考研考博-英语-南京信息工程大学押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京信息工程大学押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Shoppingmallshavesomeadvantageinsufferingfromshorterperiodsof（）business.

问题1选项

A.stale

B.slack

C.ferrous

D.abundant

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。stale不新鲜的，可以指食物，也可以指事情；slack松弛的，不活跃的；生意不景气的；ferrous含铁的；abundant大量的，充足的。句子中与business搭配的应该是slack,slackbusiness指“生意不景气，萧条”。

2.单选题

Moreoftenthannot,itisdifficultto（

）theexactmeaningofaChineseidiominEnglish.

问题1选项

A.exchange

B.transfer

C.convey

D.convert

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。句意:多数情况下，人们很难用英语（

）中国成语的意思。

Exchange交换,例如exchangeideas交换意见;transfer交换，改变;convey表达;convert使转变，改变信仰;。故C项符合句意。

3.单选题

_______nothingmoretosay,themangottohisfeet,saidgoodbyeandlefttheroom.

问题1选项

A.Therewas

B.Astherebeing

C.Being

D.Therebeing

【答案】D

【解析】考查therebe句型。therebe结构的独立主格的用法。选项D符合题意。句意：男子没有多说什么，起身道别，离开了房间。

4.单选题

Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandrelativesense:ThesurfaceoftheEarthisfinite,imposingabsolutescarcity;butthescarcitythatconcernseconomistsistherelativescarcityofresourcesindifferentuses.Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.

Thecostofaproductintermsofmoneymaynotmeasureitstruecosttosociety.Thetruecostof,say,theconstructionofasupersonicjetisthevalueoftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasaresult.Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety’savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.Indecidinghowtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythewantsofthecommunity,thisopportunitycostmustultimatelybetakenintoaccount.

Inamarketeconomy,thepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplieddependonthecostofmakingit,andthatcost,ultimately,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanismenforcesthisrelationship.Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.Butthepriceoftheseinputs,inturn,dependsonwhattheycanproduceelsewhere—iftheleathercanbeusedtoproducehandbagsthatarevaluedhighlybyconsumers,thepricesofleatherwillbebidupcorrespondingly.

1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whataretheopportunitycostsofanitem?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherelationshipbetweenproductionandresources?

4.Whatdeterminesthepriceofagoodinamarketeconomy?

5.WhichofthefollowingexamplesBESTreflectsacosttosocietyasdefinedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Thescarcityofmanufacturedgoods.

B.Thevalueofscarcematerials.

C.Themanufacturingofscarcegoods.

D.Thecostofproducingshoes.

问题2选项

A.Theamountoftimeandmoneyspentinproducingit.

B.Theopportunitiesapersonhastobuyit.

C.Thevalueofwhatcouldhavebeenproducedinstead.

D.Thevalueoftheresourcesusedinitsproduction.

问题3选项

A.Availableresourcesstimulateproduction.

B.Resourcesaretotallyindependentofproduction.

C.Productionincreasesasresourcesincrease.

D.Productionlessenstheamountofavailableresources.

问题4选项

A.Thecostofallelementsinproduction.

B.Thecostofnotmakingothergoods.

C.Theefficiencyofthemanufacturingprocess.

D.Thequantityofmaterialssupplied.

问题5选项

A.Afamilybuyingadog.

B.Eatinginarestaurantinsteadofathome.

C.Usinglandforahouseinsteadofapark.

