考研考博-英语-山东英才学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东英才学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.翻译题

ReadthefollowingParagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

尽管我们对“学习”的理解不尽完善，然而我们对此已有不少了解。“学习”可以呈现不同的形式，也可以在许多情况下进行。一般来说，“学习”必然会引起行为的变化。“学习”导致人们行为发生变化吋，这种变化常能持久。“学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。就好比你在钢琴上学习一首新的曲子。

【答案】

Althoughourunderstandingoflearningisstillnotcomplete,agreatdealisknown.Learninghasmanydifferentformsandtakesplaceundermanyconditions.Ingeneral,itinvolvesachangeinbehavior.Whenachangeinbehaviortakesplaceasaresultoflearning,thechangeisusuallyalong-lastingone.Learningmaymeanthatanumberofsmallindependentactsarearrangedinaneworder.Thishappens,forexample,whenyoulearntoplayanewpieceonthepiano.

2.单选题

Onweekendsmygrandmausually（）aglassofwine.

问题1选项

A.subscribesto

B.engagesin

C.indulgesin

D.hangson

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项subscribeto“订阅；同意；捐款”；B选项engagein“从事于”；C选项indulgein“沉湎于”；D选项hangon“坚持下去；不挂断”。句意：周末我奶奶通常……一杯酒。能与“一杯酒”搭配的只有C选项“沉湎于”。

3.单选题

7.

问题1选项

A.Two.

B.Three.

C.Four.

D.Five.

【答案】B

【解析】W:NowDaddyI’mwearingthisonyourchest.It’scalledstethocope.Itmightbealittlecold,I’llwarmitup.Feeltheend,OK?FirstofallI’lllistentoyourfrontandthenyourback.

M:Shehasgonethatalotoftimes.

Q:Howmanypeoplehavebeeninvolvedinthesituation?

【解析】推断题。父亲说：Shehasgonethatalotoftimes，由此推测，本段对话中除了父女俩还有第三人的存在。

4.单选题

Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.

Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.

Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitsmellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide.

Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygen-richsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfideproducingbacteriagainstheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.

Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise—anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.

Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebadbreathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.

Formostofus,filesimple,dry-mouthvarietyofbadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdry-mouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.

Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbad-breathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleistheydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.

1.Theunderlinedphrase“emanatefrom”in(Sent.2,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“（）”.

2.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?

3.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause（）.

4.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause（）.

5.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat（）.

问题1选项

A.thriveon

B.accountfor

C.originatefrom

D.descendfrom

问题2选项

A.Toothtrouble.

B.Sulfur-richfood.

C.Toomuchexercise.

D.Mentalstrain.

问题3选项

A.itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducing

B.itssmelladdstobadbreath

C.itkillssomehelpful

D.itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva

问题4选项

A.theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenough

B.theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteria

C.theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworse

D.theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus

问题5选项

A.offensivebreathcan’teasilybecured

B.elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreath

C.heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreath

D.offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.词义推测题。根据第一段第二句offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth（口臭来自口腔中的细菌），可知C选项“源自”符合题意，故C选项正确。A选项“靠，以”，B选项“对……负有责任；对……做出解释；（比例）占有”，以及D选项“传下来”意思不符合。因此C选项正确。

2.语义推测题。根据第五段第一、二句anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy（任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭。压力也是如此，尽管不知道为什么），可知精神紧张导致口臭，故D选项“精神紧张”正确。A选项“牙齿问题”：根据第二段第一句，医生最多能建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁，可知口臭与口腔清洁有关，没有提到和牙齿问题有关。B选项“高硫的食物”：根据第三段第二、三句，细菌以食物中的蛋白质为食，并排放硫化物这种口臭中最难闻的气体，可知并不是高硫食物导致口臭。C选项“运动过度”：根据第五段第一句，运动时用嘴呼吸产生口臭，可知不是运动过多导致口臭。因此D选项正确。

3.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows（只要唾液的正常流速放缓，就会有口臭）和第五段第一句Alcohol…anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath（酒精……任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭），酒精引发口臭，而口臭的原因就是唾液流速低于正常速度，可推断酒精影响唾液正常流动，故D选项“它影响唾液正常流动”正确。A选项“它能阻止致病细菌繁殖”：文章中没有提到任何方法阻止细菌繁殖，只有通过刷牙等清除细菌的方法。B选项“其气味加剧口臭”：根据第八段第二句，含有酒精的漱口水通过气味掩盖口臭，没有提到其气味加剧口臭。C选项“它能有效杀死细菌”：根据第八段第三、四句，漱口水可以杀死部分细菌，但不能杀死所有致病细菌，可知漱口水不能有效杀死细菌。因此D选项正确。

