考研考博-英语-山西师范大学押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西师范大学押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Thehouseinwhichtheformerpresidentusedtoliveisreportedinthelocalnewspaper______inafiretwodaysago.

问题1选项

A.tobedestroyed

B.havingbeendestroyed

C.beingdestroyed

D.tohavebeendestroyed

【答案】B

【解析】考查时态。twodaysago表示“两天前”，应该用过去式；因对现在有所影响，故应为完成时；又因主语thehouse与谓语动词destroy构成被动关系；A项表示将来；C项表示正在进行；D项不符合语法。句意：据当地报纸报道，前任总统居住的房子两天前被大火烧毁。故正确答案为B。

2.单选题

Petroleumproducts,suchasgasoline,kerosene,homeheatingoil,residualfueloilandlubricatingoils,comefromonesource—crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth’ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior.Sometimescrudeoilissecuredbydrillingaholethroughtheearth,butmoredryholesaredrilledthanthoseproducingoil.Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.

Crudeoilwellsflowatvaryingrates,fromtentothousandsofbarrelsperhour.Petroleumproductsarealwaysmeasuredin42-gallonbarrels.

Petroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance:thin,thick,transparentoropaque,buttheirchemicalcompositionismadeupofonlytwoelements:carbonandhydrogen,whichformcompoundscalledhydrocarbons.Otherchemicalelementsfoundinunionwiththehydrocarbonsarefewandareclassifiedasimpurities.Traceelementsarealsofound,butthoseareofsuchminutequantitiesthattheyaredisregarded.Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule.

Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors.Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil.Theresidueremainingafterthelightoilsaredistilledisknownasheavyorresiduefueloilandisusedmostlyforburningunderboilers.Additionalcomplicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructureofthehydrocarbonstoproduceotherproducts,someofwhichareusedtoupgradeandincreasetheoctaneratingofvarioustypesofgasoline.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.Manythousandsofhydrocarboncompoundsarepossiblebecause（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

4.Howiscrudeoilbroughttothesurface?

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasalightoil?

问题1选项

A.Crudeoilisfoundbelowlandandwater.

B.Crudeoilisalwaysfoundafewhundredfeetbelowthesurface.

C.Pumpingandpressureforcecrudeoiltothesurface.

D.Avarietyofpetroleumproductsisobtainedfromcrudeoil.

问题2选项

A.thepetroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance

B.complicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructure

C.thetwoatomsinthemoleculeassumemanypositions

D.thepressureneededtoforceittothesurfacecausesmoleculartransformation

问题3选项

A.Thevariouspetroleumproductsareproducedbyfiltration.

B.Heatingandcondensationproducethevariousproducts.

C.Chemicalseparationisusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

D.Mechanicalmeanssuchasthecentrifugeareusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

问题4选项

A.Expansionofthehydrocarbons.

B.Pressureandpumping.

C.Vacuumcreatedinthedrillingpipe.

D.Expansionandcontractionoftheearth’ssurface.

问题5选项

A.Distillateoil.

B.Gasoline.

C.Lubricationoil

D.Kerosene.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。A:原油在陆地和水下被发现,B:原油经常被发现于地球表面下几百英尺,第一段指出:crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth'ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior(被发现于地球表面和广泛水域下的原油，从地球表面下几百英尺到深入地球内部2.5万英尺),因此A项符合原意,B项过于绝对。由第一段中“Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.栗源压力迫使原油渗出表面。”知C项是对原文的同义转述。D:各种石油产品从原油中被获取,由最后一段“Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各种石油产品从原油中通过加热和冷凝蒸汽而从原油中被精炼出来)”可知D项正确。

2.细节事实题。第三段指出:Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule(碳和氢的结合构成了数千计的化合物，而这种构成的可能是因为这两种原子在烷烃分子中的不同位置和结合方式),由此可知C项“这两种原子可以在分子中处于多种位置”正确。

3.细节事实题。最后一段指出:Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各种石油产品从原油中通过加热和冷凝蒸汽而从原油中被精炼出来),由此可知B项“加热和冷凝产生了各种产品”正确。

4.细节事实题。第一段指出:Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface(泵源压力迫使原油渗出表面),故选B项“压力和泵送”。

5.判断推理题。由关键词lightoil定位至第三段:Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil(这些产品就被称之为轻油，例如汽油、煤油和馏出油)。故选C。

3.单选题

Youareaccident________becauseyou’reabitcarelessinwhatyoudo.

