国际工程变更、索赔与反索赔及案例分析

国际工程项目目变更、索赔赔与反索赔及案例分析中信建设公司司田田威一、国际工程程项目上，承承包商与业主主相互间的责责权利靠什么么维系及制约约？所有谈判达成成一致的东西西最终都会归归结到法律层层面上，也就就是要签订合合同（putitBlackandWhite）。合同靠什么支支撑？法律基础的重重要性——商业是建立在在两条铁轨上上向前跑之说说。签个MOU对双方有法律律制约力吗？？律师的问题及及建议：你想想让它成了以以后不能改变变，还是想着着签约后仍有有跑掉的机会会？当然，这这个机会对双双方均等！商业决策，法法律保障。二、合同的法法律基础普通法CommonLawvsLawofEnglandandWales崇尚合同的自自由约定原则则（IwilldoXifyouwilldoY），通常不会会为保障公平平或已签合约约中不利一方方的利益而干干预合同，因因此很难以显显失公允为理理由去修改或或删除已经签签订的文字约约定，因为英英国法律不保保护不公平交交易下的合同同不利一方。。其商法极为为发达。衡平法则（（RulesofEquity）典型案案例Mortgage抵押贷贷款（（借60→抵押100房产→罚息按按6%x2年=12%→最终退退还100––60––60x12%=32.8）大陆法法ContinentalLawvsNapoleonicCode法典倾向于于干涉涉不公公平合合同，，并会会为保保护不不公平平合约约中欠欠获公公允对对待一一方的的利益益而对对原合合同进进行修修改，，甚至至认定定所签签订的的不公公平合合同为为无效效合同同（可可能会会出现现SurpriseAward）。三、国国际工工程项项目管管理的的原则则“承包商商工作作/干活/履约得到支支付，，业主主付款款获得得工程程”。。99版FIDIC第14款/77版和87版第60款的重重要性性（within的含义义），，见下下页分分析。。案例（（30%当地币币经常常拖延延，怎怎么办办？））TheContractorgetspaidfortheworkheperformsandtheEmployergetstheworkheispayingfor.————价责对对筹Clause14（ContractPriceandPayment）99版FIDIC为例14.3TheContractorshallsubmitaStatementinsixcopiestotheEngineeraftertheendofeachmonth……（也有规规定最最小验验工计计价金金额的的情形形）14.6NoamountwillbecertifiedorpaiduntiltheEmployerhasreceivedandapprovedthePerformanceSecurity.Thereafter,theEngineershallwithin28daysafterreceivingaStatementandsupportingdocuments,issuetotheEmployeranInterimPaymentCertificatewhichshallstatetheamountwhichtheEngineerfairlydeterminestobedue,withsupportingparticulars.14.7TheEmployershallpaytotheContractor…(b)TheamountcertifiedineachInterimPaymentCertificatewithin56daysaftertheEmployerreceivesthisPaymentCertificate.分析：HK45daysvs87版也是是56天vs77版30+30天;如果SCC改成withinareasonabletime？哪个好好？四、咨咨询工工程师师在合合同中中是何何法律律地位？？承包商商与咨咨询工工程师师并无无直接接的合合同关关系，，但普普通法法认定定双方方存在在着一一种“特殊关关系”，因为为承包包商履履约的的前提提是必必须相相信咨咨询工工程师师所提提供的的信息息并按按其指指令行行事，，所以以得到到了侵侵权行行为法法（TheLawofTort）的保保护。。咨询工工程师师签认认的验验工计计价单单在法法律上上有效效否？？案例例。五、波波纹理理论（（TheRippleTheory）及其适适用性性99版FIDIC第19款里正正式使使用了了ForceMajeure的说法法。在77/87版中，，当发发生ForceMajeure（但条条款里里的表表述用用词是是forceofnature,Clause20.4,anyoperationoftheforcesofnatureagainstwhichanexperiencedcontractorcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenexpectedtotakeprecautions）后后，，与与一一般般的的贸贸易易合合同同处处理理原原则则不不同同，，不不是是各各自自分分担担，，而而是是划划到到了了业业主主违违约约的的范范畴畴里里面面（（Clause20,Clause65,Clause69）。六、怎么么看“低低价拿标标，靠索赔赚钱”的的说法1）从理论论上分析析（数学学推算））：（10DaysMBA）“低价”的本质就就是削减减利润，，那么原来是25%的毛利，假假设现在降降到了15%，则要多做做多少才能能持平原来来的25%？（25%-15%）/15%=10%/15%=0.667如果降到12.5%，则要多做做多少才能能持平原来来的25%？（25%-12.5%）/12.5%=12.5%/12.5%=1，即再多多做一个如果降到5%，则要多做做多少才能能持平原来来的25%？（25%-5%）/5=20%/5%=4如果降到1%，则要多做做多少才能能持平原来来的25%？（25%-1%）/1%=24%/1%=24!!!???第一个问题题：值吗？？无法消灭灭对手的有有生力量vs自残（倾向向）第二个问题题：深层次次上，对于于多做的0.667、1、4、24个，如何看看待时间跨跨度的延长长、风险出出现的或然然率等多因因素影响（（vsSloganManagement）？结论：价格格竞争是下下下策，只只能是最后后的选择！！价格战多多数没好结结果。2）从实践上上探讨：后后面将分析析两个案例例七、承包商商创收的三三大支柱要特别注意意可操作性性。1)变更令（V.O）（第51款和第52款/99版第13款）;2)调价公式（（第70款/99版第13.8款；银皮书书第13.8款，但EPC项目业主通通常以是总总价合同为为理由而删删掉）；3)索赔（77版第52.5款/87版第53款/99版第20.1款；银皮书书第20.1款，但比红红皮书来得得难很多））vs反索赔。