2023版高考英语一轮总复习第一部分教材知识梳理Unit1ScienceAndScientists课件新人教版选择性必修第二册

选择性必修第二册UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTS核心单词阅读词汇1.choleran.霍乱2.diarrhoean.腹泻3.dehydrationn.脱水4.germn.微生物；细菌；病菌5.proofn.证据；证明；检验6.interventionn.介入；出面；干涉7.rawadj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的8.statisticn.(pl.)统计数字；统计资料；统计学9.epidemiologyn.流行病学10.microscopen.显微镜11.proteinn.蛋白质12.frameworkn.框架；结构13.shadown.阴影；影子；背光处14.rainbown.彩虹15.leadershipn.领导；领导地位；领导才能16.telescopen.望远镜

高频词汇

1.________adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的2.____________adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的3.________n.减少；降低；减少量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低severesubstantialdecrease4.________n.思想；思维；见解thinking5.________n.细胞；小房间；单间牢房6.________n.病毒cellvirusfinding7.________n.发现；调查结果；(法律)判决8.________n.疫苗vaccinesolidcastpour9.________adj.可靠的；固体的；坚实的n.固体10.________vt.投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投掷11.________vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)concrete12.________n.混凝土adj.混凝土制的；确实的；具体的13.__________adj.优秀的；杰出的；明显的outstanding14.________adj.抽象的；理性的n.(文献等的)摘要15.________n.概念；观念abstractconceptbrilliant16.________adj.聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的

拓展词汇

1.__________adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→frustratev.使受挫折；令人沮丧→__________n.挫折；失败；失意

2.______________adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的→contraditionn.矛盾；反驳frustratedfrustration3.infectvt.使感染；传染→_________adj.被传染的→________n.感染；传染contradictoryinfectedinfection

4.subscribevi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)→_____________n.订阅→______________n.订户subscription;subscriber5.________adj.数量多的；多种多样的→multiplyv.乘；(使)增加；(使)繁殖multiple6.________vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→___________adj.猜疑的；疑心的；表示怀疑的7.________vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责→blamefuladj.应受责备的；该受责备的→blamelessadj.无可指责的→___________adv.无可责难地suspectsuspicious8.handlen.把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)→________n.处理者；管理者blameblamelesslyhandlerlinklinked9.________n.联系；纽带vt.把……连接起来；相关联→linkern.链接器→________adj.连接的；链接的

10.pureadj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的→________adv.纯粹地→________v.净化purelypurifytransformation11.transformv.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变→______________n.转变；变化initial

12.________adj.最初的；开始的；第一的→initiallyadv.最初13.mechanicaladj.机械的；发动机的；机器的→__________n.机械师；机械修理工mechanicdefense/defence14.defendvt.保卫；防守；辩解→__________________n.防卫；防御措施→__________adj.防守的；防御用的defensive15.__________n.助理；助手→__________v.帮助；促进→assistancen.帮助；援助assistantassisttraceable16.tracevt.追溯；追踪；查出n.痕迹；遗迹；踪迹→_________adj.源于→_______n.追踪者tracer17.________adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的→________n.礼物；赠品；天赋；天才giftedgift18.________adj.稳定的；平稳的；稳步的→steadilyadv.稳定地；平稳地steady19.astronomyn.天文学→____________n.天文学家20.faultn.弱点；过错→________adj.有错误的；有缺点的；出毛病的astronomerfaulty21.shiftn.改变；转移；轮班vi.&vt.转移；挪动；转向→________adj.变化的；诡异的；机智的→________adj.懒惰的；得过且过的；没出息的shiftyshiftless22.vividadj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→________adv.生动地；强烈地vividly

联想积累【派生构词】infect＋ion(动词＋名词后缀-ion＝同义名词)①communicat(e)＋ion交流②operat(e)＋ion运转；操作【合成构词】leader＋ship(名词1＋名词2＝新名词)①member＋ship全体会员；会员资格②relation＋ship关系；关联③friend＋ship友谊④lord＋ship阁下；贵族权力