问题1选项

A.proof

B.oriented

C.inclined

D.prone

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.proof能抵御的，可防护的B.oriented以……为方向的，重视……的

C.inclined有倾向的，有可能的D.prone有做……倾向的，易于遭受……的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】空格处和上文的“accident（事故）”共同构成形容词作表语，because引导了一个原因状语从句，表示“你做事有点粗心大意（careless）”，所导致的结果应该是容易出事故。prone指容易遭受某事，有做某事的倾向，因此D选项prone“有做……倾向的；易于遭受……的”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项proof“能抵御的，可防护的”指能抵抗某物的破坏性或有害影响的，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“容易出事故”而不是“能抵御事故”；

B选项oriented“以……为方向的，重视……的”指关心、面向某个特定的事物，不符合题干的语义逻辑；

C选项inclined“有倾向的，有可能的”指主观意愿上倾向于做某事，想要做某事，不能和“accident（事故）”进行搭配。

【句意】你很容易出事故，因为你做事有点粗心大意。

4.单选题

Manyadultsmaythinktheyaregettingenoughshut-eye,butinamajorsleepstudyalmost80percentofrespondentsadmittedtonotgettingtheirprescribedamountofnightlyrest.So,whatexactlyistherightamountofsleep?Researchshowsthatadultsneedanaverageofseventoninehoursofsleepanightforoptimalfunctionality.Readontoseejusthowmuchofanimpactmoderatesleepdeprivationcanhaveonyourmindandbody.

Bygettinglessthansixhoursofsleepanight,youcouldbeputtingyourselfatriskofhighbloodpressure.Whenyousleep,yourheartgetsabreakandisabletoslowdownforasignificantperiodoftime.Butcuttingbackonsleepmeansyourhearthastoworkovertimewithoutitsallottedbreak.Inconstantlydoingso,yourbodymustaccommodatetoitsnewconditionsandelevateyouroveralldailybloodpressure.Andtheheartisn’ttheonlyorganthatisovertaxedbyalackofsleeps.Thelesssleepyouget,thelesstimethebrainhastoregulatestresshormones,andovertime,sleepdeprivationcouldpermanentlyhinderthebrain’sabilitytoregulatethesehormones,leadingtoelevatedbloodpressure.

Weallhangaroundinbedduringourboutsofillness.Butdidyouknowthatskippingoutonthebedrestcanincreaseyourriskofgettingsick?Prolongedsleepdeprivationhaslongbeenassociatedwithdiminishedimmunefunctions,butresearchershavealsofoundadirectcorrelationbetween“modest”sleepdeprivation—lessthansixhours—andreducedimmuneresponse.Sotrytotoughenupyourimmunesystembygettingatleastsevenhoursofsleepanight,andmaintainingahealthydiet.You’llbegladyougotthatextrahourofsleepthenexttimethatbugcomesaroundandleaveseveryoneelsebedriddenwithafeverforthreedays.

DuringdeepREMsleep,yourmuscles(exceptthoseintheeyes)areessentiallyimmobilizedinordertokeepyoufromactingoutonyourdreams.Unfortunately,thiseffortyourbodymakestokeepyousafewhiledreamingcansometimesbackfire,resultinginsleepparalysis.SleepparalysisoccurswhenthebrainisarousedfromitsREMcycle,butthebodyremainsinitsimmobilizingstate.Thiscanbequiteafrighteningsensationbecause,whileyourmindisslowlyregainingconsciousness,ithasnocontroloveryourbody,leavingsomewithafeelingofpowerlessness,fearandpanic.Mostpeopleexperiencethiseeriephenomenaatleastonceintheirlives,butthosewhoaresleepdeprivedaremorelikelytohavepanickedepisodesofsleepparalysisthatareusuallyaccompaniedbyhallucinations,aswell.Forasecond,imagineallofyourmemoriesareerased;everybirthday,summervacation,evenwhatyoudidyesterdayafternooniscompletelylost,becauseyouhavenorecollectionofthem.It’sachillingthought,butthatiswhatalifewithoutsleepwouldbelike.Sleepisessentialtothecognitivefunctionsofthebrain,andwithoutit,ourabilitytoconsolidatememories,learndailytasks,andmakedecisionsisimpairedbyalargedegree.ResearchhasrevealedthatREMsleep,ordream-sleep,helpssolidifythe“fragile”memoriesthebraincreatesthroughoutthedaytothattheycanbeeasilyorganizedandstoredinthemind’slong-termcache.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemeaningof“sleepdeprivation”？

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3?

3.Whyistheretheso-called“sleepparalysis”？

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothelastparagraph?

5.Whateffectsofsleepdeprivationonhumanmindandbodyarediscussedinthispassage?

问题1选项

A.Tosleepforanaverageperiodoftime.

B.Tosleepdeeplywithoutdreaming.

C.Tosleeplessthanneeded.

D.Tosleepmodestly.

问题2选项

A.Wheneveryoneelsegetsafever,thosewithsleepdeprivationwillbeabeletosleeplonger.

B.Wheneveryoneelsegetsafever,thosewhousuallyhaveadequatesleepwillbealright.

C.Onlymodestsleepdeprivationcouldweakentheimmunesystem,

D.Prolongedsleepdeprivationwillnothaveimpactontheimmunesystem.

问题3选项

A.Itoccurswhenyouareunabletowakeupfromdreamswhileyouaresleeping.

B.Itoccurswhenyoubrainimmobilizesyourbodyinordertokeepyoufromdreaming.

C.BecauseyouareusuallytoofrightenedtomoveyourbodywhenwakingupfromdeepREMsleep.

D.Becauseyourbody,immobilizedwhendreaming,maystillbeunabletomoveevenwhenyourbrainiswakingup.

问题4选项

A.Memoriesarepartofthecognitivefunctionofthebrain.

B.Memoriescreatedduringthedaytimeareusuallyfragileandimpaired.

C.Youarelikelytoloseyourmemoriesofyesterdayafteranight’ssleep.

D.Long-termmemorycannotbeformedwithoutdream-sleep.

问题5选项

A.Highbloodpressure,atoughenedimmunesystem,sleepparalysis,andmemoryloss.

B.Bloodpressure,immunesystem,sleepparalysis,andlong-termmemory.

C.Bloodpressure,immunesystem,thebrainandthebody,andmemory.

D.Highbloodpressure,aweakenedimmunesystem,sleepparalysis,andmemoryloss.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.语义题。题干：根据本文，“睡眠不足”指的是什么？文章第三段中“Prolongedsleepdeprivationhaslongbeenassociatedwithdiminishedimmunefunctions,butresearchershavealsofoundadirectcorrelationbetween“modest”sleepdeprivation—lessthansixhours—andreducedimmuneresponse”说明“modest”sleepdeprivation指的是少于6小时的睡眠，而成人需要7-9小时的睡眠。因此C选项符合题意。

2.判断推理题。题干：根据第3段，下列哪个陈述是正确的？第三段最后一句“You’llbegladyougotthatextrahourofsleepthenexttimethatbugcomesaroundandleaveseveryoneelsebedriddenwithafeverforthreedays”，别人生病后就会意识到多睡一小时的好处，对应B选项的内容。

3.细节题。题干：为什么会有所谓的“睡眠瘫痪症”?第四段第三句中提到了“SleepparalysisoccurswhenthebrainisarousedfromitsREMcycle,butthebodyremainsinitsimmobilizingstate”，可知“睡眠瘫痪症”发生在大脑从快速眼动周期唤醒时，身体仍保持不动状态，因此D选项符合题意。

4.细节题。题干：根据最后一段，下列哪个陈述是正确的？最后一段最后一句提到“REMsleep,ordream-sleep,helpssolidifythe“fragile”memoriesthebraincreatesthroughouttheday…”表明大脑一天产生的记忆是脆弱的，需要睡眠帮忙巩固记忆。因此B选项符合题意。

5.细节题。题干：睡眠不足对人的身心有什么影响？第二段提到“elevatedbloodpressure”；第三段提到“reducedimmunesystem”;第四段提到“sleepparalysis”；最后一段提到“memoryloss”，因此D选项符合题意。

5.问答题

Foranybusiness,thecostoftransportationisnormallythelargestsin¬gleitemintheoverallcostofphysicaldistribution.Itdoesn’tnecessarily

follow,though,thatamanufacturershouldsimplypickupthecheapesta-101.

vailableformoftransportation.Manycompaniestodayusethetotalphysic-

caldistributionconcept,anapproachinvolvesmaximizingtheefficiencyof102.

physicaldistributionactivitieswhileminimizingtheircost.Often,this

meanthatthecompanywillmakecosttradeoffbetweenthevariousphysic-103.

caldistributionactivities.Forinstance,airfreightmaybemuchmoreex¬pensivethanrailtransport,soanationalmanufacturermightuseair104.

freighttoshipeverythingfromasinglewarehouseandthusavoidthegreaterexpenseofmaintainingseveralwarehouses.

