2022年GRE考试真题卷八1测

2022年GRE考试真题卷ハ（本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为!80分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名: 考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分ー、单项选择题（共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意）{{B}}Set2GeoIogyplateTectonics{{/B}}WhydoestheprofessortalkaboutTuzoWiIsonWilsondevelopedawarningsystemforearthquakes.Wilsonwroteanarticlethatcontradictedscientificlaw.Wilsonfirstproposedthetheoryofplatetectonics.WilsondiscoveredseafloorspreadingintheNorthAtlantic.READINGSECTIONDIRECTIONSTheReadingsectionmeasuresyourabilitytoreadandunderstandpassagesinEnglish.Youwi11readfivepassagesandanswerquestionsaboutthem.AnsweralIquestionsbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassages.Mostquestionsareworthonepoint.Thelastquestionineachsetisworthmorethanonepoint.Forthisquestion,thedirectionswillindicatehowmanypointsyoucanreceive.Somepassageshaveoneormorewordsinboldtype.Fortheseboldedwords,youwiIIseeadefinitioninaglossaryattheendofthepassage.AIIow20minutestoreadeachpassageandanswerthequestionsaboutit.Youmaynowbeginthefirstpassage.{{BHSet1{(/B}}NORTHAMERICANGRASSLANDS1InNorthAmerica,nativegrasslandsoccurprimarilyintheGreatPlainsinthemiddleofthecontinent.TheNorthAmericanprairiebiomeisoneofthemostextensivegrasslandsintheworld,extendingfromtheedgeoftheRockyMountainsinthewesttothedeciduousforestintheeast,andfromnorthernMexicointhesouthtoCanadainthenorth.AverageannualrainfalIrangesfromabout40cm(16inches)inthewestto80cm(31inches)intheeast.Averageannualtemperaturesrangebetween10degreesand20degreesCelsius(50to68degreesFahrenheit).InthemoistregionsoftheNorthAmericangrasslands,especiallyinthenorthernGreatPlains,rainfa11isdistinetIyseasonaltandtemperaturescanvarywidelyfromveryhotinsummertobittercoldinwinter.Onehundredyearsago,theGreatPlainsgrasslandswereonevast,unbrokenprairie.Muchoftheprairieisnowfarmland,themostproductiveagriculturalregionintheworld,dominatedby{⑻}monocultures{1/B}}ofcerealgrains.Wheat,barley,soybeans,corn,andsunflowersoccupythelandthatwasonceprairie.InareasgivenovertograzinglandsforcattIeandsheep,virtuallyalIthemajornativegrasseshavebeenreplacedby{{U}}aIien{{/U}}species.AnimportantfeatureofthenorthernGreatPlainsgrasslandsisthepresenceofmiIIionsofgIaciaIdepressionsthatarenowsmalIpondsknownasprairiepotholes.TheywereformedduringthemostrecentIceAge,whenstreamsfIowedintunnelsbeneathglacialIyformedsandyridges.WhentheIceAgeendedaround12,000yearsago,theretreatingglacierscreatedabout25milliondepressionsacrossa300,000-square-miIelandscape-about83potholespersquaremiIe.Astheiceblocksmelted,muchofthewaterwasleftbehind,formingwetlandsranginginsizefromatenthofanacretoseveralacres.ThewetIandsweresoonsurroundedbyflutteringwavesofgrasses:shortgrass,mixedgrass,andta11grass.4 {{U}}TodaythesesmalIwetIandsstillcovertheprairies,althoughmuchofthelandscape-includingbothnativegrassesandpotholes-hasbeentransformedtocroplandandgrasslandforgrazing.