重点短语1.attend________照顾；致力于2.onceandfor________最终地；彻底地3.___________to同意；赞同4.beto________应受到责罚；应承担责任5.________to幸亏；由于6.________thisreason由于这个原因toallsubscribeblamethanksforoutofcomeall

7.break________(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发

8.incharge________主管；掌管

9.________down患(病)；染上(小病) 10.above________最重要的是；尤其是精选佳句教材原句hadit

1.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshe________________________toherhouseeveryday.看起来似乎是这个女人如此喜欢水泵的水以至于她每天都把水运到她家。

句式结构

句式1：havesth.done让某事被做delivered

教材原句

2.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuch________________togetcholera________thosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更有可能感染霍乱。morelikelythan句式结构句式2：more...than...意为“比……更……”

教材原句

3.However,________mighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientist________probablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.然而，能让他成为如此杰出而又有创造力的科学家，可能是他对其他事物的强烈兴趣，比如音乐和绘画。whatwas句式结构句式3：what引导的主语从句教材原句Sincecamedown

4.________he________________withadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscles,hisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.由于他得了一种使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病，他的世界变成了一个抽象的思想世界。

句式结构

句式4：since引导的原因状语从句

课文复现

JohnSnow,awell­knowndoctorinLondon,became1.________(inspire)whenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeoplewho2.____________(expose)tocholera,a3.________(dead)diseaseofitsday.Manythousandsofpeoplediedandsomeneeded4._____________________(attend)toeverytimetherewasanoutbreakbecausenooneknewthecauseofit.JohnSnowwantedtohelpsolvetheproblem.inspiredwereexposeddeadlytobeattended/attending

Doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheories5.___________(explain)howcholerakilledpeople.Hebelievedinthesecondtheory6.________suggestedthatpeople7.________(absorb)thediseasewiththeirmeals.In1854,8.________anotheroutbreakhitLondon,hewasreadytotestthetwotheories.9.________thehelpofthemaphemade,hegotavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthediseaseandwasabletoannouncethatthewaterwas10.___________(blame).toexplainthatabsorbedwhenWithtoblame单句语法填空severelytotoblame

1.Land___________(severe)depletedbyurbanization,populationgrowth,intensiveagricultureandclimatechange. 2.Shehasalwayssubscribed________theviewthatchildrenshouldbegivenresponsibilityfromanearlyage. 3.Itwasn'tmycharacter,butcircumstanceswhichwere___________(blame).down

4.Shecome________withthissummerflueveryone'sgettingandwenthomebeforeIgotin.5.Policedidnotidentifythe___________(suspect),butsaidhewasfromAlger,Washington.suspectpurify6.Youcan________(pure)waterbyboilingandfilteringit.7.Thenumberofpeoplewhohavethediseasehas__________(decrease)significantlyinrecentyears.decreased8.Thereareoneortwominordifferences,butthey're______________(substantial)thesametext.substantially9.Childrenandoverseasstudentsshouldbeabletolearnnewwordswithoutconstant___________(assist).assistance10.Shewasa________(gift)painterinEurope.gifted1.severeadj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的

【原句】Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.(教材P2)这种疾病造成严重的腹泻，脱水，甚至死亡。

【典例】①Manypeoplefeelthepunishmentshouldhavebeenmoresevere.许多人觉得这个惩罚本应该更严厉些。

②Severestresstypicallysendsthebodyintoastateofshock,floodingitwithvarioushormonesandmetabolites.严重的压力常使身体处于休克状态，体内充斥着各种激素和代谢物。【归纳】severecondition苛刻条件severepunishment严厉惩罚severecold严寒severestress严重压力beseverewith/onsb.对……严格/发火单词含义severe着重严厉性，无丝毫温情serious指具有关键，严肃或严重的事情strict指严格的，严谨的【辨析】

severe,strict与serious【拓展】(1)severelyadv.严重地(2)severityn.严重程度【即学即用】severelosses

补全句子，每空一词

(1)Thepartysuffered_____________________(严重损失)duringthelastelection.单句语法填空on/with(2)Punishmentfrompoliceisoftenmoresevere_________studentsandwillpreventfuturebullyingbetter.severity

