语言学胡壮麟版《语言学教程》名词解释

胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表第二章Unilateralconsonant单边辅音liaison连音第一章trachea/windpipe气管Bilateralconsonant双边辅音contractedform缩写形式phonology音系学tip舌尖Non-lateral非边音frequencycount词频统计grammar语法学blade舌叶/舌面Trill[r]颤音trilledconsonant颤辅音aunitofvocabulary词汇单位morphology形态学front舌前部rolledconsonant滚辅音alexicalitem词条syntax句法学center舌中部Labal-velar唇化软腭音alexeme词位lexicology词汇学top舌顶Interdental齿间音hierarchy层次性generallinguistics普通语言学back舌后部Post-dental后齿音lexicogrammar词汇语法theoreticallinguistics理论语言学dorsum舌背Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音morpheme语素historicallinguistics历史语言学root舌跟Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音nonomorphemicwords单语素词descriptivelinguistics描写语言学pharynx喉/咽腔Palato-alveolar后齿龈音polymorphemicwords多语素词empiricallinguistics经验语言学laryngeals喉音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音relativeuninterruptibility相对连续性dialectology方言学laryngealization喉化音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音aminimumfreeform最小自由形式anthropology人类学vocalcords声带Pre-palatal前腭音themaximumfreeform最大自由形式stylistics文体学vocaltract声腔Post-palatal后腭音variablewords可变词signifier能指initiator启动部分Velarization软腭音化invariablewords不变词signified所指pulmonicairstreammechanism肺气流Voicing浊音化paradigm聚合体morphs形素机制Devoicing清音化grammaticalwords(functionwords)语morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列glottalicairstreammechanism喉气流Purevowel纯元音法词/功能词学机制Diphthong二合元音lexicalwords(contentwords)词汇词/syntacticcategories句法范畴velaricairstreammechanism腭气流机Triphthong三合元音实义词syntacticclasses句法类别序列制Diphthongization二合元音化closed-classwords封闭类词sub-structure低层结构Adam'sappl喉结Monophthongization单元音化opened-classwords开放类词super-structure上层结构Voicelesssound清音Centringdiphthong央二合元音wordclass词类opensyllable开音节Voicelessconsonant请辅音Closingdiphthong闭二合元音particles小品词closedsyllable闭音节Voicedsound浊音Narrowdiphthong窄二合元音pro-form代词形式checkedsyllable成阻音节Voicedconsonant浊辅音Widediphthong宽二合元音pro-adjective(so)代形容词rank等级Glottalstop喉塞音Phoneticsimilarity语音相似性pro-verb(do/did)代副词level层次Breathstate呼吸状态Freevariant自由变体pro-adverb(so)代动词ding-dongtheory/nativistictheory本能Voicestate带音状态Freevariation自由变异pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词论Whisperstate耳语状态Contiguousassimilation临近同化determiners限定词sing-songtheory唱歌说Closedstate封闭状态Juxtapostionalassimilation邻接同化predeterminers前置限定词yo-he-hotheory劳动喊声说Alveolarride齿龈隆骨Regressiveassimilation逆同化centraldeterminers中置限定词pooh-poohtheory感叹说Dorsum舌背Anticipatoryassimilation先行同化postdeterminers后置限定词ta-tatheory模仿说Ejective呼气音Progressiveassimilation顺同化ordinalnumber序数词animalcrytheory/bow-wowtheory模Glottalisedstop喉塞音Reciprocalassimilation互相同化cardinalnumber基数词声说Impossive内爆破音Coalescentassimilation融合同化morpheme词素Pragueschool布拉格学派Click/ingressive吸气音Partialassimilation部分同化morphology形态学Bilateralopposition双边对立Segmentalphonology音段音系学Epenthesis插音freemorpheme自由词素Mutilateralopposition多边对立Segmentalphonemes音段音位Primarystress主重音boundmorpheme黏着词素Proportionalopposition部分对立Suprasegmental超音段Secondarystress次重音root词根Isolatedopposition孤立对立Non-segmental非音段Weakstress弱重音affix词缀Privateopposition表缺对立Plurisegmental复音段Stressgroup重音群stem词干Gradedopposition渐次对立Syntheticlanguage综合型语言Sentencestress句子重音rootmorpheme词根语素Equipollentopposition均等对立Diacriticmark附加符号Contrastivestress对比重音prefix前缀Neutralizableopposition可中立对立Broadtranscription宽式标音Lexicalstress词汇重音infix中缀Constantopposition恒定对立Narrowtranscription窄式标音Wordstress词重音suffix后缀Systemic-functionalgrammar系统功Orthoepy正音法Lexicaltone词汇声调boundrootmorpheme黏着词根词素能语法Orthography正字法Nucleartone核心声调inflectionalaffix屈折词缀Meaningpotential意义潜势Etymology词源Tonetics声调学derivationalaffix派生词缀Conversationalimplicature会话含义Activearticulator积极发音器官Intonationcontour语调升降曲线inflectionalmorphemes屈折语素Deictics指示词Movablespeechorgan能动发音器官Toneunits声调单位derivationalmorphemes派生语素Presupposition预设Passivearticulator消极发音器官Intonology语调学word-formation构词Speechacts言语行为Immovablespeechorgan不能动发音Multilevelphonology多层次音系学compound复合词Discourseanalysis话语分析器官Monosyllabicword多音节词endocentriccompound向心复合词Contetualism语境论Lateral边音Polysyllabicword单音节次exocentriccompound离心复合词Phaticcommunion寒暄交谈Approximant[j,w]无摩擦延续音Maximalonsetprinciple最大节首辅nominalendocentriccompound名词性Metalanguage原语言Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Resonant共鸣音Centralapproximant中央无摩擦延续音原则向心复合词adjectiveendocentriccompound形容Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学音Lateralapproximant边无摩擦延续音第三章词汇词性向心复合词verbalcompound动词性复合词

syntheticcompound综合性复合词paradigmaticrelations聚合关系syntacticlimitation句法限制第四章句法derivation派生词associativerelations联想关系standardtheory标准理论number数morpheme语素syntagmaticrelations组合关系tracetheory语迹理论gender性phoneme音位sequentialrelations序列关系thesameindex带同标志case格morphonology形态语音学logogram语标government管辖nominative主格morphophomemics形态音位学register语域binding约束vocative呼格morphemicstructure语素结构passivevocabulary消极词汇arulesystem规则系统accusative兵格phonologicalstructure音素结构monosyllabic单音节lexis/vocabulary词汇表aprinciplesystem原则系统constituentcommand(C-commandforgenitive属格dative与格polysyllabic多音节第四章句法short）成分统制ablative离格phonologicalconditioned音位的限制number数plainEnglish普通英语tense时morphologicalconditioned形态的限gender性anaphor照应语aspect体制case格pronominal指代语perfective完成体coinage/invention新创词语nominative主格r-expression(referential-expression)指imperfective未完成体blending混成法vocative呼格称语concord/agreement一致关系/协同关abbreviation缩写法accusative兵格INFL(inflection)形态变化系acronym首字母缩写法genitive属格reciprocals(eachother)相互代词government支配关系back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法dative与格accessiblesubject可及主语thegovernor支配者analogicalcreation类比构词法ablative离格localdomain局部语域thegoverned被支配者borrowing借词法tense时bindingdomain约束语域signified能指loanword借词aspect体logophoricity主人公视角signifier所指loanblend混合借词perfective完成体CS(computationalsystem)计算系统syntagmaticrelationship组合关系loanshift转移借词imperfective未完成体Merger合并paradigmaticrelationship聚合关系loantranslation翻译借词concord/agreement一致关系/协同关move移动associativerelationship联想关系loss脱落系theme主位animatenoun有生名词addition添加government支配关系rheme述位thetwoaxes两根坐标坐标轴metathesis换位thegovernor支配者emptysubject空主语immediateconstituentanalysis(ICassimilation同化thegoverned被支配者objectiveorder客观顺序analysisforshort)直接成分分析法contactassimilation接触性同化signified能指subjectiveorder主观顺序linearstructure线性结构contiguousassimilation临近性同化signifier所指actualsentencedivision实义句子切分hierarchicalstructure层级结构theoryofleasteffort省力理论syntagmaticrelationship组合关系法construction结构体non-contiguousassimilation非临近性paradigmaticrelationship聚合关系functionalsentenceperspective功能constituent成分同化associativerelationship联想关系句子观substituability替换性distantassimilation远距离同化animatenoun有生名词communicativedynamism(CD)交际labeledtreediagram标签树形图morpho-syntacticchange形态-句法变thetwoaxes两根坐标坐标轴动力endocentric/headedconstruction向心化immediateconstituentanalysis(ICbipartition二分法结构/中心结构morphologicalchange形态变化analysisforshort)直接成分分析法tripartiteclassification三分法exocentricconstruction离心结构syntacticalchange句法变化linearstructure线性结构representativefunction表达功能subordinateconstruction主从结构finiteelement有定成分hierarchicalstructure层级结构expressivefunction表情功能coordinateconstruction并列结构semanticchange语义变化construction结构体appellative/vocativefunction称呼功能recapitulation再现multisemous多种意义constituent成分conativefunction意欲功能thedeclarative陈述句broadening