtoignoreherShewasconfusedbytheorganizationoftheprofessor 'slectureShewassurprisedbythecommentsoftheotherstudentsQ4:Accordingtothecounselor,whyshouldthewom anvisitherprofessor soffice?Clickon2answers.ToofferacomplimentTooffertohelpotherstudentsTo