MajorClaim＞10%～20%（分水岭）），案例（（煤矿透水水），您自自己怎么决决策？八、变更令令（V.O.）Clause52（Variations）TheEngineershallmakeanyvariationoftheform,qualityorquantityoftheWorksoranypartthereofthatmay,inhisopinion,benecessaryandforthatpurpose,orifforanyotherreasonitshall,inhisopinion（vsattheEngineer’sDiscretion）,beappropriate,heshallhavetheauthoritytoinstructtheContractortodoand…TheContractorshallnotmakeanysuchvariationwithoutaninstructionoftheEngineer.变更令工工作量增减减＞±10%vs±15%，对合同有有效金额而而言（扣除除PS项及点工）），调整单单价；索赔在77版FIDIC中是作为V.O.的子项在描描述。案例，SNV修小桥九、调价公公式（两大大戏剧性变变化因素之之一）调价公式的的通式：其中X=0.15左右（世界界银行的项项目取此值值），该值值通常与预预付款的比比例相等，，现实含义义就是业主主已给出的的预付款部部分不适用用调价公式式，i.e.若预付款是是15%，则只有85%可以进行调调价。对于承包商商：X越小越好（（参与调价价的百分比比越大）a,b,c,……n为加权系数数，即各项项调价的成成本因子（（比重），，常数约束条件为为X+a+b+c+………+n=1公式式中中的的价价格格调调整整因因子子，，L,E,M,…………W，变量量vs初始始值值在验验工工计计价价单单中中，，预预付付款款是是先先扣扣除除后后再再进进行行调调价价，，还还是是先先调调价价后后再再扣扣除除？？（（涉涉及及到到调调价价金金额额的的30%左右右））案例（（第60.1款规定定优先先次序序：H核算调调价，，J扣除保保留金金，K扣还预预付款款计25%；第60.11款预付付款扣扣还比比例为为每次验验工计计价总总款之25%......）参见《FIDIC合同条条件应应用实实务（（第二二版））》pp.134～143（价格格调整整）十、分分析一一个索索赔成功案例Naubise-MalekuHighwayReconstructionProject项目背背景世界银银行贷贷款项项目，，981万美元元，强强制使使用国国际通通用的的FIDIC合同Quiz（成本本、工工期、、索赔赔）结局咨询工工程师师准仲仲裁——国际仲仲裁——友好解决索赔清清单（（TermsofReference/ListofReference）补偿金金额：：443万美元元（构构成：：173万美元元+2,100万人民民币+11万美元元/尼卢比比）占到合合同额额981万的45.16%十一、、涉及及到的的主要要条款款Clause12（AdversePhysicalObstructionsorConditions）If,however,duringtheexecutionoftheWorkstheContractorencountersphysicalobstructionsorphysicalconditions,otherthanclimaticconditionsontheSite,whichobstructionsorconditionswere,inhisopinion,notforeseeablebyanexperiencedcontractor,theContractorshallforthwithgivenoticethereoftotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer.…Con’’d（续）Onreceiptofsuchnotice,theEngineershall,ifinhisopinionsuchobstructionsorconditionscouldnothavebeenreasonablyforeseenbyanexperiencedcontractor,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,determine:anyextensionoftime…underClause44,andtheamountofanycostwhichmayhavebeenincurredbytheContractor…,whichshallbeaddedtotheContractPrice.（这句话导致致投标时的的一次性降降价对承包包商永远适适用；问题题：包括索索赔金额吗吗？案例，，443万←544万x（1-18.5%））andshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.Clause13（WorktobeinAccordancewithContract）Unless（77版表述为Insofaras）itislegallyorphysicallyimpossible,theContractorshallexecuteandcompletetheWorksandremedyanydefectsthereininstrictaccordancewiththeContract,tothesatisfactionoftheEngineer.………（略）要反回来理理解该条款款的两大前前置限定（（ConditionsPrecedent）：（1）Legalimpossibility（2）Physicalimpossibility然后，才能能去谈承包包商按照合合同履约。。Clause20（CareofWorks）20.3(LossorDamageDuetoEmployer’’sRisks)IntheeventofanysuchlossordamagehappeningfromanyoftherisksdefinedinSub-Clause20.4,orincombinationwithotherrisks,theContractorshall,ifandtotheextentrequirebytheEngineer,rectifythelossordamageandtheEngineershalldetermineanadditiontotheContractpriceinaccordancewithClause52andshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.