(3)Thechancesofafullrecoverywilldependonthe________(severe)ofherinjuries.2.subscribevi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)【原句】Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.(教材P2)斯诺认同第二个理论。【典例】

①Ifyousubscribetothisnewspaper,you'llgetanextramagazine.如果你订阅这份报纸，你会得到一本额外的杂志。 ②Howmuchdidyousubscribetothedisasterfund？你向赈灾基金捐了多少钱？单词用法subscribe指完全赞成已阐明的立场approve侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准【归纳】subscribeto订阅；同意；赞同；捐款subscribefor认购；预定subscriberegularly定期订购subscribedcapital已发行资本；认购资本【辨析】subscribe与approve【拓展】subscriptionn.捐助；订阅费；会员费；订购/阅subscriptionservice订阅服务annualsubscription年度订阅【即学即用】单句语法填空tosubscribed

(1)Ontopofthat,Idon'thavetosubscribe________anythingandIdon'thaveanythingtorecycleorthrowaway. (2)Thesocialbusinessstartswithallthe________________(subscribe)capitalitshouldneed.完成句子，每空一词subscribesregularly(3)他定期向这个组织捐款。He_______________________tothisorganization.3.blamevt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责

【原句】Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.(教材P2)斯诺怀疑水泵是罪魁祸首。

【典例】 Sheblamedherhusbandforthefailureoftheirmarriage.她因他们婚姻的失败责怪她的丈夫。

【归纳】 blamesb.forsth.因某事而责怪某人

sb.betoblame(for...)某人应承担(……)责任；该(因……)受责备【点津】表示某人该受责备时，常用主动形式sb.betoblame表示被动意义。【拓展】take/beartheblamefor承担……的责任take/bearresponsibilityfor承担(对坏事应负的)责任【即学即用】单句语法填空(1)MylifeisruinedandIsupposeIonlyhavemyself____________(blame).toblame(2)There'snoreasonforustobeartheblame________them.(3)Iusedtoblamemyparents________messingupmylife.forfor4.linkn.联系；纽带vt.把……连接起来；相关联

【原句】SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.(教材P3)斯诺后来能够展示出霍乱其他案例和伦敦不同自来水公司之间的联系。

【典例】

①Ofcourse,mostofChinawasflourishingatthetime,buttheywereabletogetaroadbuilttolinkthemuptotherestofChina.当然了，那段时间整个中国都是一派繁忙景象。这个村子建了一条公路，从此与外界相通。

②Thecoronavirushasbeenknowntolinkupwithsmallliquidparticlesreleasedbyaninfectedperson.众所周知新冠病毒与受感染病人排出的微小液体颗粒有关。【归纳】linkup会合；连接；联系linkupwith与……联系起来link...to...把……和……连起来belinkedto/with与……连接；与……有关联；与……有联系【即学即用】单句语法填空(1)TheChannelTunnellinksBritain________therestofEurope.withlinkedup完成句子，每空一词(2)这些乐队已联合起来，准备办一场慈善音乐会。Thebandshave________________foracharityconcert.(3)每个目的地的名字会与另外一个包含着更多细节的文件相链接。belinkedto

Thenameofeachdestinationmight___________________________anotherdocumentthatcontainsmoredetails.5.transformvt.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变

【原句】Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.(教材P3)其次，在他使用地图和数据期间，斯诺转变了科学家们研究疾病的方式。【典例】①Shehelpstransformliteratureintobrailletobringthepowerofstoryandknowledgetotheheartsandmindsofblindreaders.她帮着把文学作品翻译成盲文，把故事和知识的力量带到了盲人读者的心中。

②I'mfullyawarethatit'stheexperiencefrommylifeabroadthathastotallytransformedme.我充分地意识到正是我在国外的经历完全地改变了我。【归纳】transformsb./sth.使……改观；使……焕然一新transformsb./sth.(from...)into...使……(从……)变成……transforminto转换成……【拓展】(1)transformationn.(外观或性质的)改变；变革(2)transformern.变压器【即学即用】into

单句语法填空

(1)Sincethen,thissocietyhasmovedonward,neverlookingback,asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm­basedsociety________anindustrialpower.