Whenafirmchoosesatypeoftransportation,ithastobearinmind

itsothermarketingconcern—storage,financing,sales,inventorysize,105.

andthelike.Ifthefirmcansupplyitscustomers’needsquicklyandrelia-106.

blythanitscompetitorsdo,itwillhaveavitaladvantage:soitmaybe

moreprofitableatthelongruntopayhighertransportationcosts,rather107.

thanriskingthelossoffuturesales.Inaddition,speedydeliveryiscrucial108.

insomeindustries.Amail-orderdistributorsendingfruitfromOregonto

Pennsylvanianeedthepromptnessofairfreight.Ontheotherhand,a109.

manufacturershippinglingeriefromNewYorktoMassachusettsmaybeperfectlysatisfiedbyslower(andcheaper)truckorrailtransport.110.

【答案】101.去掉up

102.involves→involving

103.mean→means

104.so→but

105.concern→concerns

106.the→a

107.at→in

108.risking→torisk

109.need→needs

110.by→with

【解析】101.语义题。pick本身就有“挑选”的意思,而picksth.up意为“拿起，举起，获得,加速，偶然听到，取回，整理等”。

102.语法分析。考查非谓语。此句为分句,不需要谓语,因此动词改成现在分词形式。

103.语法分析。考查动词时态。此处mean作谓语动词,主语为this,因此mean应为第三人称单数形式。

104.逻辑关系。此处是转折关系。

105.语法分析。考查名词的数。Concern意为“关心的事”时为可数名词,此处为复数故加s。

106.语法分析。考查冠词。这里没有特指,所以应为不定冠词a。

107.固定搭配。inthelongrun从长期来看

108.语义连接。前面是topay,所以此处对应的应为torisk。

109.语法分析。动词的数。need的主语是第三人称单数amail-orderdistributor故要加s。

110.固定搭配。besatisfiedwith对...很满意。

6.单选题

（

）,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.

问题1选项

A.Ashelikeshermuch

B.Muchalthoughhelikesher

C.Thoughmuchhelikesher

D.Muchashelikesher

【答案】D

【解析】考查倒装。although引导让步状语从句时，从句不倒装；而as引导让步状语从句时，从句需要倒装。故D项正确。句意：尽管他喜欢她，可有时候他确实会对她发火。故D项正确。

7.单选题

Wearegoodatinventingwaytoenlargeourrealm.Repeatedlywefindmethodsofspreadingfarther.Ifanelementisforbidding,wedeviseameanstomasterit.Reachingthecontinentalshores,wedevelopedship-buildingandnavigationalskillsinordertocrossoceans.Shiveringatarcticweather,wedesignedforclothingandsnugsheltersinordertoedgenorthward.And,havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime.Althoughbeingwakefulatnightfloutedournaturalrhythms,wedevelopedartificiallightingthatletusbeactiveafterdark.

Aneraisnowunderwayinwhichwearereplacingourcycliccommunitywithactivitiesthatneverstop.Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.Meanwhile,isolatedindividualsbendoverbooksandpapersondesksintheirhomes,watchtelevisionaftermidnight,orwalkinthestreetsandlistentothenightbreathe.

ThisextensionacrossallhoursofthedayresemblesourspreadingacrossthefaceoftheEarth.Lookatbothtrendsfromenoughperspectiveindistanceandtimeandtheyappearalike.Hoverfarabovetheplanetandwatchitasitspinsthroughouttheeras.Withtheplanet’ssurfaceindaylight,littlehumansettlementscanbeseentogrowlargerastheyearsgobyandsmallextensionsappearattheiroutskirts.Watchthesurfacewhenitisinnightandatfirstsomepinpointsoflightflickerforawhileandthengoout.Afteragespass,thoselightbecomestronger;theystayonlonger,andotherglimmeringsappearnearby.Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.Butbothareadvancinginorder.

Bothformsofexpansionarefrontiers.Afrontierisanewsourceofresourcesthatpeopleuseforsubsistenceorforprofit.Itisalsoasafetyvalveforpeoplewhofeelconfined.Theydisperseinresponsetopressuresathomeandtoappealingopportunitieselsewhere.