4.语义推测题。根据第八段第四句Thetroubleistheydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms（问题是它们不一定能接触到所有致病的细菌），thetrouble交代这是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的主要原因，故B选项“它们无法接触到所有致病细菌”正确。A选项“它们无法长时间掩盖难闻气味”：无法长时间掩盖气味是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的表现。C选项“它们浓烈的气味和口臭味道混合后加剧口臭”：根据第八段最后一句如果漱口水中含有酒精——大多数都含有——会加剧问题，可知漱口水含有酒精并且加剧口臭。D选项“它们不能覆盖厚厚的黏液层”：根据第八段倒数第二句，大多数细菌在厚层黏液中，漱口水不能杀死它们，没有说到为什么不能和漱口水能不能到达厚层黏液。因此B选项正确。

5.细节判断题。根据第二段Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.（直到几年前，医生能做的最多的就是建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁。现在他们正在寻找新的方法来治疗这种通常可以治愈的疾病），对于治愈口臭，前几年医生能做的有限，而且现在还在寻找方法治愈口臭，可见口臭不容易治愈，故A选项“口臭不容易治愈”正确。B选项“老年人口臭较少”：根据第六段第一句老年人比年轻人更多有口臭问题，可知老年人口臭问题更多。C选项“酗酒者较少受到口臭的影响”和D选项“口臭受酒精影响较小”：根据第五段第一句酒精……任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭，可知酒精加剧口臭问题并且影响不小。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Academicrecordsfromotherinstitutionsoftenbecomepartofauniversityofficialfileandcanneitherbereturnedtoastudentnor______.

问题1选项

A.explicated

B.complicated

C.duplicated

D.implicated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项explicated“说明，解释”；B选项complicated“使复杂化；使恶化；使卷入”；C选项duplicated“复制；使加倍”；D选项implicated“使卷入；涉及；暗指；影响”。句意：来自其他机构的学术记录通常会成为一所大学的官方所有文件，并且不会被返还给学生或者被复制。因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

Theydenouncedeficitspending,declaringthatyoucan’tsolvedebtproblemwithmoredebt.

问题1选项

A.condemn

B.dispute

C.contend

D.neglect

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项condemn“谴责；声讨”；B选项dispute“辩论；怀疑”；C选项contend“主张；为……斗争”；D选项neglect“疏忽；忽视；忽略”。句意：他们……赤字开支，宣称用更多的债务解决不了债务问题。根据名词deficitspending“赤字开支”即支出大于收入，也就是超前消费。对这一消费行为有人赞成，也有人否定。根据后面的关键信息youcan’tsolvedebtproblemwithmoredebt.“你不能用更多的债务来解决债务问题”由此看来，这里是不赞成超前消费的，有反对的意味。因此A选项符合题意。

7.单选题

VII.EconomicLaw

InsideinformationintheU.S.is“materialnonpublicinformation”.Theproblemis,allinformationtosomeextentisnon-public.Allinformationisatoncematerialtosomeinvestorstoacertainextentbutirrelevanttootherinvestorstoacertainextent.

Federallegislationdoesnotdefineinsideinformation.Definitionshavearisenthroughcontroversialcaselaw.However,insideinformationcanneverbecompletelydefinedbecauseallinformationis,tovaryingdegrees,nonpublic.UnlikeECMH,arealisticassumptionisthatmostinformationisunknownandoftenunknowableaswell.Forexample,mostpeopledonotknowgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.Yet,theGAAParewellestablishedandquitenecessarytoasolidfundamentalanalysisofanystock.IsGAAPinsideinformation?Areaccountants“insiders”?Dotheyhavean“unfair”tradingadvantage—fortheirknowledgeoffundamentalanalysisofstockvalues(ratios)doesinfactgivethematradingadvantageasWarrenBuffetexemplifies.Werightlydonotpunishaccountantsfortheirexpertise.Yettheirexpertiseisbasedonathoroughknowledgeofexactlythetypeofinformationthatisregardedas“inside”!