完成句子，每空一词

(2)最好的公司可以依靠一个好主意在几年内从萌芽成长为巨人。transformthemselvesinto

Thebestonescantakeagoodideaanduseitto_______________________fromembryos________giantsinafewyears.1.thanksto幸亏；由于

【原句】Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.(教材P3)幸运的是由于斯诺的工作，我们现在知道了如何去防止霍乱。【典例】

①We'vereachedourgoalof$50，000,thankstothegenerosityofthepublic.由于公众的慷慨解囊，我们已经达到了我们的目标50，000美元。②Thankyouforthatlovelymeal;itwasaveritablefeast！谢谢你的那顿美餐，真是一顿名副其实的盛宴！【拓展】表示“由于”的短语有：dueto,owingto,becauseof,onaccountof,asaresultof。【辨析】

dueto用于较庄重的书面语中，侧重“起因于”，在句中多作表语，有时作状语。owingto可以和dueto换用，但在句中多作状语，也可作表语。becauseof着重说明某种理由，在句中通常作状语。【即学即用】单句语法填空(1)________(thank)forhelpingmygrandmothergettothehotel.Thanksowing

(2)Theflightwasdelayed,___________(owe)tothebadweather.

完成句子，每空一词

(3)多亏了商品潮和财政收入的增加，近几年来多国政府才能顺利挺过经济萧条时期。

________________thecommodityboomandrisingrevenues,governmentsinmanycountrieshavehadaneasytimeofitinthepastfewyears.Thanksto2.breakout(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发【原句】However,aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932,QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.(教材P7)然而，在1932年淞沪战役爆发之后，钱学森决定转为航天专业，因为他意识到中国人需要自己的空军去保卫祖国。【典例】

①WhenWorldWarIbrokeout,heseemedtohavebecomeanotherman,downhearted.第一次世界大战爆发时他似乎变成了另一个人，变得非常消沉。②Oursoldiersquicklybrokethroughtheenemy'sdefenseworks.我军战士很快突破了敌军的防御工事。【拓展】breakoutof突破breakawayfrom脱离；摆脱breakdown出故障；垮掉；打破；消除breakthrough冲破；突破breakin插嘴；闯入breakinto破门而入breakoff中断；折断；断绝breakup打碎；破碎；结束；解散【即学即用】完成句子，每空一词(1)要是他能踩着什么东西就好了，他就能够脱离那个急流了。breakoutbreakaway

Ifonlyhecouldgethisfeetonsomething,hewereableto________________oftheswiftcurrent. (2)这个年轻人有足够的勇气去打破传统观点。

Theyoungmanwascourageousenoughto________ ________fromtraditionalideas.(3)他中断了谈话去接电话。brokeoffHe________________speakingtoanswerthetelephone.3.aboveall最重要的是；尤其是【原句】Aboveall,Hawkingwaswillingtoadmithisfaults.(教材P9)最重要的是，霍金愿意承认他的错误。

【典例】aboveall

①Shewastheappleofhiseyeandhelovedherhumanity.她是他的掌上明珠，他爱她胜过一切。aboveallthings.

