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英国历史介绍1.theoriginsoftheEnglishNation(5000BC--1066AD)2.thefeudalperiodoftheNation(1066--1485)3.transitiontotheModernAge(1485--1688)4.theriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire(1688--1990)5.TwentiethcenturyoftheEnglishNationTheBritainofhistory一.theOriginsoftheEnglishNation1.the
Iberians.(伊比利亚人)
————5000BC-55BC
The
first
known
setters
of
Britain
.Inthisperiod,more
dramatic
monuments
were
the
henges,
the
most
important
of
which
was
Stonehenge
(巨石阵)in
Wiltshire(维尔特郡).2.The
Celts(凯尔特人)They
originally
have
come
from
eastern
and
central
Europe,
they
came
to
Britain
in
three
main
waves(入侵英国三次高潮);the
first
wave
was
the
Gaels盖尔人,
the
second
was
Britons(布立吞人)
and
the
third
was
Belgae(比利其人).BBC凯尔特英国人历史(BBCAHistoryofCelticBritain)导演:PaulKing/ArifNurmohamed/DickTaylor/JeffWilkinson主演:NeilOliver/PhilipCrummy/BarryCunliffe类型:纪录片3.RomanBritain(罗马人统治时英国)
——55BC-410AD1.Julius
Caesar,
the
great
roman
general,
invaded
Britain
for
the
first
time
in
55BC.
For
nearly
400
years,
Britain
was
under
roman
occupation.2.The
roman
built
two
great
walls
to
keep
the
Picts(皮特人).Theywerethe
Hadrian’s
wall
哈德良长城(AD122)runningfromcarlisleto
Newcastle(从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔),and
the
Antonine
wall
安东尼长城linking
the
estuaries
of
the
Forth
and
the
Clyde(链接福斯河口和克莱德河口).Julius
Caesar(凯撒大帝)the
Hadrian’s
wall
哈德良长城4.theAngloSaxons(盎格鲁撒克逊人)
——446--871In
the
mid-5th
century
a
new
wave
of
invaders,
Jutes,
Saxons,
and
Angles
came
to
Britain,
they
were
three
Teutonic
tribes
三支日尔曼部落.theAngloSaxonswereorganizedintotribes,whichwereconsolidatedintosevenkingdoms(王国时代).sevenkingdoms(七王国)These
seven
principal
kingdoms
of
Kent,
Essex,
Sussex,
Essex,
East
Anglia,
Mercia
and
Northumbria
have
given
the
name
of
Heptarch.这七个主要王国:肯特、威塞克斯、苏塞克斯、埃赛克斯、东安各鲁,麦西亚和诺森薄利亚合称七王国。
5.The
Norman
conquest(诺曼征服)——1066TheNormanconquestofEnglandisperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名事件,至此,英格兰封建制度被完全建立起来。二.theShapingoftheNation1.RomanRule(罗马统治)——1066-13811)William
replaced
the
witan(贤人会议)
,
the
council
of
the
Anglo-Saxon
kings,
with
the
Grand
Council
of
his
new
tenants-in-chief.威廉用由他土地承租人组成大议会取代了安各鲁撒克逊国王顾问团-贤人会议。
2)
The
Doomsday
Book《末日审判书》completed
in
1086,
was
the
result
of
general
survey
of
England
made
in
1085,
and
stated
the
extent
,
value,
the
population,
state
of
cultivation
and
ownership.《末日审判书》完成于1086年,它统计了1085年进行英国总调查结果。此册陈说了土地范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和全部权。William(威廉一世)贤人会议(英语:Witenagemot,简写为Witan,古英语:witenagemōt)是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰一个主要政治机构。贤人会议是一个由国王主持召开、会期不定、人数不等高层会议,与会者主要有被称为“贤者”或“智者”高级教士和世俗贵族,包含国王近臣、王族宠幸和地方长官等。《末日审判书》2.theGreatCharter(大宪章)——1215The
Great
charter,
or
Magna
Carta,was
a
statement
of
feudal
and
legal
relationship
between
the
crown
and
the
barons,
a
guarantee
of
the
freedom
of
the
church
and
a
limitation
of
the
power
of
the
king.大宪章陈说是国王与贵族间封建和法律关系,确保了教会自由和限制了王权。3.theHundredYear'swithFrance(英法
百年战争)——1337--1453When
Edward
Ⅲ
claimed
the
French
Crown
by
the
right
of
his
mother
Isabella,
the
French
refused
to
recognize
the
claim
because
the
Salic
Law
debarred
females
from
the
succession.
In
1337
Edward
declared
a
war
that
was
to
last
a
hundred
years.
爱德华三世经过他母亲伊莎贝拉关系宣告继承法国王位,但法国人民拒绝认可,因为萨利法典要求女子不得继承王位,于是在1337年,爱德华对法宣战,战争连续了一百年。英法百年战争4.theBlackDeath(黑死病)Black
Death
swept
through
England
in
the
summer
of
1348
without
warning.
It
killed
between
one
half
and
one
third
of
the
population
of
England.1348年夏天,黑死病横扫全英国,没有任何征兆,它夺去了三分之一到二分之一英国人口。5.the
Peasant
Uprising
of
1381(1381年
农民起义)Although
the
Peasant
Uprising
of
1381,
orTyler'sRebellionwas
brutally
suppressed,
it
had
far-reaching
significance
in
English
history.
thesignificace:It
dealt
a
telling
blow
to
villeinage
and
a
new
class
of
yeomen
farmers
emerged,
paving
the
way
for
the
development
of
capitalism.它沉重打击了封建农奴制度,产生了全新自耕农阶级,为资本主义发展铺设了道路1381农民起义三.transitiontotheModernAge1.transitiontotheModernAge
——1455--14851)theWarofRoses(玫瑰战争)——1455--14852)theEnglishReformation(宗教改革)
referring
to
the
battles
between
the
great
house
of
Lancaster,
symbolized
by
the
red
rose,
and
that
of
York,
symbolized
by
the
white.玫瑰战争这个词是指两个家族间战争,以红玫瑰为标志兰开斯特家族和以白玫瑰为标志约克家族。
theyarethetwobranchesof
theplantagenetfamily(金雀花王朝)1154--1399the
Wars
of
Roses
thereformationThe
reform
began
as
a
struggle
for
a
divorce
and
end
in
freedom
from
the
Papacy.