………（略）20.4(Employer’sRisks)TheEmployer’’srisksare:……war,hostilities(whetherwardeclaredornot)…commotionordisorder,unlesssolelyrestrictedtoemployeesoftheContractororofhisSubcontractors………anyoperationoftheforcesofnatureagainstwhichanexperiencedcontractorcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenexpectedtotakeprecautions（77版表表述述为为foreseen）.Clause40.3（Suspensionlastingmorethan84Days）IftheprogressoftheworksoranypartthereofissuspendedonthewritteninstructionsoftheEngineerandifpermissiontoresumeworkisnotgivenbytheEngineerwithina84daysfromthedateofsuspensionthen,...theContractormaygivenoticetotheEngineerrequiringpermission,within28days……toproceedwiththeWorksorthatpartthereofinregardtowhichprogressissuspended.…Con’d注：77版FIDIC为90+28天（续）Ifwithinthesaidtime,suchpermissionisnotgranted,theContractormay,butisnotboundto,electtotreatthesuspension,whereitaffectspartonlyoftheWorks,asanomissionofsuchpartunderClause51(Alternations,AdditionsandOmissions)bygivingafurthernoticetotheEngineertothateffect,orwhereitaffectsthewholeoftheWorks,treatthesuspensionasaneventofdefault（77版表述为abandonmentoftheContract）bytheEmployerandterminatehisemploymentundertheContractinaccordancewithClause69(DefaultofEmployer)………十二、Omissions属于Clause51(Alternations,AdditionsandOmissions)的范畴，余下下的工作量都是是V.O.（道路维修）Omissions后余下的工作作量都用英国国点工计价。。有经验的承包包商项目经理理高频率使用用的重要文件件（之一）vs英国咨询工程程师的思维方方式。应用到VO中的技巧，案例。。99版第13.5款（PS，备用用金））和第第13.6款（Daywork）/77版和87版第52.4款（Daywork）和第第58款（PS）的实实用性性。EOTvsoverheadcompensation用于报报价分分析，，作为为参考考数据据之一一。Clause52.5，77版FIDIC87版FIDIC为第53款（ProcedureforClaims）99版FIDIC为20款（Claim，DisputesandArbitration）直接费费（工工费、、料费费、机机械折折旧或或机械械闲置置费））间接费赶工费延期管理费费（参考《英国点工计计费标准》）资金回收（（Recapitalization）利息整理索赔赔而发生生的费用用（ShangWan拿回了））Clause65（SpecialRisks）TheContractorshallbeundernoliabilitywhatsoeverinconsequenceofanyofthespecialrisksreferredtoinSub-Clause65.2,whetherbywayofindemnityorotherwise………65.2SpecialRisksare(a)therisksdefinedunderparagraphs(a),(c),(d)and(e)ofSub-Clause20.4and(b)therisksdefinedunderparagraph(b)ofSub-Clause20.4insofarastheserelatetothecountryinwhichtheWorksaretobeexecuted.结论：特殊风险（第第20款）∈业业主风险（第第65款）Clause65.5（IncreasedCostsarisingfromSpecialRisks）SavetotheextentthattheContractorisentitledtopaymentunderanyotherprovisionoftheContract,theEmployershallrepaytotheContractoranycostsoftheexecutionoftheWorks(otherthansuchasmaybeattributabletothecostofreconstructingworkcondemnedundertheprovisionofClause39(DefaultofContractorinCompliance)priortotheoccurrenceofanyspecialrisks)whicharehowsoeverattributabletoorinconsequentonortheresultoforinanywaywhatsoeverconnectedwiththespecialrisks,…….