Now,venturingintothenight,wehavethesamemotivesasourpredecessorswhomigratedgeographically.Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.Thechancetoexploitfacilitiesthatareleftidlealsoarousesourinitiativetousemoreofthenight.Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.Otherslooktoittobetterthemselveseconomically.Itisnoaccidentthatpersonalmotivesforreliefandopportunityaresimilartothecausesofexpansionforthecommunityasawhole.Thosearetheage-oldforcesbehindallmigrations.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.TheexamplestheauthorcitesinPara.2(“Thereis…night”)illustrateablurringof（

）

3.Incontext,theuseof“Look”,“Hover,”and“Watch”(inPara.3)isintendedto（

）.

4.InPara.3,"both"mostdirectlyrefersto（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingactivitiesprovidesthebestexampleofthe"waytomultiply"asdiscussedinthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.persuadereaderstoincreasetheiruseofnighttimehours

B.arguethatconstanthumanactivityisharmfultoindividualsandgroups

C.explorehowthechanginguseoftimeisrelatedtothehistoryofhumanexpansion

D.critiquethewayinwhichchanginglaborpatternshavecometodominatehumanlife

问题2选项

A.ambitionandgreed

B.solitudeandcompanionship

C.theusesofnighttimeandofdaytime

D.thepurposesofworkandofrecreation

问题3选项

A.warnreadersofthethreatofunboundedmigration

B.invitereaderstoimaginehumanhistoryvisually

C.preparereaderstoanticipatechangeanditsconsequences

D.promotetheuseofnighttimehoursforworkorleisureactivities

问题4选项

A.workerproductivityandnationalwealth

B.scientificknowledgeandindividualwell-being

C.competingworkdemandsandavailabletime

D.inhabitedspaceandusabletime

问题5选项

A.Conductingeveningclassesinpublicschoolbuildings

B.Keepingmunicipalofficesopenduringthelunchhour

C.Enforcingcurfewlawsinresidentialneighborhoods

D.Addingmorebuildingstoafactorycomplex

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.本题是问这篇文章的写作目的，A项意为“为了规劝读者多加利用他们的午夜时间”；B项意为“为了讨论持续的人类活动对个人和团体是有害的”；C项意为“为了探讨对于不断利用时间与人们扩张的历史之间是如何联系的”；D项意为“为了批判不断变化的劳动方式已经主宰了人类的生活”。本题可通过文中出现的“spreading”、“edgenorthward’’、“Thisextensionacrossallhoursoftheday”以及“Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.日以继夜地，几千年以来，给我们揭示了人们的定居点不断扩大的网络以及天黑之后照明工具的延长”等都表明了本文的写作目的是分析人类活动的扩张与利用时间之间的关系，C选项符合题意。

2.本题是问第二段中所举的例子表明的意思。A项意为“野心和贪婪”；B项意为“孤独和陪伴”；C项意为“夜间和白天时间的利用”；D项意为“工作和娱乐的目的”。由第二段中的“Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.工厂普遍实行轮班制。机场、加油站、旅馆、餐馆和广播电台都在不停地运转。保险公司和银行的数据处理部门整夜都在忙碌。”列举了一些需要倒班的工作，所以举例的目的是为了说明人类对于夜间和白天时间的充分利用，C选项符合题意。

3.A项意为‘提醒读者无限迁移的所带来的威胁’；B项意为，‘邀请读者从视觉上想象人类的历史‘；C项意为‘为读者做好预期的变化和后果的准备’；D项意为‘推广在工作或者休闲活动中对于夜间时间的利用‘。题目中所给词look意为“看”;hover意为“盘旋”；watch意为“观察，观看”，这三个词语均与B项中的“visually（视觉上的）”对应。B选项符合题意。

4.A项意为“工人的生产力和国家财富”；B项意为“科学知识和个人幸福”；C项意为“充满竞争的工作需求和可利用的时间”；D项意为“居住空间和可利用的时间”。根据第一段中的‘havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime’在第一次占领了世界上大部分的可用空间后，我们正在填补其可用的时间和第二段最后一句‘Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.’表面不是均匀地被占据的。时间并不是统一的。可知both是指空间上和时间上的占有，D选项符合题意。

5.A项意为“在公立学校里设立夜校课程”；B项意为“在午饭时间开放市政办公”；C项意为“在住宅社区施行宵禁法”；D项意为“添加更多的工厂建筑”。文中最后一段提到了‘Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.在白天已经非常拥挤了，容纳量趋于紧张。’这个拥挤是指一些空间场所。再结合“Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.一些人不喜欢白天的骚动，渴望夜晚的宁静”，以及文中‘Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.’对waytomultiply的定义就是更多地利用同一个空间，所以A选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Happinessusedtohaveamuchbroadermeaning—tiedtotheideaofa_______andmeaningfullife一butnowit'salmostindistinguishablefrompleasure.