Theuntenabilityofthe“inside”informationdistinctionbecomesclearifwelookatinsidertradingfromtheperspectiveofinformationtheory.Information,likeanyproduct,hasalifecycle.Allinformationstartsitslifecycleas“unknown”.Informationatfirstisknownbynoone.Informationissomehowdiscoveredorinvented.Thenitis“knownonlybyafew”.Wemightcallthesepersons“insiders”andthelawsometimesdoes.This“inside”informationovertimeisdisseminatedataratecorrespondingtoitsvalue.Whendoestheinformationstopbeing“inside”andstartbeing“public”?Ithinkthatquestionisunanswerable.Inanyevent,onceaninformationbecomeswidelydisseminatedithaslittlevalue.Thevalueof“inside”informationexistsbecauseitisrare—likeanyproduct“rare”informationhasgreatervaluethan“common”information.Anditistheveryvalueofapieceofinformationthatencouragesitsdissemination.Outlawinguseof“inside”informationisaverygoodwaytoslowdownitspublication.Innoothermarketdowepunishthosewhowouldprofitfromtheirknowledge.Infact,inafewmarkets—patents,trademarksandcopyrights—thelawactuallymakesinformationmonopolies.Thevalueof“insider”informationdetermineshowrapidlyandtowhomtheinformationflows.Whenthelawimposesrestrictionsontheuseofinsiderinformationitisdistortingmarketprocesses,restrictinginformationflowandgeneratesmarketinefficiency.

75.Accordingtotheauthor,thevalueoftheinformationdependson___.

76.Thedescriptionthatthelifecycleofinformationstartsfrom“unknown”to“knownonlybyafew”,thento“public”isfollowingthe___.

77.Weonlypunishthosewhowouldprofitfromtheirknowledgein___market.

78.Inthefirsttwoparagraphs,theauthorwantstotellthereadersthat___.

问题1选项

A.thetypeoftheinformation

B.thespeedofitsdissemination

C.thelegalrestriction

D.itsrareness

问题2选项

A.statutoryrules

B.marketoperation

C.informationtheory

D.productlifecycle

问题3选项

A.intellectualproperties

B.securities

C.accounting

D.generalproduct

问题4选项

A.“insideinformation”isdifficulttobedefined

B.allinformationtosomeextentisnon-public,thus“inside”

C.theaccountantsknowledgeofGAAPcanalsobe“insideinformation”

D.Allinformationismaterialforsomeinvestorsbutirrelevantorknowntootherinvestors

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

【解析】75.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字定位到原文第二段Thevalueof“inside”informationexistsbecauseitisrare—likeanyproduct“rare”informationhasgreatervaluethan“common”information.（“内部”信息的价值之所以存在，是因为它是稀有的——就像任何产品一样，“稀有”信息比“普通”信息的价值更大）可知信息的价值取决于它的稀有程度，选D选项“稀有”；第二段Inanyevent,onceaninformationbecomeswidelydisseminatedithaslittlevalue.（无论如何，一旦信息被广泛传播，它就没有什么价值）可知是传播范围越广，信息就越没有价值，和传播速度无关，B选项“它传播的速度”属于过度推测，排除；A选项“信息的类型”和C选项“法律限制”和原文不符，排除。因此D选项正确。

76.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Information,likeanyproduct,hasalifecycle.（信息和任何产品一样，都有一个生命周期）可以推测出信息的生命周期和产品的生命周期相似，选D选项“产品生命周期”；A选项“法定规则”，B选项“市场运行”以及C选项“信息理论”和原文不符。因此D选项正确。

77.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第三段Innoothermarketdowepunishthosewhowouldprofitfromtheirknowledge.Infact,inafewmarkets—patents,trademarksandcopyrights—thelawactuallymakesinformationmonopolies.（在其他任何市场，我们都不会惩罚那些从他们的知识中获利的人。事实上，在一些市场——专利、商标和版权——法律实际上造成了信息垄断）可知在其他市场，依靠知识获利不会被惩罚，但是在“专利、商标和版权”这样的知识产权下，法律形成了垄断，即法律会保护知识产权，会惩罚那些用他们的知识在知识产权市场上获利的人，选A选项“知识产权”；第二段Werightlydonotpunishaccountantsfortheirexpertise.（我们不应该因为会计师的专业知识而惩罚他们）可知C选项“会计”是不会被惩罚，排除；B选项“证券”以及D选项“通用产品”原文未涉及，属于无中生有。因此A选项符合题意。