………Con’’d（续）……theContractorshall,assoonasanysuchcostcomestohisknowledge,forthwithnotifytheEngineerthereof.TheEngineershall,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,determinetheamountoftheContractor’scostsinrespectthereofwhichshallbeaddedtotheContractPriceandshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.Clause66（ReleasefromPerformance）77版FIDIC小标题为FrustrationIfanycircumstanceoutsidethecontrolofbothpartiesarisesaftertheissueoftheLetterofAcceptancewhichrendersitimpossible（指physical）orunlawful（指legal）foreitherpartytofulfillhiscontractualobligations,orunderthelawgoverningtheContractthepartiesarereleased（frustrated，77版FIDIC）fromfurtherperformance,thenthesumpayablebytheEmployertotheContractorinrespectoftheworkexecutedshallbethesameasthatwhichwouldhavebeenpayableunderClause65(andClause69，77版FIDIC)iftheContracthadbeenterminatedundertheprovisionsofClause65.Clause67（SettlementofDisputes）90+28天内内（（within）→仲裁裁（（77版））84+56天当当天天或或之之后后（（onorafter）（（友友好好解解决决））→→仲仲裁裁（（87版））DRB（92版））vsDAB（99版））；；Mediation/Reconciliation（ADR）；；Abrahamson信的的主主要要内内容容：：双双方方都都蒙蒙受受损损失失，，出出面面协协调调，，互互为为妥妥协协，，愿愿当当律律师师！！和解解问题题：：友友好好解解决决争争端端与与仲仲裁裁的的前前后后置置？？案例例（（Pakistan供货货商商与与分分包包商商的的争争端端解解决决））十三三、、国国际际仲仲裁裁逆编编者者释释义义原原则则（（ContraProferentumRule）。。99版第第20款/77版和和87版第第67款（（仲仲裁裁与与重重大大索索赔赔的的关关系系）），，银银皮皮书书第第20款（（““索索赔赔、、争争端端和和仲仲裁裁””，，与与99版红皮书书思路相相同）。。仲裁规则则，ICC、UNCITRAL和AAA、CIETAC等。仲裁地点点vsApplicableLaw仲裁员vs律师。律师的收收费与你你的选择择（转变变观念！！价格与与价值））小时收费费+SuccessFee+RetainerScheme。仲裁可可能出出现的的多种种结局局。案例(AustinRoad,1亿vs9,500万vs80万，JV股份50%:50%的问题题）。。不得再再诉讼讼的仲仲裁条条款（（附后后供参参考，，案例例）。。Clause20（Claims,DisputesandArbitration）（基于国国际通通用的的FIDIC合同）20.6(d)ArbitrationAlldisputesarisingoutoforinconnectionwiththeContractandit’sattachmentsasdefinedintheClause2oftheSpecialConditionsofContractshallbefinallysettledundertherulesofarbitrationofInternationalChamberofCommercebythreearbitratorsappointedinaccordancewiththesaidrules.ThelocationofarbitrationshallbeinBern,Switzerland.FortheavoidanceofdoubtitisconfirmedthatthedecisionofthearbitratorsshallbefinalandbindingandneitherPartyshallhaveanyrighttoappealfromanydecisionofthearbitratorstoanyCourtinordertoreviewanydecisionofthearbitrators.鉴于仲裁耗时时较长（统计计显示平均一一年半），有有经验的承包包商通常加入入如下补充：：(e)FastTrackArbitrationThePartiesagreetocooperatetoprocureaspeedyconclusionoftheArbitrationadopting““FastTrack”principlesandagreethattheSix(6)monthdeadlineinArticle24(1)fortheissuancebytheTribunalofitsAward（完成全部举举证并获签认认后）shallbereducedtoFour(4)monthsandtheywishthatitshouldonlybeextendedinexceptionalcircumstances.TothisendthePartiesagreethattheperiodinArticle5(1)（AnswertotheRequest/Counterclaims,原文为30天内）oftheICCRulesshallbereducedtowithinFifteen(15)days,thattheperiodinArticle18(2)（TermofReference/ProceduralTimetable,原文为两个月月内）forestablishingtermsofreferenceshallbereducedtowithinOne(1)month.Clause69（DefaultofEmployer）IntheeventoftheEmployer:(a)failingtopaytheContractortheamountdueunderanycertificateoftheEngineeraftertheexpiringofthetimestatedinSub-Clause60.10withinwhichpaymentistobemade……(b)interferingorobstructingor…(c)becomebankrupt…(d)givingnoticetotheContractor…itisimpossibleforhimtomeethiscontractualobligations.TheContractorshallbeentitledtoterminatehisemploymentundertheContract…theEmployershallbeunderthesameobligationstotheContractorinregardtopaymentasiftheContracthadbeenterminatedundertheprovisionsofClause65…theEmployershallpaytotheContractortheamountofanylossordamagetotheContractorarisingoutoforinconnectionwithorbyconsequenceofsuchtermination.