D.Stayingathomeinsteadofgoingtoschool.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据全文可知文章三段均围绕短缺原料的价值进行说明。文章第一段说明了什么叫原料相对短缺，第二段说明了什么叫机会成本，第三段说明了原料的价格是由什么决定的。A选项“制成品的缺乏”说法错误，文章更多的是描写原料的短缺，而非制成品；B选项“稀有材料的价值”符合题意；C选项“稀有商品的制造”文章没有提到；D选项“生产鞋子的成本”可定位到文章第三段“Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.（比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、劳动力、燃料和其他生产过程中所消耗的元素的价格。）”，由此可知D选项只是文章中列举的一个例子，并不能概括全文。因此B选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety’savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.（每一种生产行为都会消耗一些社会可用资源；它意味着放弃一个生产其他东西的机会。）”，由此可知机会成本是用可生产的其他商品来衡量的，所以C选项“可生产的其他商品的价值”符合题意。A选项“生产它所花费的时间和金钱”只能说是生产成本，不是机会成本；B选项“人们必须购买它的机会”；D选项“在生产中使用的资源的价值”文中都没有提到。因此C选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.（用于一个目的产品的材料不能同时用于其他产品；如果投入的材料数量是有限的，那么在另一个制造过程中增加投入材料的使用量必然会导致投入的其他用途的可用性降低。）”，由此可知社会总资源是有限的，用掉其中一些就会使总量减少并限制其他商品的生产，所以D选项“生产减少了可用资源的数量”符合题意。A选项“可用资源刺激生产”文中没有提到；B选项“资源完全独立于生产”说法错误，资源不可能独立于生产；C选项“产量随着资源的增加而增加”说法错误，产量的增加不止取决于资源。因此D选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Inamarketeconomy,thepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplieddependonthecostofmakingit（市场经济条件下，商品的价格和产量取决于其成本）”，然后又提到“Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.（比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、劳动力、燃料和其他生产过程中所消耗的元素的价格。）”，由此可知商品的价格取决于生产过程中所有要素的成本，所以A选项“生产中所有要素的成本”符合题意。B选项“不生产其他商品的成本”和C选项“制造过程的效率”以及D选项“材料的数量”都包含在A选项中，因此A选项正确。

5.判断推理题。文章主要阐述了经济学里面的一个重要概念——“机会成本”，是讲商品生产和社会资源之间的关系。A选项“一户人家买了一只狗”；B选项“在餐馆吃饭而不是在家里”；C选项“用土地建房子而不是建公园”；D选项“待在家里而不是去上学”。A、B、D选项均未涉及到生产领域，因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

OnJanuary1st,manypeoplemakeaNewYear（）.

问题1选项

A.intention

B.determination

C.dedication

D.resolution

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项intention“意向，意图，目的”；B选项determination“决心，果断（指自觉地正式表示的决心,含极强的主观能动意味）”；C选项dedication“奉献，献身”；D选项resolution“决议，决心（侧重坚定不移的顽强意志力）”。句意：在1月1日，许多人都许下新年_____。NewYearresolution是固定搭配，意为“新年愿望”，因此D选项符合题意。

6.单选题

Thatstudentisdiscourteous;hegrumblesnomatterhowonetriestopleasehim.

问题1选项

A.giggles

B.scolds

C.complains

D.sneers

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项giggle“咯咯地笑，傻笑”，B项scold“骂，责骂”，C项complain“抱怨，控诉”，D项sneer“嘲笑，冷笑”。句意：那个学生很无礼，不管别人怎么讨好他，他总是发牢骚。根据句意可知，grumble在句中表示“发牢骚”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是C项。因此，该题选择C项。

7.单选题

FossilsarethetracesofplantsandanimalsofpastgeologicalagesthathavebeenpreservedintheEarth'scrust

问题1选项

A.registers

B.residue

C.profusion

D.precursors

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。trace意为“踪迹，痕迹”；register意为“注册，登记”；residue意为“残留物，残渣”；profusion意为“大量，众多”；precursor意为“先驱，先锋”。

句意：化石是过去地质时代的动植物在地壳中保存下来的痕迹。

8.单选题

Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost（

）areasinJapaneselife.