②Theytoldhimitwaswhattheywished他们告诉他，这正是他们最大的心愿。【归纳】aboveallthings最重要的是；首先是【拓展】allinall总的来说allover到处；处处allbut几乎；差不多【即学即用】单句语法填空in(1)All________allithadbeenagreatsuccess.完成句子，每空一词Aboveall(2)最要紧的是你们一定要保持联系。________________，makesureyoukeepintouch.(3)他的笔迹几乎没法辨认。allbutItwas________________impossibletoreadhiswriting.1.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.(教材P2)看起来似乎是这个女人如此喜欢水泵的水以至于她每天都把水运到她家。【剖析】

本句中havesth.done是常见用法，意为“让某事被做”。【典例】

①(2018·天津卷·单项填空)IneedanewpassportsoIwillhavetohavemyphotographstaken.我需要一个新护照，所以不得不拍新照片。

②(2020·全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C)UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhavenutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.在新奥尔良和布鲁克林不同寻常的时装表演上，海狸鼠的皮毛被制成了不同风格的衣服。【拓展】

(1)havesb./sth.doingsth.意为“让某人或某物一直做某事”，在否定句中，尤其与won‘t、can't等连用时，可表示“容忍或允许”之意。(2)havesb.dosth.意为“让/使某人做某事”，强调事实。【即学即用】单句语法填空examinedcheating

(1)You'dbetterhaveyoureyes______________(examine)tomorrow. (2)Asaresponsibleteacher,hecan'thaveanyofhisstudents___________(cheat)intheexam.todo

(3)Tellthepersonyou'resorryandexplainthatyouhaveamillionthings___________(do)andthenaskifthetwoofyoucantalkatadifferenttime.2.However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.(教材P8)然而，能让他成为如此杰出而又有创造力的科学家，可能是他对其他事物的强烈兴趣，比如音乐和绘画。【剖析】

本句是what引导的主语从句，谓语用第三人称单数形式。【典例】

①(2019·浙江卷·阅读理解B)“WhatIcansayforthefolksthatgavethemost,isthattheywerefullofsmiles，”Bridgessaid.“我能够为给予最多的人们所说的是他们都充满了微笑。”布里奇斯说。

②(2019·浙江卷·完形填空)What'sparticularlyinterestingistheattitudevariouscitieshavetowardDubanchet'scause.特别有趣的是各个城市对杜班切特事件的态度。【辨析】

that引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分。如：It'sashamethathehasmadesuchamistake.I'lldowhatIcan(do)tohelphim.【即学即用】单句语法填空whatwhat

(1)Wechoosethishotelbecausethepriceforanighthereisdownto$20,halfof___________itusedtocharge. (2)Thisis___________myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.完成句子，每空一词Whatisthat

(3)这所学校出名的是超过90%的学生都被大学录取了。

________makestheschoolfamous________________morethan90%ofthestudentshavebeenadmittedtouniversities.【题目】

每年，国家科学技术奖励大会都会在北京人民大会堂隆重举行，届时党和国家领导人会为获奖的科学家颁奖。请你围绕以下几点谈谈你的个人看法。1.党和政府为什么如此重视科技事业的发展；2.作为一名高中生，你应该如何去做。注意：1.词数80左右；2.开头已为你写好，不计入总词数。Everyyear,theNationalScience­TechnologyAwardCeremonyisheldintheGreatHallofthePeople.___________________________________________________________________参考范文：Everyyear,theNationalScience­TechnologyAwardCeremonyisheldintheGreatHallofthePeople.Atthattime,thetopleadersofourcountryawardmedalstoscientistswhoachievethosegoals.

It'sclearthatthegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetoscienceandtechnology.There'snodoubtthatscienceandtechnologyplayavitalpartinacountry'sdevelopment.Withoutfasterdevelopmentinscienceandtechnology,itisimpossibleforChinatocatchupwiththedevelopedcountries.Thosewhoreceivetheawardsdeservethembecause,throughyearsofhardwork,theyhavemadeoutstandingcontributionstoourcountry.Chinaneedsmorescientistsandinventorslikethem.

Asaseniorschoolstudent,I'lltrymybesttolearnallmysubjectswellsoastoservethesocietyaswellasourcountry.第一部分：________________________________第二部分：_______________________________________第三部分：_________