词义扩大substituability替换性poeticfunction诗学功能theinterrogative疑问句narrowing词义缩小labeledtreediagram标签树形图ideationalfunction概念功能dativemovement与格移位meaningshift词义转移endocentric/headedconstruction向心interpersonalfunction人际功能morph-phonemicrule形态音位规则classshift词性变换结构/中心结构textualfunction语篇功能constituentmorphemes成分规则folketymology俗词源exocentricconstruction离心结构transitivity及物性affixhopping词缀越位orthographicchange拼写的变化subordinateconstruction主从结构actor动作者nominalization名物化conversion变换/变码coordinateconstruction并列结构moodsystem语气系统object-deletion宾语删除domain范围/领域recapitulation再现thefiniteverbaloperator限定部分subject-deletion主语删除meaningshift意义转移thedeclarative陈述句residue剩余部分categories语类splitinfinitives分裂不定式(Shewastheinterrogative疑问句indicative直陈语气lexicon词库toldtoregularlyclasses)dativemovement与格移位imperative祈使语气temporalsubject表时间的主语calque仿造词语morph-phonemicrule形态音位规则mental-process(aprocessofsensing)心syntacticlimitation句法限制clipping截断法constituentmorphemes成分规则理过程（感觉过程）standardtheory标准理论metanalysis再分化affixhopping词缀越位relationalprocess(aprocessofbeing)tracetheory语迹理论finiteness定式nominalization名物化关系过程（属性过程）thesameindex带同标志proximate(this)近指代词object-deletion宾语删除verbalprocess(aprocessofsaying)言government管辖obviative(that))远指代词subject-deletion主语删除语过程（讲话过程）binding约束non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学categories语类lexicon词库temporalsubject表时间的主语existentialprocess生存过程arulesystem规则系统aprinciplesystem原则系统constituentcommand(C-commandforshort)成分统制plainEnglish普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(eachother)相互代词accessiblesubject可及主语localdomain局部语域bindingdomain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computationalsystem)计算系统=derivationalprocedure推导系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位emptysubject空主语objectiveorder客观顺序subjectiveorder主观顺序actualsentencedivision实义句子切分法functionalsentenceperspective功能句子观communicativedynamism(CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartiteclassification三分法representativefunction表达功能expressivefunction表情功能appellative/vocativefunction称呼功能conativefunction意欲功能poeticfunction诗学功能ideationalfunction概念功能interpersonalfunction人际功能textualfunction语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者moodsystem语气系统thefiniteverbaloperator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(aprocessofsensing)心理过程(感觉过程)relationalprocess(aprocessofbeing)关系过程(属性过程)verbalprocess(aprocessofsaying)言语过程(讲话过程)existentialprocess生存过程empiricism经验主义(洛克，白板说)rationalism理性主义(笛卡尔)mentalism心灵主义newempiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)priori先天综合判断(康德Kant)Cartesianlinguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntacticstructure(SS)早期转换句法时期Standardtheory(ST)标准理论时期ExtendedStandardtheory(EST)扩展的标准理论RevisedStandardtheory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论Thetheoryofgovernmentandbinding(GBtheory)管辖和约束理论时期(管约论)Minimalistprogram(MP)最简方案时期Structuraldescription结构描写式Performancesystem应用系统Modulartheory模块理论Spell-out拼写Languagefaculty语言机制/官能Mentalorgan心智器官Knowledgeoflanguage语言知识Meaningpotential意义潜势Contextculture文化语境Field语场Tenor语旨Mode语式pivotwords轴心词mentalconstruct心理构念theoreticalcognitivepsychology理论认知心理学psychologicalfaculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系统性,self-containedness自足性)typologicalfunctionalism类型学功能主义extremefunctionalism极端的功能主义externalfunctionalism外部功能主义integrativefunctionalism一体化功能注主义exceptionalcasemarking例外格标记specifier标定成分fall-categorymaximalprojection全语类的最大投射two-segmentcategory两节语类complementdomain补足语区域minimaldomain最小区域internaldomain内部区域checkingdomain检验区域sisterhood姐妹关系minimizingchainlink最小语链联结representationalsyst