问题1选项

A.virtuous

B.depraved

C.vicious

D.malicious

【答案】A

【解析】virtuous善良的，有道德的；depraved堕落的，卑鄙的；vicious恶意的，刻毒的；malicious蓄意的，恶毒的。句意：在过去,幸福有一个更广泛的含义——与道德高尚和有意义的生活观念紧密联系在一起——但现在几乎和快乐无法区分。选项A符合句意。

9.单选题

Itisironicthatthe______insightsofthegreatthinkersarevoicedsooftenthattheyhavebecomemere______.

问题1选项

A.original...cliches

B.banal...beliefs

C.dubious...habits

D.philosophical...questions

【答案】A

【解析】形容词和名词词义辨析。original“原始的，最初的”；banal“陈腐的，平庸的”；dubious“可疑的，暧昧的”；philosophical“哲学的，冷静的”。cliches“陈词滥调”；belief“信仰”；habit“习惯”；question“问题”。句意：讽刺的是，这些伟大思想家最初的真知灼见经常被提及，以至于他们只不过变成了一些陈词滥调。选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

Themanagingdirectortookthe（

）fortheaccident,althoughitwasnotreallyhisfault.

问题1选项

A.guilt

B.charge

C.blame

D.accusation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。guilt意为“有罪，犯罪行为”；charge意为“收费，指控”；blame意为“(坏事或错事的)责任，责备”，taketheblamefor意为“承担……的责任”；accusation意为“指责，谴责”。

句意：总经理承担了事故的责任，尽管并不真的是他的错。

11.单选题

Inprevioustime,whenfreshmeatwasinshort(),pigeonswerekeptbymanyhouseholdsasasourceoffood.

问题1选项

A.storage

B.reserve

C.supply

D.provision

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。storage“贮藏库，存储”；reserve“储备，储存”；supply“供给；补给”；provision“供应品”。句意：在过去，当鲜肉短缺时，许多家庭饲养鸽子作为食物来源。表示供应短缺时固定使用inshortsupply。因此C选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Politicians,environmentalistsandbusinessmenfromallovertheworldassembledtodiscussthewaysof（）atmosphericpollution.

问题1选项

A.cuttingat

B.cuttingdown

C.cuttingoff

D.cuttingout

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项cutat“对准猛打；向……砍去”；B选项cutdown“削减；砍倒；杀死”；C选项cutoff“切断；使死亡”；D选项cutout“切断；删去；停止；关掉”。句意：来自世界各地的政治家、环保主义者和商人聚集在一起，讨论减少大气污染的方法。由题干中的“atmosphericpollution大气污染”可推测出“削减”符合语境，因此B选项正确。

13.单选题

Darkmatterintheuniverseis,believedbysomescientists,substancethatisnotreadilyobservablebecauseitdoesnotdirectlyrefractlightorenergy.Itsexistencecanonlybededucedbecauseoftheeffectthatithasonsurroundingmatter.Infact,somemembersofthescientificcommunityhavearguedthatdarkmatterdoesnotactuallyexist.Others,however,believeinitsexistence,inpartbecausethescientificcommunitydoesnothaveacompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.Ontheotherhand,somewouldarguethatitistheunderstandingofgravitationalsciencethatleadsmostscientiststobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatter,becausewithoutdarkmatter,therearemanycosmologicalphenomenathataredifficulttoexplain.

Forexample,darkmatterintheuniversemayhaveapeculiareffectontheMilkyWaygalaxy.Somescientistsbelievethattheinteractionbetweendarkmatterandothersmaller,nearbygalaxiesiscausingtheMilkyWaygalaxytotakeonawarpedprofile.Ithasbeenassertedthatnotonlydoesdarkmatterexist,itmayalsoberesponsiblefortheMilkyWay’sunusualshape.TheinteractionreferencedinvolvestwosmallergalaxiesneartheMilkyWay,calledMagllanicClouds,movingthroughanenormousamountofdarkmatter,which,ineffect,enhancesthegravitationalpullthatthetwoMagellanicCloudscouldhaveontheMilkyWayandothersurroundingbodies.Withouttheexistenceofthedarkmatter,theMagellanicCloudswouldnothavesufficientmasstohavesuchastrongeffectonthebendoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.

ThestrongestevidenceforthevalidityofthishypothesisrestsinNewtonianphysicsandthehypothesisthatanythingwithmasswillexertagravitationalpull.The