十四、记录索索赔的时限典型条款Clause53(ProcedureforClaims)，87版FIDIC为例53.1NotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoftheContract,iftheContractorintendstoclaimanyadditionalpaymentpursuanttoanyClauseoftheseConditionsorotherwise,heshallgivenoticeofhisintentiontotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer,within28daysaftertheeventgivingrisetotheclaimhasfirstarisen.索赔很重要！！！如何书面面记录索赔，，又不激怒对对方？Claim—demandone’sdueBaggageClaim———LuggageReclaimwording—havesufferedloss,financialcompensationExGratiaPayment十五、索赔与与反索赔——索赔时证据的的严肃性索赔过程十分分注重evidence,substantiation,verification。因此，alotofpaperwork。Clause53.3（SubstantiationofClaims）Within28days,orsuchotherreasonabletimeasmaybeagreedbytheEngineer,……theContractorshallsendtotheEngineeranaccountgivingdetailedparticularsoftheamountclaimedandthegroundsuponwhichtheclaimisbased……TheContractorshall,ifrequiredbytheEngineersotodo,copytotheEmployerallaccountssenttotheEngineerpursuanttothisSub-Clause.IBARulesontheTakingofEvidenceinInternationalArbitration(29May2010)索赔（仲裁））涉及到两大大问题法律问题（IssueofLaw）——靠律师事实问题（IssueofFact）——靠自己证据（Evidence）可找出事实实（Fact），但证据和和事实与真相相（Truth）没有关系。。在提供不了任任何证据的情情况下，有责责任举证的一一方会败诉。。一种现象：仲仲裁庭总是相相信证据文件件多的一方——留好证据文件件是最基础的索赔赔管理。证据的提供在在国际仲裁中中十分重要，，务求要比对对手握有更多多或稍多的有有力证据，如如果做不到，，就必须抓住住一纵即逝的的和解机会。。形成、保留与与搜集证据可可能是一个耗耗时及昂贵的的过程（例如如聘用翻译vs有双语工作能能力的专业人人员），因为怕花钱或或费事而忽略略证据工作，，最终会导致致仲裁（索赔赔）的失败。。案例例——11万美元元/尼卢比比的repatriationfeesvsevidence要证明明事实实与条条款相相符（（FaitAccompli），螺丝~螺母咬咬合原原则。。奥地利利经济济学家家FriedrichA.vonHayek（诺贝贝尔经经济学学奖得得主））说：：“从从好人人假设设出发发，只只会设设计出出坏制制度；；从坏坏人假假设出出发，，才会会设计计出好好制度度”。。因此此，需需要假假设人人人都都坏的的好制制度。。英国国人也也有类类似的的说法法。成败源于细细节vswaxseal，案例，HansRijiniveld。勿以恶小而而为之，勿勿以善小而而不为。十六、文字字交往为准准石油大亨DavidRockfeller的故事（借借款US$500无收据vsUS$1,000vs一个月(你期望对方方的还款时时间)vs更正反驳））口头指令转转变为书面面指令，FIDIC合同77版和87版最长都都是7天+7天=14天（最短短？天）），对承承包商自自我保护护的现实实意义。。99年版第第3.3款用instruction：更更缩短短为2天+2天=4天（最最短？？天））。银皮书书第1.3款和第第3.4款，但但取消消了定定量规规定，，对承承包商商欠公公平！！法律上上对一一天的的定义义。拒绝签签收vs证据获获取vs条款保保障。。十七、、再分分析一一个索索赔成功案例项目背背景私人项项目ShangWan，合同额额6,200万港币币，ICE合同的的香港港版（（pro-Employer）房地产产调控控““800套政策策”+亚洲金金融危危机2,256万港币币索赔赔（36.4%）+(382万港币币律师师+91万仲裁裁庭））法律律费用用（7.6%）plus1,561万应付付验工工计价价款（（25%，本该该得的的）/采取财财产保保全措措施。我写过过一封封信，，希望望1,600万港币币（其其中1,561万为应应付验验工计计价款款）友友好解解决，，只比比合同同总价价多了了0.6%。对冲前前的数数，结结果是是（-784+3,040）→∑2,256+1,561+382+91共实际际拿回回4,290万港币币（69%）仲裁裁裁决：：ThetimeforcompletionoftheWorkswassetatlarge.