{{/U}}Whatdoesremainofthewetlands,however,stillservesasanimportantbreedingareaformorethan300birdspecies,includinglargenumbersofmigratingshorebirdsandwaterfowl.Thepotholesfillupwithwaterduringspringrainsandusuallydryoutbylatesummer.Everyspring,birdsarriveingreatnumbers-northernpintaiIs,maIlards,coots,andpied-biIIedgrebes-4to6millionstrong,tomateintheseasonaIwetlandsthatdotportionsofMinnesota,Iowa,NorthandSouthDakota,Montana,Alberta,Saskatchewan,andManitoba.PrairiepotholecountryproduceshalfofNorthAmerica9s35to40miIIionducksandisrenownedworldwideasa11{{U}}duckfactory{{/U}}.n5RecentlybiologistshavediscoveredthattheprairiepothoIeregionispotentiaIIyavastcarbonsink:anaturalspongethatabsorbscarbondioxideemissionsfromcars,factories,andpowerplants.CarbondioxideisthemostcommonofalIthepollutantsactingasgreenhousegasesthatheatuptheatmosphere.Fortunately,however,carbondioxideiscapturednaturallyandstoredintrees,soil,andplants.Scientistshavetermed{{U}}this{{/U}}Hcarbonsequestration.MTheyhavedeterminedthatprairiepothoIesholdanaverageof2.5tonsofcarbonperacreperyearwhennotbeingfarmed.ThismeansthatiftheentirepothoIeregionintheUnitedStatesandCanadaweretostopbeingfarmed,theregionwouldstoreabout400milliontonsofcarbonover10years-theequivalentoftakingalmost4miIIioncarsofftheroad.Thus,preservingthepotholescouldbeawayto{{U}}offset{{/U}}greenhousegasemissionsthatarewarmingtheplanet.Glossary:biome:oneoftheworld'smajornaturalcommunities,classifiedbypredominantvegetationmonoculture:cultivationoflargelandareaswithasingleplantvarietyPOLITICALSYSTEMSOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURYMonarchyisaformofgovernmentinwhichauthorityisheldbyasingleperson,amonarch,whoserighttoruleisgenerallyhereditaryandIifeIong.Atthestartofthetwentiethcentury,monarchsruledovermostoftheworld,butbythemiddleofthecentury,onlyahandfuIremained.AseriesofrevoIutionsintheprecedingcenturieshadweakenedtheEuropeanmonarchies,andwhilemonarchsremainedsymboIsofnationaIunity,realpowerhadpassedtoconstitutionalassembIies.MonarchysurvivedasaforminEuropeonlywherethekingorqueenfunctionedasthesymboIicheadofaparIiamentarystate,asinBritain,theLowCountries,andScandinavia.ItlastedlongerinthefewsmalIstatesofAsiaandAfricathathadnevercomeunderdirectcolonialrule.Bythe1960s,autocraticmonarchyhadbecomeanoutdatedformofgovernment.Throughoutmostoftheworld,peopIewereconsideredcitizens,notsubJects,andthetotalityofthepeopIewereseenasconstitutingthestate.Inmoststateswheremonarchicalauthoritywasremoved,someformofIiberaldemocracytookitsplace.AIiberaldemocracyisastatewherepoIiticaIauthorityrestsinthepeopIeactingthrougheIectedrepresentativesandwhereaneIectedexecutiveisresponsibIetothewillofthepeopIeasawhole.{{U}}Theterm{{/U}}appliestoabroadgroupofstateswithaparIiamentaryorrepresentativepoliticaltradition.LiberaIdemocraciesdifferfromthecommuniststatesknownas{{U}}peopIe'sdemocracies{{/U}},inwhichtheCommunistpartyholdstheu11imateauthority.GeneraIlytIiberaIdemocraciesfollowtheparIiamentary{(Ul}pattern{{/U}},withtheexecutivepowervestedinacabinetresponsibletotheparIiamentanddrawnfromthemajoritypartyorcombinationofparties.IntheUnitedStates,anindependentIyeIectedexecutive,thepresident,functionsseparatelyfromthelegislativeauthority,thecongress.ThedoctrinethatalIofthepeopIehadeffectiveauthority,orsovereignty,becamethebasisforthefunctioningofdemocraticstates.ThisdoctrineofpopuIarsovereigntybecameal(-inclusiveascitizenshiprightswereextendedtoclassesformerlyexcIudedandtowomen.TheIiberaldemocraticstateclaimedtherighttocontroleveryaspectofhumanIifeaccordingtothewiIIofthepeople,exceptwhereIimitsonstatecontrolweredirectlystatedinabillofrightsinademocraticconstitutionandrecognizedinpractice.AlIdemocraticstates,bothparIiamentaryandpresidentiaIvchangedinformduringthetwentiethcentury.Tomeettheneedsofanurbanindustrialsociety,statesgenerallyenlargedtheirscopeofactivitytocontroleconomicpowerandtoprovidecommonservicestothepeople.TheexpansionofstateactivityandextensionofstateservicesinvoIvedanewviewoflegislationanditsroleinsociety.ThepassingoflawscametobeseenasawaytopromotetheweIIbeingofthepeople.Withthisnewconceptoflegislation,thenumberofnewlawsincreasedimmensely,particuIarIyintheareasofsociaIweIfare,education,healthandsafety,andeconomicdevelopment.ThetrendtowardIiberaldemocracycontinuedthroughoutthecentury,butatvarioustimestherewasalsoatendencytowardarevivalofauthoritarianrule.Inanumberofstates,democraticgovernmentscouldnotcopewiththecrisesofthetime.{{U}}Inthesecases,someformoftotalitariandictatorshipemerged,replacingpopularsovereigntywiththetotalpowerofthestate.{{/U}}Insomeinstances,monarchygavewaydirectlytodictatorship.Inothers,dictatoriaIregimestookoverdemocraticallyorganizedstates,notabIyinEasternEuropeintheyearsbetweenthetwoworldwars,innewstatesofAsiaandAfricainthe1950s,andsporadicallyinCentralandSouthAmerica.Authoritariangovernmentsshowedthreeprinciplecharacteristies.First,therewasaheadofstateorleaderwithexceptionaIpowers,withapartytosupporthim.Second,thelegislativebodywaseIectedbyasystemthatprohibitedpartiesopposedtotheregime,andthird,therewasabureaucraticadministrationthatwasinnowaysubjecttopopularcontrol.ThemostextremepositiononthesepointswastakenbyHitler1stotalitarianNationaISociaIistStateinthe1930s.Glossary:autocratic:characterizedbyuniimitedpowerautocratic:characterizedbycompleteobediencetoauthority,IackingindividualfreedomTheword{{U}}survived{{/U}}inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningtoA.remaineddevelopedchangedreturned{{B}}SetTHEDOMESTICATIONOFANIMALSThedomesticationofwiIdspeciesleddirectlytodenserhumanpopuIationsbyyieldingmorefoodthanthehunter-gathererIifestyIecouldprovide.Insocietiesthatpossesseddomesticanimals,IivestockheIpedtofeedmorepeopIebyprovidingmeat,milktandfertiIizer,andbypullingplows.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties1mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwiIdgame,andtheyalso{{U}}furnished{{/U}}wooltleather,andlandtransport.Humanshavedomesticatedonlyafewspeciesoflargeanimals,withMlarge"definedasthoseweighingover100pounds(45kilograms).Fourteensuchspeciesweredomesticatedbeforethetwentiethcentury,alIofthemterrestrialmammaIsandherbivores.Thefivemostimportantofthesearesheep,goats,pigs,horses,andcattIeoroxen.SmalIanimalssuchasducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,mink,bees,andsiIkwormshavealsobeendomesticated.ManyofthesesmalIanimalsprovidedfood,cIothing,orwarmth.However,noneofthempulledplowsorwagons,nonecarriedriders,andnoneexceptdogspulledsleds.Furthermore,nosmalIdomesticanimalshavebeenasimportantforfoodashavelargedomesticanimals.EarlyherdingsocietiesquicklydomesticatedalIlargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.Thereisarchaeologicalevidencethatthesespeciesweredomesticatedbetween10,000and4,500yearsago,withinthefirstfewthousandyearsoftheoriginsoffarming-herdingsocietiesafterthelastIceAge.ThecontinentofEurasiahasbeentheprimarysiteoflargemammaldomestication.HavingthemostspeciesofwiIdmammaIstobeginwith,andlosingthefewesttoextinetioninthelast40,000years,Eurasiahasgeneratedthemostcandidatesfordomestication.DomesticationinvolvestransformingwiIdanimalsintosomethingmoreusefultohumans.TrulydomesticatedanimalsdifferinmanywaysfromtheirwiIdancestors.Thesedifferencesresultfromtwoprocesses:humanseIectionofindividuaIanimalsthataremoreusefuItohumansthanotherindividualsofthesamespecies,andevolutionaryresponsesofanimalstotheforcesofnaturalseIectionoperatinginhumanenvironmentsratherthaninwildenvironments.Tobedomesticated,awiIdspeciesmustpossessseveralcharacteristics.{{U}}Acandidatefordomesticationmustbeprimarilyaherbivorebecauseittakeslessplantbiomasstofeedaplanteaterthanitdoestofeedacarnivorethatconsumesplanteaters{{/U}}.NocarnivorousmammaIhaseverbeendomesticatedforfoodsimplybecauseitwouldbetoocostly.Acandidatemustnotonlyweighanaverageofover100poundsbutaIsogrowquickIy.ThateIiminates{{U}}gori11asandelephants({/U}},eventhoughtheyareherbivores.Moreover,candidatesfordomesticationmustbeabletobreedsuccessfullyincaptivity.Sincealmostanysufficientlylargemammalspeciesiscapableofkillingahuman,certainquaIities{{U}}disqualify{{/U}}awiIdanimalfordomestication.Theanimalcannothaveadispositionthatisnasty,dangerous,orunpredictable-characteristicsthateliminatebears,Africanbuffaloes,andsomespeciesofwiIdhorses.Theanimalcannotbesonervousthatit{{U}}panics{{/U}}aroundhumans.Largeherbivorousmammalspeciesreacttodangerfrompredatorsorhumansindifferentways.Somespeciesarenervous,fast,andprogrammedforinstantfIightwhentheyperceivedanger.Othersarelessnervous,seekprotectioninherds,anddonotrununtiInecessary.MostspeciesofdeerandanteIopeareoftheformertype,whilesheepandgoatsareofthelatter.AImostalIdomesticatedlargemammaIsarespecieswhosewiIdancestorssharethreesociaIcharacteristics:livinginaherd,maintainingadominancehierarchyintheherd,andhavingherdsthatoccupyoverIappinghomerangesinsteadofmutuaIIyexclusiveterritories.Humanshavetakenadvantageofthesecharacteristicsinkeepingdomesticanimalstogetherwithothersoftheirspeciesandincloseproximitytootherspeciesofdomesticanimals.Glossary:terrestrial:Iivingonlandratherthaninwaterherbivores:animalsthatfeedmainlyonplantsAccordingtothepassage,whatbenefitoflargedomesticanimalsisnotalsoprovidedbysmalIanimals.Asourceoffood.AsourceofclothingTheabilitytopullaplowTheabilitytoberidden{{B}}Set3{{/B}}THESENSEOFSMELLSmelIisthemostdirectofalIthesenses.Itisthoughttobetheoldestsenseintermsofhumanevolution,whichmayexplainwhysmelIis{{U}}hard-wired{{/U}}intothebrain.Theolfactorynerve,whichmanagestheperceptionofsmeIIs,isessentiallyanextensionofthebrain.TheolfactorynerveprovidesadirectIinkfromreceptorsatthetopofthenosetotheportionofthebrainthatcontrolsmemory,emotion,andbehavior.The〇（factorysystem{{U}}detects{{/U}}certainairbornechemicalsthatenterthenoseandthentransmitsthischemicaIinformationtotheIimbicsysteminthebrain.TheolfactoryregionattheupperendofeachnostriIisyeIIowtmoist,andfulIoffattysubstances.TheshadeofyeIlowindicatesthestrengthofthesenseofsmeII:thedeepertheshade,thekeenerandmoreacuteitis.AnimalshaveaverystrongsenseofsmeII,sotheirolfactoryregionsaredarkyeIlowtoreddishbrown,whilethoseofhumansareIightyeIIow.Whenanodoroussubstanceentersthenose,itbindstoolfactoryreceptorcells,theneuronsIiningtheyeIlowupperportionofthenasalcavity.01factoryreceptorcellscontainmicroscopichairscalledciIiathatextendintothelayerofmucuscoatingtheinsideofthenose.Odormolecules{{U}}diffuse{{/U}}intothisregionandareabsorbedbytheciliaoftheolfactoryreceptorcelIs.Whatthismeansisthatwhenweholdarosetoournoseandinhale,odormoleculesfloatupintothenasalcavity,wheretheyareabsorbedbyfivemiIIion〇IfactoryreceptorcelIs.Thereceptorcellsalerttheolfactorynerve,whichsendsimpulsestothebrain5solfactorybulb,orsmelIcenter.Thus,olfactoryinformationabouttheroseentersthebrain'sIimbicsystem,where,inmostofus,itstimulatesafeelingofpleasure.TheIimbicsystemofthebrain{{11}}integrates{{/U}}memory,emotion,andbehavior.ThesystemiscomposedofagroupofrelatednervoussystemstructuresthatarethefunctionaIcenterofemotionssuchasangervfear,pleasure,andsadness.ThecomponentsoftheIimbicsystemareIinkedtothecerebralcortex,thepartofthebraininvoIvedincompIexlearning,reasoning,andpersonality.ThecerebralcortexmakesdecisionsabouttheemotionaIcontentoftheseuniquehumanquaIitiesafter"consulting"theIimbicsystemandotherbraincentersinprocessingandretrievingmemories.Itmay,inturn,usememoriestomodifybehavior.Scentmaybethestrongesttriggerofmemoryandemotions.Whenweinhaleascent,receptorsinthebrain'sIimbiccentercomparetheodorenteringournosetoodorsstoredinourmemory.Alongtheway,memoriesassociatedwiththoseodorsarestimulated.AsmelIcanbeoverwhelminglynostalgicbecauseittriggerspowerfulimagesandemotions.Thewaxyfragranceof{{U}}crayons{{/U}}caninstantlytransportustooursecond-gradeclassroom,orthescentof{{11}}freshlymowngrass{{/U}}canflooduswiththejoyofsummerfreedom.{{U}}Whatweseeandhearmayfadequicklyinshort-termmemory,butwhatwesmelIissentdirectlytolong-termmemory.{{/U}}SmeIIscanincreaseaIertnessandstimuIatelearningandretention.Inonestudy,chiIdrenmemorizedawordIist,whichwaspresentedbothwithandwithoutaccompanyingscents.ThechiIdrenrecalledwordsontheIistmoreeasilyandwithhigheraccuracywhentheIistwasgivenwithscentsthanwithout,showingtheIinkbetweensmeIIandtheabilitytoretaininformation.Inanotherstudy,researchersexaminedhowvarioussmeIIscanincreasealertnessanddecreasestress.TheyfoundthatthescentofIavendercouIdwakeupthemetaboIismandmakepeopIemoreaIert.TheyalsofoundthatthesmeIIofspicedapplescouldreducebloodpressureandavertapanicattackinpeopIeunderstress.Glossary:nostalgic:causingadesireforthings,persons,orsituationsofthepast;causinghomesicknessretention:theactofretaining;keeping,holding,ormaintainingTheword{{U}}detects{{/U1}inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningtoA.noticesdestroysfightscomparesLISTENINGSECTIONDIRECTIONSTheListeningsectionmeasuresyourabilitytounderstandconversationsandlecturesinEnglish.YouwiIIneareachconversationandlectureonlyonetime.Aftereachconversationorlecture,youwiIIhearsomequestionsaboutit.Answerthequestionsbasedonwhatthespeakersstateorimply.YoumaytakenoteswhileyouIisten.Youmayuseyournotestohelpyouanswerthequestions.Insomequestions,youwi11seethisicon:ThismeansthatyouwiIIhear,butnotsee,partofthequestion.SomequestionshavespeciaIdirections,whichappearinagraybox.Mostquestionsareworthonepoint.Ifaquestionisworthmorethanonepoint,thedirectionswiIIindicatehowmanypointsyoucanreceive.YouwiIInowbeginthefirstpartoftheListeningsection.