78.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】作者意图题。根据第一段中心句InsideinformationintheU.S.is“materialnonpublicinformation”.Theproblemis,allinformationtosomeextentisnon-public.（在美国，内部信息是“重要的非公开信息”。问题是，所有的信息在某种程度上都是非公开的）可知所有的消息在某种程度上都是“非公开的”，所以很难定义内部消息。以及第二段中心句Federallegislationdoesnotdefineinsideinformation…However,insideinformationcanneverbecompletelydefinedbecauseallinformationis,tovaryingdegrees,nonpublic.（联邦立法没有对内幕信息进行定义……然而，内幕信息永远无法被完全定义，因为所有的信息在不同程度上都是非公开的）可知第二段还是在强调内部信息是无法完全被定义的，因为所有的信息在不同程度上都是非公开的，则选A选项“‘内幕消息’很难定义”；B选项“所有信息在某种程度上是非公开的，因此是‘内部的’”和第一二段的逻辑关系不符，B选项主要强调信息在某种程度上非公开导致是“内部消息”，但是一二段强调信息在某种程度上非公开导致“内部消息”无法被定义，B选项排除；C选项“会计知识的GAAP也可以是‘内部信息’”是第二段的片面内容，D选项“所有信息对某些投资者来说是重要的，但对其他投资者来说是无关的或已知的”是第一段的片面内容，C选项和D选项都是以偏概全，排除。因此A选项正确。

8.单选题

Thesefundswillcomewithstringentconditionsthatwillimposeexternalfinancialcontrolsand（）heavilyonIceland’shard-wonsovereignindependence.

问题1选项

A.impinge

B.affect

C.afflict

D.impact

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项impinge“妨碍，侵犯”；B选项affect“影响，感染”，一般和介词to搭配；C选项afflict“折磨，使痛苦”；D选项impact“影响，冲突”。句意：这些资金将附带严格的条件，强制实施外部金融控制，并严重侵犯了冰岛来之不易的主权独立。这里是指侵犯主权，所以选项A更符合语境。

9.单选题

YangtzeRiverflowsatawidthofupto2kmandanaveragedepthofbetween6and15mthroughalargeplainwithmanylakes.Thisareais()toseverefloodingandaccumulationofriversediment.

问题1选项

A.object

B.particular

C.subject

D.prone

【答案】C

【解析】句意：长江流经一个有许多湖泊的大平原，这个平原宽达2公里，平均深度在6至15米之间。这个地区经常发生严重的水灾和河流泥沙淤积。objectto对……反对；particular特别，尤其，不与to搭配；subjectto使遭受；proneto有……倾向的。选项C符合句意。

10.单选题

Weshallprobablyneverbeableto（）theexactnatureofthesesub-atomicparticles.

问题1选项

A.assert

B.inform

C.ascertain

D.notify

【答案】C

【解析】assert断言，声称；inform通知；ascertain探明，确定；notify通知，公布。句意：我们可能永远无法确定这些亚原子粒子的确切性质。选项C符合句意。

11.单选题

Educationinmostofthedevelopingworldisshocking.HalfofchildreninSouthAsiaandathirdofthoseinAfricawhocompletefouryearsofschoolingcannotreadproperly.Mostgovernmentshavepromisedtoprovideuniversalprimaryeducationandtopromotesecondaryeducation.Butevenwhenpublicschoolsexist,theyoftenfail.

Thefailureofstateeducation,combinedwiththeshiftinemergingeconomiesfromfarmingtojobsthatneedatleastamodicumofeducation,hascausedaprivate-schoolboom.AccordingtotheWorldBank,acrossthedevelopingworldafifthofprimary-schoolchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools,twiceasmanyas20yearsago.Somanyprivateschoolsareunregisteredthattherealfigureislikelytobemuchhigher.

Byandlarge,politiciansandeducationalistsareunenthusiastic.Governmentsseeeducationasthestate'sjob.NGOstendtobeideologicallyopposedtotheprivatesector.TheU.N.Specialrapporteuroneducation.KishoreSingh,hassaidthat“for-profiteducationshouldnotbeallowedinordertosafeguardthenoblecauseofeducation”.

Thisattitudeharmsthosewhomeducationalistsclaimtoserve:children.Theboominprivateeducationisexcellentnewsforthemandtheircountries,forthreereasons.