仲裁结结果出出来后后再起起事端端：诉诉讼——公关FinalAwardofArbitration（Excerpt）TIMEATLARGEvsThefugitiveisatlarge逍遥法法外IFINDasaFACTthatareasonabletimeforcompletionoftheWorksis24thJune1998（原合合同工工期：：1996年5月23日～1997年5月22日,顺延了了13个月）…theContractorisentitledtorelyontheeffectsofnon-paymentandlatepaymentofInterimPayment.Asnotedabove,theevidenceofPeterYaudemonstratethatthefinishingtradeswereaffectedbythecashflowproblemsandinparticulartherewasaconsiderableslowdowninprogressofwork…………IHOLDasamatterofLAWthatonaproperconstructionoftheContract,Clause24.2（LossandExpensesCausedbyDisturbanceofRegularProgressoftheWorks）enablestheClaimanttomakeaclaimfordamagesorforabreachofContract.CONTRACTUALMATTERSTheClaimantcontendsthattheextensionoftimeclauseshouldbeconstruedstrictlycontraproferentumagainsttheRespondent.IHOLDasamatterofLAWthattheArchitectisunderanobligationtograntanextensionoftimetotheClaimantifitknowsofdelayingevents,notwithstandingtheClaimant’’sfailuretogiveanoticeforthwithasrequiredbyClause23（ExtensionofTime）ofStandardFormofBuildingContract.IFINDasaFACTthattheArchitectwasorshouldhavebeenawareofthedelayingeffectsontheelevenmattersidentifiedbytheClaimantabove.IalsoFINDasaFACTthattheRespondentdelayedtheClaimantinitscompletionoftheWorksduetothenon-paymentandthelatepaymentofInterimPayment.ThereasonforthisfindingisdealtwithinmoredetailSectionintheconsiderationofthetimeatlargeissue.THECLAIMANTISALSOENTITLEDTOINTERESTTheRespondenthasurgedmetoconsiderwhatinformationwasavailabletotheArchitectinexercisingmydiscretioninrelationtotheawardingofinterest.Ineedtoconsidertheperiodforwhichinterestshouldbepayable.Theclaimanthasincurredcoststhroughouttheprolongedperiod（注意比较与与delay的说法不同同）onsitebutonlyfairlyrecentlythatsufficientinformationhasbeenmadeavailableforthosecoststobeascertained.TakingallthesemattersintoconsiderationIbelievethatitwouldbereasonabletoawardinterestfromthedateofPracticalCompletionuptothedateofpublicationofthisaward.Thisisaperiodof610days.HEADOFFICEOVERHEADSTheRespondenthassaidthattheClaimanthasfailedtodischargeitsburdenofproofinrespectofthisheadofclaim.TheRespondenthasalsosaidthatitisnecessarytheClaimanttodemonstratethattherewereotherworksavailableanditwaspreventedfromTenderingandobtainingthisworkduetoprolongationinrespectofthesework.Mr.FrankiLuigaveevidencethatHeadOfficeOverheadswereincurredduringtheprolongationperiodthattheClaimantwasonsite.Howevertheevidenceoftheannualturnoverdidnotarisefromaproperindependentaudit.IFINDasaFACTthatthereisnoreliableevidencetosupporttheClaimant’’scontentionthatithasincurredHeadOfficeOverheadsduringthisperiodofprolongationonsitealthoughasamatterofcommonsense,itmusthaveincurredsomelosses.Itisnotformetospeculatewhatthoselossesmightbe.附BuildingContractforuseintheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion23ExtensionofTimeUponitbecomingreasonablyapparentthattheprogressoftheWorksisdelayed,theMainContractorshallforthwithgivewrittennoticeofthecauseofthedelaytotheArchitect,andifintheopinionoftheArchitectthecompletionoftheWorksislikelytobeorhasbeendelayedbeyondtheDateforCompletionstatedintheAppendixtotheseConditionsorbeyondanyextendedtimepreviouslyfixedundereitherthisclauseorclause33(1)(c)（战争赔赔偿）oftheseConditions,(a)byforcemajeure,or(b)byreasonofinclementweatherorthesubsequenteffectsofsuchinclementweather;forthepurposeofthissub-clause“inclementweather”isdefinedasrainfallinexcessoftwentymillimetersinatwentyfourhourperiod(midnighttomidnight)asrecordedattheHongKongObservatoryorthehoistingofTyphoonSignalN.8orhigher,or(c)byreasonoflossordamageoccasionedbyanyoneormoreoftheContingenciesreferredtoinclause20[A]or[B]oftheseConditions,or(d)byreasonofcivilcommotion，localcombinationofworkmen，strikeorlockoutaffectinganyofthetradesemployedupontheWorksoranyofthetradesengagedinthepreparation，manufactureOrtransportationofanyofthegoodsormaterialsrequiredfortheWorks，or(e)byreasonofArchitect’sinstructionsissuedunderclauses1(2)，11(1)or21(2)oftheseConditions，or(f)byreasonoftheMainContractorNothavingreceivedinduetimenecessaryinstructions,drawings，detailsorlevelsfromtheArchitectforwhichhespecificallyappliedinwritingonadatewhichhavingregardtotheDateforCompletionstatedintheappendixtotheseConditionsortoanyextensionoftimethenfixedunderthisclauseorclause33(1)(C)oftheseConditionswasneitherunreasonablydistantfromnorunreasonablyclosetothedateonwhichitwasnecessaryforhimtoreceivethesame,or(g)bydelayonthepartofNominatedSub-ContractorsorNominatedSupplierswhichtheMainContractorhastakenallpracticablestepstoavoidorreduce，or(h)bydelayonthepartofartists，tradesmenorothersengagedbytheEmployerinexecutingworknotformingpartofthisContract，or(i)byreasonoftheopeningupforinspectionofanyworkcoveredupOrofthetestingofanyofthework,materialsorgoodsinaccordancewithclause6(3)oftheseConditions(includingmakinggoodinconsequenceofsuchopeninguportesting)，unlesstheinspectionortestshowedthatthework，materialsorgoodswerenotinaccordancewiththisContract,or(j)*(i)bytheMainContractor'sinabilityforreasonsbeyondhiscontrolandwhichhecouldnotreasonablyhaveforeseenatthedateofthisContracttosecuresuchlabourasisessentialtothepropercarryingoutoftheWorks，or*(ii)bytheMainContractor'sinabilityforreasonsbeyondhiscontrolandwhichhecouldnotreasonablyhaveforeseenatthedateofthisContracttosecuresuchgoodsand/ormaterialsasareessentialtothepropercarryingoutoftheWorks，orbyreasonofcompliancewiththeprovisionsofclause34oftheseConditionsorwithArchitect‘‘sinstructionsissuedthereunder，thentheArchitectshallsosoonasheisabletoestimatethelengthofthedelaybeyondthedateortimeaforesaidmakeinwritingafairandreasonableextensionoftimeforcompletionoftheWorks.ProvidedalwaysthattheMainContractorshalluseconstantlyhisbestendeavourstopreventdelayandshalldoallthatmayreasonablyberequiredtothesatisfactionoftheArchitecttoproceedwiththeWorks．