{{B}}Set1Conversation{{/B}}WhydoesthemantalkabouthisdogHisdogenjoysvisitingthecampus.Heneedstobuyspecialfoodforhisdog.HisdogdestroyedhisstudentIDcard.Heisworriedabouthisdog'shealth.{{BllSet4{{/B}}THETRICKSTERFIGUREINMYTHOLOGYInthestudyofmythology,thecharacterknownasthetricksterisagodtspirit,human,oranimalwhobreakstherulesofthegodsornature,sometimesmaIiciouslybutusuallywithresultsthatarepositive.Therulebreakingoftentakestheformof{{B}}mischief{{/B}}or{{B}}thievery{{/B}}.ThetricksterisusuallymalebutoccasionallydisguiseshimselfinfemaIeform.Hecanbecunningorfoolish,orboth,andoftenveryhumorous.Hiscuriosityleadshimintotrouble,butherescueshimselfwithhisslywit.{{U}}Whenheplaystricks,heperformsimportantculturaltasksthatbenefithumans,andforthisreasonthetricksterisasignificantfigureinworldmythology.{{/U}}Indifferentcultures,thetricksterandtheheroarecombinedinvariousways.InGreekmythology,PrometheussteaIsfirefromthegodsandgivesittohumans,afeatmakinghimmoreofaherothanatrickster,andheisusuallyportrayedasaninteIIectuaI.InmanyNativeAmericanstories,CoyotealsosteaIsfirefromthegods,butCoyoteisusuallymoreofajokesterorapranksterthananinteIIectuaI.Thetricksterisbothcreatoranddestroyer,giverandtaker,onewhotricksothersandistrickedinreturn.The{{U}}pranks{{/U}}ofthetricksterarecompuIsiveanduncontroIIable.HedoesnotactconsciousIy;heactsoutofpassionandimpulse.Heknowsneithergoodnorevil,yetheisresponsiblefor{{U}}both{{/U}}.Hepossessesnomorals,yetthroughhisbehaviormoraIitycomesintobeing.AccordingtopsychoIogistCarIJungtthetricksteris“aprimitivecosmicbeingofdivine-animaInature,ontheonehandsuperiortomanbecauseofhissuperhumanquaIities,andontheotherhandinferiortohimbecauseofhisunreasonandunconsciousness.HInNativeAmericanmythology,themajorityoftrickstermythsconcernthecreationortransformationoftheearth.Suchstorieshaveatricksterwhoisalwayswandering,whoisalwayshungry,whoisnotguidedbynormalideasofgoodandevil,andwhopossessessomemagicaIpowers.Insomestoriesheisadeity,andinothersheisananimalorhumansubjecttodeath.SeveralofthesemythsfeatureRavenorCoyoteasthetrickster-hero.InmanycreationmythsofthePacificNorthwest,RaveniIlustratesthetransformationalnatureoftricksters.RavenisthegreatestshapeshifterofalIandcanchangeintoanythingtogetwhathewants.Inonestory,thereisdarknessatthebeginningoftheworld,soRavendecideshewillfindIight.Hefliesfarfromtheearth,searchinginthedarkness,untiIhespotsaglimmerofIightcomingfromawindowinthehouseofthegods.Ravenknowsthegodsareprotectiveoftheirpossessions,sohedevisesatrick.Heperchesonapinebranchnexttothehouseandwatcheseachdayasthechiefgod'sdaughterdrawswaterfromanearbylake.HemagicaIIytransformshimselfintoa{{B}}pinyonseed{{/B}}andfallsintothegirl'sdrinkingcup.ThegirlswaIIowstheseed,whichgrowswithinherbody,andsheeventuallygivesbirthtoaboy.Thechilddelightshisgrandparents,andhislaughtertrickstheeldergodsintorevealingwheretheyhideashiningbaIIofIight.ThegodsgivethechildthebaIItoplaywith,andthenRaventransformsbacktoabirdandfliesoffcarryingthebaIIofIightinhisbeak.HehangsthebaII-thesun-inthesky,bringingIighttotheworld.Coyote'scharacterissimilartothatofRaven's