First,itisbringinginmoney—notjustfromparents,butalsofrominvestors,someinsearchofaprofit.Mostprivateschoolsinthedevelopingworldaresingleoperatorsthatchargeafewdollarsamonth,butchainsarenowemerging.

Second,privateschoolsareoftenbettervalueformoneythanstateones.Measuringthisishard,sincethechildrenwhogotoprivateschoolstendtobebetteroff,andthereforelikelytoperformbetter.Butarigorousfour-yearstudyof6,000pupilsinAndhraPradesh,insouthernIndia,suggestedthatprivatepupilsperformedbetterinEnglishandHindithanpublic-schoolpupils,andtheprivateschoolsachievedtheseresultsatathirdofthecostofthepublicschools.

Lastly,privateschoolsareinnovative.Sincetechnologyhasgreat(thoughasyetmostlyunrealized)potentialineducation,thiscouldbeimportant.Bridgegivesteacherstabletslinkedtoacentralsystemthatprovidesteachingmaterialsandmonitorstheirwork.Suchrobo-teachingmaynotbeideal,butitisbetterthanlessonswithouteithermaterialormonitoring.

Theprivatesectorhasproblems.Butthealternativeisoftenapublicschoolthatisworse—ornoschoolatall.Thegrowthofprivateschoolsisamanifestationofthehealthiestofinstincts:parents’desiretodothebestfortheirchildren.Governmentsshouldthereforebeaskingnothowtodiscourageprivateeducation,buthowtoboostit.Ideally,theywouldsubsidizeprivateschools,preferablythroughavoucherwhichparentscouldspendattheschoolsoftheirchoiceandtopup;theywouldregulateschoolstoensurequality;theywouldrunpublicexamstohelpparentsmakeinformedchoice.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,thestategovernmentsindevelopingcountriesfailto（

）.

2.TheauthormentionsKishoreSinghinordertoshow

（

）.

3.Privateschoolssurpassthepubliconesinthat

（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheprivateeducation?

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethetitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.providepropereducationforalltheschoolagechildren

B.fulfilltheirpromisesbyestablishingenoughpublicschools

C.improveeducationqualityoftheexistingpublicschools

D.speedupthesocialshiftfromfarmingtomanufacturing

问题2选项

A.howstategovernmentsdislikeprivateeducation

B.whyNGOsaresomuchopposedtoprivatesectors

C.howweshouldsafeguardthenobilityofeducation

D.whatthesocialmainstreamthinksoftheprivateschool

问题3选项

A.theycanobtainmoremoneyfromparents

B.theyhaveachievedbetterteachingquality

C.theycanmakebetteruseofmoneyandinnovate

D.theycanusetabletstoassistteaching

问题4选项

A.Itmeetstheneedofsocialdevelopment.

B.Itshouldbesuspendedandreorganized.

C.Itshouldnotberunpurelyafterhighprofits.

D.Itisencouragedtoreplacepubliceducation.

问题5选项

A.WhyArePrivateSchoolsBoomingSoFast?

B.ShouldPrivateEducationBeHelpedorCurbed?

C.HowShouldtheGovernmentImproveEducation?

D.WhatShouldtheStateDowithPublicSchools?

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段最后两句“Mostgovernmentshavepromisedtoprovideuniversalprimaryeducationandtopromotesecondaryeducation.Butevenwhenpublicschoolsexist,theyoftenfail.大多数政府承诺提供普遍的初等教育以及促进中等教育的发展。但即使公立学校存在，它们通常还是失败了。”再根据第一段前面的内容可推断，发展中国家的政府没有履行他们的承诺，没有建立足够的公立学校。选项B符合原文；选项A和选项C在文中没有提及；选项D是私立学校繁荣的原因之一，不符合题意。所以只有选项B正确。

2.细节事实题。根据关键词“KishoreSingh”定位第三段“KishoreSingh,hassaidthat‘for-profiteducationshouldnotbeallowedinordertosafeguardthenoblecauseofeducation’”联合国教育特别报告员KishoreSingh曾表示：“为了捍卫教育的崇高事业，不应该允许营利性教育。”这是对原文中上一句“NGOstendtobeideologicallyopposedtotheprivatesector.非政府组织往往在意识形态上反对私营部门”的解释，说明非政府组织反对私营机构的理由。因此选项B符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据原文倒数两段的首句“privateschoolsareoftenbettervalueformoneythanstateones.私立学校通常比公立学校更物有所值。”也就是能够充分利用资金。“privateschoolsareinnovative.”私立学校具有创新性。所以选项C符合原文。选项A显然不是私立学校超越公立学校的原因；选项B在文中没有提及；选项D表述过于片面。

