英语语言学期末考试重点

英语语言学期末考试重点英语语言学期末考试重点英语语言学期末考试重点英语语言学期末考试重点编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:第一章1.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsandmeanings)②Duality（二层性）:Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.④Displacement(移位性):HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)3.Functionsoflanguage①Informative(信息功能):togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)②Interpersonal(人际功能):toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)③Performative(施为功能):languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)④.Emotive/Expressive(情感功能):toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(health,weather)⑥Recreationalfunction(娱乐):theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):totalkaboutlanguageitself.4.Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.5.ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive&prescriptiveSynchronic&diachronicLangue&paroleCompetence&performance6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar:“neveruseadoublenegative”)7.Synchronicstudy(共时)—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy(历时)—descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)第四章1．WhatisSyntax（句法）

Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则2．FourApproaches:Thetraditionalapproach传统语言观(Partsofspeech、SyntacticFunction不考、Category范畴、Concordandgovernment一致关系和支配关系)、Thestructuralapproach结构语言观、Thegenerativeapproach、Thefunctionalapproach功能语言观3．Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencesasasequenceofwords,soitpaysgreatattentiontothestudyofwords,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionofwordsintermsofsubject,predicate,etc.4.PartsofspeechTraditionalgrammardefines8partsofspeech:nouns,verbs,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctionsandinterjections.5．ThetermCategory范畴insomeapproachesreferstowordclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg.Noun,Verb,Subject,Predicate.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:thecategoriesofthenoun名词的范畴,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability（case）;thecategoriesoftheverb动词的范畴:tense,aspect,voice,etc.6．Numberismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun名词和不可数名词.Twotermsofnumberinnouns:singularandplural单数和复数Numberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionsofpronounsandverbs7.Genderisalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.InEnglish,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature.8.Caseisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.在词类分析中，格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系InEnglish,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative主格,accusative受格,andgenitive与格.Nounshavetwoofgeneralandgenitive所有格InEnglish,thecaseofnounisrealizedinthreechannels:(a)inflection(b)followingapreposition(c)wordorder9.Tense时态:theabsolutelocationofaneventoractionontime.Itismarkedbyaninflectionoftheverb.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:pastandpresent.Sincethefuturetimedoesnotinvolveanyinflectionoftheverb,wedonotrefertoa“futuretense”,eventhoughinmanydifferentwayswecantalkaboutthefuture.10.Aspect体:Ithasnothingwithtime,andittellsuswhetheranactionisongoingorcompleted.Perfective（完成体）andImperfective（进行体）PerfectiveandProgressive(inEnglish)11.Voice语态:describetherelationshipbetweenverbandsubjectPassive被动语态andactive主动语态12.Concordandgovernment①Concord(一致关系)referstoagreementbetweenwords,especiallybetweenaverbandthesubjectofasentence.②Government(支配关系)isatypeofgrammaticalrelationshipbetweentwoormoreelementsinasentence.Intraditionalgrammar,thetermgovernmenthastypicallybeenusedtorefertotherelationshipbetweenverbsandnounsorbetweenprepositionsandnouns.13.TheStructuralApproach，由FerdinanddeSaussure提出14.SyntacticRelations：Positionalrelations位置关系、Relationsofsubstitutability替代关系、Relationsofco-occurrence同现关系15.Immediateconstituent(直接成分)isanymeaningfulconstituentatthefirststepinananalysis.16.Anendocentricconstruction(向心结构)isaconstructionthatcontains:1)ahead,whichisthesingleobligatoryelementintheconstruction;2)oneormoreoptionalelementssubordinatetothehead.17.theme(主位)referstotheknowninformationwhichisnotnewtothereaderorlistenerRheme(述位)referstotheinformationthatisnew.ThenewinformationiswhatistobetransmittedtothereaderorlistenerThelinguistsofthePragueschoolbelievedthatsentencemaybeanalyzedfromthefunctionalsideaswellasthegrammaticalside.subject,predicate(grammaticalside)theme,rheme(functionalside)第五章1.WhatisSemantics?

Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningofwords,phrasesandsentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科2．GeoffreyLeech利奇Seventypesofmeaning7种意义类型:①Conceptualmeaning概念意义②Connotativemeaning内涵意义③Socialmeaning社会意义④Affectivemeaning感情意义AssociativeMeaning联想意义（②——⑥）⑤Reflectedmeaning反射意义⑥Collocativemeaning搭配意义⑦Thematicmeaning主位意义3.Conceptualmeaning(概念意义)isalsocalled“denotative”（外延义）anditisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto.概念意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系Conceptualmeaningismeaninggiveninthedictionary.4.Associativemeaning(联想意义)isthetotalofallthemeaningsapersonthinksofwhentheyhearthewordAssociativemeaningisthemeaningwhichawordsuggestsorimplies.5.Thematicmeaning(主位意义)is“whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的6.TheReferentialTheory（指称理论）：①TheReferentialTheory②TheSemanticTriangle③SenseandReference7.Thereferentialtheory指称理论isthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论8.Thesemantictriangle语意三角istheindirectrelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoanditismediatedbyconcept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，它们是以概念为中介的9.Sense(涵义)isasetofpropertiespossessedbyaname.10.Reference(指称)isthesymbolicrelationshipthatalinguisticexpressionhaswiththeconcreteobject.11.Thesenseofanexpressionisthethoughtitexpresses,whileitsreferenceistheobjectitrepresentsEverywordhasasense,butnoteverywordhasareference.12.SenseRelations涵义关系①Synonymy（同义关系）②Antonymy（反义关系）（Gradable、Complementary、Converse）③Hyponymy（上下义关系）13.Buttotalsynonymyisrare.Theymaydifferinstyle,connotationsanddialect.14.Gradableantonymy(等级反义关系)、Complementaryantonymy(互补反义关系)、Converseantonymy(反向反义关系)15.Componentialanalysisisanapproachtothestudyofmeaningwhichanalysesawordintoasetofmeaningcomponents.16.SentenceMeaning17.Senserelationsbetweensentences①Synonymity(同义)a.Hewasabachelorallhislife.b.Henevermarriedallhisboy.Sentencesaandbareinasynonymousrelationship:thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthetruthofanothersentence②Inconsistency(矛盾)a.ElizabethIIisQueenofEngland.b.ElizabethIIisaman.Sentencesaandbareinarelationshipofcontradiction:thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthefalsenessofanothersentence.③Entailment(蕴涵)a.Hemarriedablondeheiress.b.Hemarriedablonde.Entailmentreferstoakindofmeaninginclusion.Ifxentailsy,themeaningofxisincludediny.④Presupposition(前提预设)Itiswhataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemessagealreadyknows.⑤Contradiction(矛盾)⑥Semanticanomaly(语义反常)18.Anintegratedtheory﹡Compositionality(组合性原则)：themeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.﹡Thissemantictheoryistheintegrationofsyntaxandsemantics﹡Theirbasicideaisthatasemantictheoryconsistsoftwoparts:adictionaryandasetofprojectionrules﹡Thedictionaryprovidesthegrammaticalclassificationandsemanticinformationofwords﹡Theprojectionrulesareresponsibleforcombiningthemeaningsofwordstogether.19.Logicalsemantics（逻辑语义学）﹡Aproposition(命题)iswhatistobeexpressedbyadeclarativesentencewhenthatsentenceisutteredtomakeastatement.﹡Itisthebasicmeaningwhichasentenceexpress.﹡Averyimportantpropertyofthepropositionisthatithasatruthvalue.第八章1.WhatisPragmaticsPragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageincontext/use/communication.2SemanticsandPragmaticsSimilarity：PragmaticsandsemanticsarebothlinguisticstudyofmeaningDifference：Semanticmeaning:themoreconstant