,andbothappearinstoriescarryingoutsimilarroles.InseveralstoriesfromtheAmericanSouthwest,CoyotesteaIsfirefromagroupofMfirebeings”andgivesittohumans.InsometalesCoyotewantstomakehumanIifemoreinteresting,soheintroducessickness,sorrow,anddeath.HeoftenteachesthroughnegativeexampIebyempIoyingthehumanvicesoflying,cheating,andsteaIing.HistricksoftenbringaboutdestructivenaturaIphenomena,suchasagreatfloodthatdestroystheearth.However,bycausingtheflood,CoyoteleadsthehumanracetoanewandbetterworId.Coyoteshowsusthatattheheartofthetricksterisa{{U}}savior{{/U}}whosegreatgifttohumansisshowingthemnewwaysofknowinganddoing.Glossary:mischief:tendencytoplaytricksorcauseminortroublemischief:theactoftheft;steaIingpinyonseed:theseedofapinetree;pinenutWhichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighIightedsentenceinparagraph1Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation..Inworldmythology,everyimportantaspectofhumancultureistheresultofthetrickster'sbehavior..ThetricksterdevelopshumanculturebytrickingpeoPleintoperformingdangerousculturaltasks..Whenthetricksterwantstobehelpful,hedevisesatrickthatwillteachpeoplewhatisimportant.Thetricksterisanimportantmythologicalcharacterbecausehistrickscontributepositivelytohumanculture.{{B}}Set2GeoIogyplateTectonics{{/B}}WhydoearthquakesandvolcanoesoccuratplateboundariesPlateboundariesundergomuchtensionandfriction.Temperaturesfluctuategreatlyatplateboundaries.Earthquakesandvolcanoescausenewplatestoform.Thecausesofearthquakesandvolcanoesareunknown.READINGSECTIONDIRECTIONSTheReadingsectionmeasuresyourabilitytoreadandunderstandpassagesinEnglish.Youwi11readfivepassagesandanswerquestionsaboutthem.AnsweralIquestionsbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassages.Mostquestionsareworthonepoint.Thelastquestionineachsetisworthmorethanonepoint.Forthisquestion,thedirectionswillindicatehowmanypointsyoucanreceive.Somepassageshaveoneormorewordsinboldtype.Fortheseboldedwords,youwiIIseeadefinitioninaglossaryattheendofthepassage.AIIow20minutestoreadeachpassageandanswerthequestionsaboutit.Youmaynowbeginthefirstpassage.{{BUSet1{{/B}}NORTHAMERICANGRASSLANDS1InNorthAmerica,nativegrasslandsoccurprimarilyintheGreatPlainsinthemiddleofthecontinent.TheNorthAmericanprairiebiomeisoneofthemostextensivegrasslandsintheworld,extendingfromtheedgeoftheRockyMountainsinthewesttothedeciduousforestintheeast,andfromnorthernMexicointhesouthtoCanadainthenorth.AverageannualrainfalIrangesfromabout40cm(16inches)inthewestto80cm(31inches)intheeast.Averageannualtemperaturesrangebetween10degreesand20degreesCelsius(50to68degreesFahrenheit).InthemoistregionsoftheNorthAmericangrasslands,especiallyinthenorthernGreatPlains,rainfaIIisdistinetIyseasonaI,andtemperaturescanvarywidelyfromveryhotinsummertobittercoldinwinter.Onehundredyearsago,theGreatPlainsgrasslandswereonevast,unbrokenprairie.Muchoftheprairieisnowfarmland,themostproductiveagriculturalregionintheworld,dominatedby{{B}}monocuItures{{/B}}ofcerealgrains.Wheat,barley,soybeans,corn,andsunflowersoccupythelandthatwasonceprairie.InareasgivenovertograzinglandsforcattIeandsheep,virtuallyalIthemajornativegrasseshavebeenrepIacedby{{U}}alien{{/U}}species.AnimportantfeatureofthenorthernGreatPlainsgrasslandsisthepresenceofmiIIionsofgIaci