4.判断推理题。根据最后一段第三句“Governmentsshouldthereforebeaskingnothowtodiscourageprivateeducation,buthowtoboostit.政府不应该打击私营教育，而应该大力发展私营教育。”由此可推断，作者认为私营教育是符合社会发展的需求的。选项A正确。选项B与作者的观点不符；选项C在文中没有提及；选项D表述过于绝对。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，作者首先指出了发展中国家政府在公立教育方面的失败，接着提到私营教育的发展，政府反对私营教育，而作者认为应该大力发展私营教育，所以本文的主要内容是讨论支持还是反对私营教育。选项B最为恰当。

12.单选题

Expertssaidtheamountofcompensationforsicksmokerswouldbereducedifcoolerjurorsprevailed.

问题1选项

A.resigned

B.compromised

C.persisted

D.dominated

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。prevail表示“盛行，流行，战胜”；A项resign“辞职，放弃”，B项compromise“妥协，和解”，C项persist“坚持”，D项dominate“占主导地位，支配，控制”。句意：专家表示，如果冷酷的陪审员获胜，对生病吸烟者的赔偿金额将会减少。根据句意可知，选择D项正确。

13.单选题

TherailwayticketforonesinglejourneybetweenBeijingandShanghaiis（

）forfivedays.

问题1选项

A.fruitful

B.beneficial

C.valid

D.effective

【答案】C

【解析】句意:北京和上海之间的单程火车票五日内有效。

考查形容词辨析。Fruitful成果丰硕的,富有成效的;beneficial有利的;valid有效的,(正式)认可的,符合逻辑的;effective有效果的,起作用的。这里指火车票的有效时间,故C符合句意。

14.单选题

Manyofusbelievedthatperson’smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.LissyF.JfessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngles,andaboardmemberoftheNewCenterforAgingattheVeteransHospital.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins,whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDrJarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected.

However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltaskthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlyintothe30sand40s,butintothe60sand70saswell.

Asforlearningnewthings,andabilitytoremember,studiesbyDr.Jarvikandothersshowthattheoldareequaltotheyoung.Itistruethatolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthatthememoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecall“lossofmemory”isnotthatatall.Thereusuallywasincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.

Inthecaseswheretheolderperson’smindreallyseemstodecay,itisnotnecessarilyasignofadecayduetooldageor“senility”.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotionalstate.Thisdepressionusuallycanbecounteractedbycounselingtherapywithapsychologist,ormedicationswhichfightdepression.

InAmericansociety,whenanolderpersonlosessomething,wetendtocallhimorher“senile”.Butnoticethatwhenayoungerpersonlosessomething,hedoesnotblameitonsenilityorlossofmemory.Hefindssomeotherexcuses.

1.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik’sstudies,middle-agedandoldpersonsshouldexpectto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,lossofmemoryisusuallycausedby（

）.

3.Usually,whatappearstobesenilityisreally（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementswilltheauthormostprobablysupport?

5.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.rememberless

B.reasonbetter

C.learnfewernewthings

D.loselittleabilitytoremember,reasonorlearn

问题2选项

A.poorlearning

B.inattention

C.tryingtolearntoofast

D.noneoftheabove

问题3选项

A.depression

B.mentalinactivity

C.lossofmemory

D.physicallyweak

问题4选项

A.Bothyoungerandolderpersonsshouldrealizethatsenilityismuchmorecommonthanmostofusbelieve.

B.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthattheonlyfactorthatdeclinedovertheyearswaspsycho-motorspeed.

C.InAmerica,youngerpersonsneverloseanything,eitherbecauseofsenilityorlossofmemory.

D.Dr.Jarvik'sresearchrevealsthattheolderperson’smindreallyseemsnevertodecay.

问题5选项

A.ResearchRevealsOldMythsaboutMind’sDecline

B.OldAgeAcceleratesMind’sDecline

C.ANewPsychiatricTheorySavesOlderPersons

D.HowtoKeepMentallyActive

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段“Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlyintothe30sand40s,butintothe60sand70saswell.贾维克博士的研究表明，知识和推理能力并没有下降。不仅在30岁和40岁