英国历史简介市公开课一等奖省名师优质课赛课一等奖课件

英国历史介绍1.theoriginsoftheEnglishNation（5000BC--1066AD)2.thefeudalperiodoftheNation(1066--1485)3.transitiontotheModernAge(1485--1688)4.theriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire(1688--1990)5.TwentiethcenturyoftheEnglishNationTheBritainofhistory一.theOriginsoftheEnglishNation1.the

Iberians.(伊比利亚人)

————5000BC-55BC

The

first

known

setters

of

Britain

.Inthisperiod,more

dramatic

monuments

were

the

henges,

the

most

important

of

which

was

Stonehenge

（巨石阵）in

Wiltshire（维尔特郡）.2.The

Celts(凯尔特人）They

originally

have

come

from

eastern

and

central

Europe,

they

came

to

Britain

in

three

main

waves(入侵英国三次高潮）；the

first

wave

was

the

Gaels盖尔人,

the

second

was

Britons（布立吞人）

and

the

third

was

Belgae（比利其人）.BBC凯尔特英国人历史(BBCAHistoryofCelticBritain)导演:PaulKing/ArifNurmohamed/DickTaylor/JeffWilkinson主演:NeilOliver/PhilipCrummy/BarryCunliffe类型:纪录片3.RomanBritain(罗马人统治时英国）

——55BC-410AD1.Julius

Caesar,

the

great

roman

general,

invaded

Britain

for

the

first

time

in

55BC.

For

nearly

400

years,

Britain

was

under

roman

occupation.2.The

roman

built

two

great

walls

to

keep

the

Picts（皮特人）.Theywerethe

Hadrian’s

wall

哈德良长城(AD122)runningfromcarlisleto

Newcastle(从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔），and

the

Antonine

wall

安东尼长城linking

the

estuaries

of

the

Forth

and

the

Clyde(链接福斯河口和克莱德河口).Julius

Caesar（凯撒大帝）the

Hadrian’s

wall

哈德良长城4.theAngloSaxons(盎格鲁撒克逊人）

——446--871In

the

mid-5th

century

a

new

wave

of

invaders,

Jutes,

Saxons,

and

Angles

came

to

Britain,

they

were

three

Teutonic

tribes

三支日尔曼部落.theAngloSaxonswereorganizedintotribes,whichwereconsolidatedintosevenkingdoms(王国时代）.sevenkingdoms(七王国）These

seven

principal

kingdoms

of

Kent,

Essex,

Sussex,

Essex,

East

Anglia,

Mercia

and

Northumbria

have

given

the

name

of

Heptarch.这七个主要王国：肯特、威塞克斯、苏塞克斯、埃赛克斯、东安各鲁，麦西亚和诺森薄利亚合称七王国。

5.The

Norman

conquest(诺曼征服)——1066TheNormanconquestofEnglandisperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名事件，至此，英格兰封建制度被完全建立起来。二.theShapingoftheNation1.RomanRule(罗马统治）——1066-13811)William

replaced

the

witan（贤人会议）

,

the

council

of

the

Anglo-Saxon

kings,

with

the

Grand

Council

of

his

new

tenants-in-chief.威廉用由他土地承租人组成大议会取代了安各鲁撒克逊国王顾问团－贤人会议。

2)

The

Doomsday

Book《末日审判书》completed

in

1086,

was

the

result

of

general

survey

of

England

made

in

1085,

and

stated

the

extent

,

value,

the

population,

state

of

cultivation

and

ownership.《末日审判书》完成于1086年，它统计了1085年进行英国总调查结果。此册陈说了土地范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和全部权。William(威廉一世）贤人会议（英语：Witenagemot，简写为Witan，古英语：witenagemōt）是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰一个主要政治机构。贤人会议是一个由国王主持召开、会期不定、人数不等高层会议，与会者主要有被称为“贤者”或“智者”高级教士和世俗贵族，包含国王近臣、王族宠幸和地方长官等。《末日审判书》2.theGreatCharter（大宪章）——1215The

Great

charter,

or

Magna

Carta,was

a

statement

of

feudal

and

legal

relationship

between

the

crown

and

the

barons,

a

guarantee

of

the

freedom

of

the

church

and

a

limitation

of

the

power

of

the

king.大宪章陈说是国王与贵族间封建和法律关系，确保了教会自由和限制了王权。3.theHundredYear'swithFrance（英法

百年战争）——1337--1453When

Edward

Ⅲ

claimed

the

French

Crown

by

the

right

of

his

mother

Isabella,

the

French

refused

to

recognize

the

claim

because

the

Salic

Law

debarred

females

from

the

succession.

In

1337

Edward

declared

a

war

that

was

to

last

a

hundred

years.

爱德华三世经过他母亲伊莎贝拉关系宣告继承法国王位，但法国人民拒绝认可，因为萨利法典要求女子不得继承王位，于是在1337年，爱德华对法宣战，战争连续了一百年。英法百年战争4.theBlackDeath(黑死病）Black

Death

swept

through

England

in

the

summer

of

1348

without

warning.