24LossandExpenseCausedbyDisturbanceofRegularProgressoftheWorks(1)IfuponwrittenapplicationbeingmadetohimbytheMainContractortheArchitectisoftheopinionthattheMainContractorhasbeeninvolvedindirectlossand/orexpenseforwhichhewouldnotbereimbursedbyapaymentmadeunderanyotherprovisioninthisContractbyreasonoftheregularprogressoftheWorksorofanypartthereofhavingbeenmateriallyaffectedby：(a)TheMainContractornothavingreceivedinduetimenecessaryinstructions,drawings,detailsorlevelsfromtheArchitectforwhichhespecificallyappliedinwritingonadatewhichhavingregardtotheDateforCompletionstatedintheappendixtotheseConditionsortoanyextensionoftimethenfixedunderclause23orclause33(1)(c)oftheseConditionswasnetherunreasonablydistantfromnorunreasonablyclosetothedateonwhichitwasnecessaryforhimtoreceivethesame;or(b)Theopeningupforinspectionofanyworkcovereduporthetestingofanyofthework，materialsorgoodsinaccordancewithclause6(3)oftheseConditions(includingmakinggoodinconsequenceofsuchopeninguportesting)，unlesstheinspectionortestshowedthatthework，materialsorgoodswerenotinaccordancewiththisContract;or(c)AnydiscrepancyinordivergencebetweentheContractDrawingsand/ortheContractBills;or(d)Delayonthepartofartists,tradesmenorothersengagedbytheEmployerinexecutingworknotformingpartofthisContract;or(e)Architect'sinstructionsissuedinregardtothepostponementofanyworktobeexecutedundertheprovisionsofthisContract;andifthewrittenapplicationismadewithinareasonabletimeofitbecomingapparentthattheprogressoftheWorksorofanypartthereofhasbeenaffectedasaforesaid,thentheArchitectshalleitherhimselfascertainorshallinstructtheQuantitySurveyortoascertaintheamountofsuchlossand/orexpense．AnyamountfromtimetotimesoshallbeaddedtotheContractSum,andifanInterimCertificateisissuedafterthedateofascertainmentanysuchamountshallbeaddedtotheamountwhichwouldotherwisebestatedasdueinsuchCertificate．(2)TheprovisionsofthisConditionarewithoutprejudicetoanyotherrightsandremedieswhichtheMainContractormaypossess．十八、专业咨咨询一条粉笔线值值一万美元的的故事1923年，美国福特特公司的一台台大型电机发发生了故障。。为排除故障障，公司把工工程师学会的的专家们都请请来“会诊”，但一连数月月，毫无所获获。后来，他他们请来移居居美国的德国国科学家史坦坦敏茨。史坦坦敏茨围着电电机忙碌了两两天两夜。最最后，他用粉粉笔在电机的的一个部位划划了一条线，，吩咐说：“打开电机，把把此处的线圈圈减少16匝，故障就可可排除。”工程师们照办办了，电机果果然运转如常常。史坦敏茨茨为此向福特特公司索取一一万美元的酬酬金。有人质疑说：：划一条线竟竟值一万美元元？简直是敲敲竹杠！史坦坦敏茨淡然一一笑，随即挥挥笔在付款单单上写下这么么两句话：粉粉笔划一条线线——1美元；知道在在哪里划线——9,999美元！十九、什么是是一个好交易易？MBA的第一问一个人能给你你挣来300万美元，你要要给他100多万美元——这种交交易你你应否否成交交？LeeIaccocaManagementFormula毕加索索的逸逸事（（五五万法法郎vs几分钟钟）。。千年虫虫——最终自自己拿拿主意意（领领导不不敢担担责任任，全全球1,000亿美元元花费费）案例，，Q.Svs深圳河河改造造项目目。另一个个案例例，见见后分分析。。①有缺陷陷的““延延期罚罚款””条款款8.7LiquidatedDamagesAttheendofSub-Clause8.7,add:Thedailyamountofliquidateddamagesduefordelayofpart/SectionoralltheWorksshallbe0.025%ofthecontractamount(A)+(B)+(C)+(D)oftheremainingpart/SectionoftheWorksinrespectthereof,payableintheproportionsofcurrenciesinwhichtheContractPriceisstructured.ThemaximumamountofliquidateddamagestobepaidbytheContractortotheEmployerwithregardtotheWorksshallbeTenPercent(10%)ofthecontractamount(A)+(B)+(C)+(D)oftheremainingpart/SectionoftheWorks;初衷：①尽量被少罚罚款——仅对未完工工部分罚款款；②限定罚款上上限10%。草拟的上述述条款实际际效果呢？？见下页分析析分析（逻辑辑和法律））经查，Clause3ContractPrices定义A、B、C、D的内容如下下（但上面面起草的条条款里并没没交代清楚楚）