改革以争取离婚开始,以脱离教皇而告终theaim:to
get
rid
of
the
English
Church’s
connection
with
the
Pope,
and
make
an
independent
Church
of
England.目标:解除英国教会与教皇联络,成立独立英格兰教会。2.ElizabethI(伊丽莎白一世)
——1558--16031)Elizabeth’s
religious
reform
a
compromise
of
views(各种观点妥协),she
broke
Mary’s
ties
with
Rome
and
restored
her
father’s
independent
Church
of
England.2)foreignpolicyFor
nearly
30
years
Elizabeth
successfully
played
against
each
other
the
two
great
Catholic
powers,
France
and
Spain.
伊丽莎白一世3.theEnglishRenaissance(文艺复兴)
——1350--1650Renaissance
was
the
transitional
period
between
the
Middle
Ages
and
modern
times1)its
first
expression最好表示方式:
the
so-called
Elizabethan
drama.所谓伊丽莎白戏剧2)Its
first
exponents
最好代表人物:Christopher
Marlowe,
Ben
Jonson,
and
William
Shakespeare.克里斯托夫·马洛;本·琼生和威廉·莎士比亚3)
literature:primarily
artistic,
rather
than
philosophical
scholarly.主要是艺术,而非哲学及学术。文艺复兴时文学文艺复兴时油画William
Shakespeare4.theCivilWars(内战)——1642--1646On
August
22,
1642,
the
First
Civil
War
began.
The
king’s
men
were
called
Cavaliers,
and
the
supporters
of
Parliament
were
called
Roundheads.1642.8.22,第一次内战暴发,支持国王者被成为“骑士派”,支持议会者被成为“圆颅派”。theconsequences:The
English
Civil
War
not
only
overthrew
feudal
system
in
England
but
also
shocked
the
foundation
of
the
feudal
rule
in
Europe.英国内战不但推翻了英国封建制度,而且动摇了欧洲封建统治基础。5.theRestoration(王政复辟)whenolivercromwelldiedin1658andwassucceededbyhissonRichard,theregimebegantocollapse.The
Parliament
thus
elected
in
1660
resolved
the
crisis
by
asking
the
late
king’s
son
to
return
from
his
long
exile
in
France
as
king
CharlesⅡ.1660年选出议会要求上任国王儿子从长久流亡法国回国做查尔斯二世,从而处理了危机。6.theGloriousRevolution(光荣革命)
——1688English
politicians
rejected
JamesⅡ,
and
appealed
to
a
protestant
king,
William
of
Orange
to
invade
and
take
the
English
throne.
This
take-over
became
known
as
the
Glorious
Revolution.英国政客反对詹姆斯二世。他们呼吁新教国王,奥兰治亲王威廉入侵英国夺取王位。这就是“光荣革命”。William
of
Orange威廉和玛丽7.the
Gunpowder
plot
of
1605(16
火药阴谋案)The
most
famous
of
the
Catholic
compiracies
最著名天主教阴谋
November
5,
1605,
a
few
fanatical
Catholics
attempted
to
blow
King
James
and
his
ministers
up
in
the
House
of
Parliament
where
Guy
Fawkes
had
planted
barrels
of
gunpowder
in
the
cellars.几个狂热天主教徒企图在议会大厦炸死国王和大臣,盖伊福克斯已在地窖放了炸药桶。四.theriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire1.WhigsandTories(辉格党和托利党)TheWhigs:opposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomfornonconformists.TheTories:traditionalistswhowantedtopreservethepowersofthemonarchyandthechurchofEngland.2.theIndustrialRevolution(工业革命)
——1780--1830
TheindustrialrevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangeinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.工业革命指17世纪末,18世纪初英国工业机械化,以及所以而造成社会结构和经济结构改变。创造时间(年)创造者创造机器1733约翰·凯flyingshuttle(飞梭)1766詹姆士·哈格里夫斯spinningJenny(珍妮纺纱机)1769理查德·阿克赖特waterframe(水力纺织机)1779塞缪尔·克朗普顿mule(走锭纺纱机)1784埃德蒙·卡特莱特powerloom(动力织机)1765詹姆斯·瓦特steamengine(蒸汽机车)1814乔治·史蒂文森theresult:Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”.英国到1830年止成为“世界工场”。3.theChartistMovement(宪章运动)——1836--1848
thefirstnationwideworkingclassmovementanddrewattentiontoseriousproblems.宪章运动是第一次全国范围工人运动,引发了对许多严重问题关注。4.TradeUnionsandtheLaborParty(工会
和工党)In1900,representativesofthetradeunions,theILP,andanumberofsocialistsocietiessetupthelabourrepresentationforthegeneralwhichchangeditsnametothelabourpartyintimeforthegeneralelectionfor1906.19,工会代表,独立工党和许多小型社会主义社团一起成立了工人代表委员会。19大选迫使工人代表委员会及时更名为工党。5.ColonialExpansion(殖民扩张)1)theGrowthofDominions(自治领兴起)2)theConquestofIndia(征服印度)3)theScrambleforAfrica(对非洲掠夺
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