It

killed

between

one

half

and

one

third

of

the

population

of

England.1348年夏天，黑死病横扫全英国，没有任何征兆，它夺去了三分之一到二分之一英国人口。5.the

Peasant

Uprising

of

1381（1381年

农民起义）Although

the

Peasant

Uprising

of

1381,

orTyler'sRebellionwas

brutally

suppressed,

it

had

far-reaching

significance

in

English

history.

thesignificace:It

dealt

a

telling

blow

to

villeinage

and

a

new

class

of

yeomen

farmers

emerged,

paving

the

way

for

the

development

of

capitalism.它沉重打击了封建农奴制度，产生了全新自耕农阶级，为资本主义发展铺设了道路1381农民起义三.transitiontotheModernAge1.transitiontotheModernAge

——1455--14851）theWarofRoses(玫瑰战争）——1455--14852）theEnglishReformation(宗教改革）

referring

to

the

battles

between

the

great

house

of

Lancaster,

symbolized

by

the

red

rose,

and

that

of

York,

symbolized

by

the

white.玫瑰战争这个词是指两个家族间战争，以红玫瑰为标志兰开斯特家族和以白玫瑰为标志约克家族。

theyarethetwobranchesof

theplantagenetfamily(金雀花王朝）1154--1399the

Wars

of

Roses

thereformationThe

reform

began

as

a

struggle

for

a

divorce

and

end

in

freedom

from

the

Papacy.

改革以争取离婚开始，以脱离教皇而告终theaim:to

get

rid

of

the

English

Church’s

connection

with

the

Pope,

and

make

an

independent

Church

of

England.目标：解除英国教会与教皇联络，成立独立英格兰教会。2.ElizabethI(伊丽莎白一世）

——1558--16031）Elizabeth’s

religious

reform

a

compromise

of

views(各种观点妥协），she

broke

Mary’s

ties

with

Rome

and

restored

her

father’s

independent

Church

of

England.2)foreignpolicyFor

nearly

30

years

Elizabeth

successfully

played

against

each

other

the

two

great

Catholic

powers,

France

and

Spain.

伊丽莎白一世3.theEnglishRenaissance(文艺复兴）

——1350--1650Renaissance

was

the

transitional

period

between

the

Middle

Ages

and

modern

times1）its

first

expression最好表示方式：

the

so-called

Elizabethan

drama.所谓伊丽莎白戏剧2）Its

first

exponents

最好代表人物：Christopher

Marlowe,

Ben

Jonson,

and

William

Shakespeare.克里斯托夫·马洛；本·琼生和威廉·莎士比亚3)

literature:primarily

artistic,

rather

than

philosophical

scholarly.主要是艺术，而非哲学及学术。文艺复兴时文学文艺复兴时油画William

Shakespeare4.theCivilWars(内战）——1642--1646On

August

22,

1642,

the

First

Civil

War

began.

The

king’s

men

were

called

Cavaliers,

and

the

supporters

of

Parliament

were

called

Roundheads.1642.8.22，第一次内战暴发，支持国王者被成为“骑士派”，支持议会者被成为“圆颅派”。theconsequences:The

English

Civil

War

not

only

overthrew

feudal

system

in

England

but

also

shocked

the

foundation

of

the

feudal

rule

in

Europe.英国内战不但推翻了英国封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲封建统治基础。5.theRestoration(王政复辟）whenolivercromwelldiedin1658andwassucceededbyhissonRichard,theregimebegantocollapse.The

Parliament

thus

elected

in

1660

resolved

the

crisis

by

asking

the

late

king’s

son

to

return

from

his

long

exile

in

France

as

king

CharlesⅡ.1660年选出议会要求上任国王儿子从长久流亡法国回国做查尔斯二世，从而处理了危机。6.theGloriousRevolution(光荣革命）

——1688English

politicians

rejected

JamesⅡ,

and

appealed

to

a

protestant

king,

William

of

Orange

to

invade

and

take

the

English

throne.

This

take-over

became

known

as

the

Glorious

Revolution.英国政客反对詹姆斯二世。他们呼吁新教国王，奥兰治亲王威廉入侵英国夺取王位。这就是“光荣革命”。William

of

Orange威廉和玛丽7.the

Gunpowder

plot

of

1605（16

火药阴谋案）The

most

famous

of

the

Catholic

compiracies

最著名天主教阴谋

November

5,

1605,

a

few

fanatical

Catholics

attempted

to

blow

King

James

and

his

ministers

up

in

the

House

of

Parliament

where

Guy

Fawkes

had

planted

barrels

of

gunpowder

in

the

cellars.几个狂热天主教徒企图在议会大厦炸死国王和大臣，盖伊福克斯已在地窖放了炸药桶。四.theriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire1.WhigsandTories(辉格党和托利党）TheWhigs：opposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomfornonconformists.TheTories：traditionalistswhowantedtopreservethepowersofthemonarchyandthechurchofEngland.2.theIndustrialRevolution(工业革命）

——1780--1830

TheindustrialrevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangeinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.工业革命指17世纪末，18世纪初英国工业机械化，以及所以而造成社会结构和经济结构改变。创造时间（年）创造者创造机器1733约翰·凯flyingshuttle(飞梭）1766詹姆士·哈格里夫斯spinningJenny(珍妮纺纱机）1769理查德·阿克赖特waterframe（水力纺织机）1779塞缪尔·克朗普顿mule(走锭纺纱机）1784埃德蒙·卡特莱特powerloom（动力织机）1765詹姆斯·瓦特steamengine（蒸汽机车）1814乔治·史蒂文森theresult:Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”.英国到1830年止成为“世界工场”。3.theChartistMovement(宪章运动）——1836--1848

thefirstnationwideworkingclassmovementanddrewattentiontoseriousproblems.宪章运动是第一次全国范围工人运动，引发了对许多严重问题关注。4.TradeUnionsandtheLaborParty(工会

和工党）In1900,representativesofthetradeunions,theILP,andanumberofsocialistsocietiessetupthelabourrepresentationforthegeneralwhichchangeditsnametothelabourpartyintimeforthegeneralelectionfor1906.19，工会代表，独立工党和许多小型社会主义社团一起成立了工人代表委员会。19大选迫使工人代表委员会及时更名为工党。5.ColonialExpansion(殖民扩张）1）theGrowthofDominions(自治领兴起）2）theConquestofIndia(征服印度）3）theScrambleforAfrica(对非洲掠夺