问题1选项

A.sophisticated

B.competitive

C.considerate

D.superficial

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。sophisticated“久经世故的；复杂的”；competitive“有竞争力的”；considerate“体贴的”；superficial“肤浅的”。句意：因为有一个好的大学文凭就能找到一个更好的工作，所以教育是日本生活中最具有竞争力的领域之一。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

Ifwedon’tstopflirtingwiththosedeathlynuclearweapons,thewholeglobewillbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.contaminated

B.polluted

C.annihilated

D.invaded

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contaminate“污染，玷污，腐蚀（人的思想或品德）”；B选项pollute“污染，弄脏”；C选项annihilate“消灭，毁灭，彻底击败”；D选项invade“侵入，侵略”。flirtwith表示“调戏，玩弄，不认真地考虑”，deathlynuclearweapons表示“致命核武器”，结合语境可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：如果我们不停止玩弄那些致命的核武器，整个世界将被毁灭。

10.翻译题

许多人觉得跟计算机打交道比跟人打交道更自在。计算机更有耐心，不会对操作的人评头论足。许多学生向教师请教的时候，总会感到紧张，他们乐于向计算机提问。有些病人更愿意向计算机而不是向医生说明自己的病情，甚至出现了能够解决心理问题的计算机程序，因为许多人觉得与别人讨论自己的心理问题不太自在。

【答案】答：

Manypeoplefeelthatit’smorecomfortabletodealwithcomputersthanwithpeople.Theywillnotfeeljudgedbecausethecomputerismorepatient.Manystudentsfeelnervouswhentheyaskteachersforadvice,sotheyaremorewillingtoturntocomputers.Somepatientsprefertoexplaintheirillnesstoacomputerratherthanadoctor.Asaresult,thereareevencomputerprogramsthatcandealwithpsychologicalproblems,becausemanyfeeluncomfortablediscussingtheirpsychologicalproblemswithothers.

11.单选题

Hecould（）shadowyfigureofamanstandingamongthetrees.

问题1选项

A.disguise

B.discern

C.disinterest

D.discover

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项disguise“掩饰；假装”；B选项discern“察觉出；识别”；C选项disinterest“使不关心；使没兴趣”；D选项discover“发现；发觉”。句意：他能够……站在树与树之间的人的模糊身影。根据关键词shadowyfigureofaman“一个人的模糊身影”，在句中他有这个能力识别出那个模糊的身影。因此B选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Hewasfilledwithapprehensionaboutthefuture.

问题1选项

A.fear

B.hesitation

C.excitement

D.eagerness

【答案】A

【解析】根据句意可知，apprehension意为恐惧。fear害怕，恐惧；hesitation犹豫；excitement刺激，兴奋；eagerness渴望，热心。选项A与之意思相近。

13.问答题

Asimpleideaunderpinsscience:"trust,butverify".Resultsshouldalwaysbesubjecttochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimplebutpowerfulideahasgeneratedavastbodyofknowledge.Sinceitsbirthinthe17thcentury,modernsciencehaschangedtheworldbeyondrecognition,andoverwhelminglyforthebetter.

Butsuccesscanbreedcomplacency.Modernscientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying—tothedetrimentofthewholeofscience,andofhumanity.

Toomanyofthefindingsthatfilltheacademicetheraretheresultofshoddyexperimentsorpooranalysis(seearticle).Aruleofthumbamongbiotechnologyventure-capitalistsisthathalfofpublishedresearchcannotbereplicated.Eventhatmaybeoptimistic.Lastyearresearchersatonebiotechfirm,Amgen,foundtheycouldreproducejustsixof53"landmark"studiesincancerresearch.Earlier,agroupatBayer,adrugcompany,managedtorepeatjustaquarterof67similarlyimportantpapers.A

leadingcomputerscientistfretsthatthree-quartersofpapersinhissubfieldarebunk.In2000―2010roughly80,000patientstookpartinclinicaltrialsbasedonresearchthatwaslaterretractedbecauseofmistakesorimproprieties.

Evenwhenflawedresearchdoesnotputpeople'slivesatrisk—andmuchofitistoofarfromthemarkettodoso—itsquandersmoneyandtheeffortsofsomeoftheworld'sbestminds.Theopportunitycostsofstymiedprogressarehardtoquantify,buttheyarelikelytobevast.Andtheycouldberising.

Onereasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Inthe1950s,whenmodernacademicresearchtookshapeafteritssuccessesintheSecondWorldWar,itwasstillararefiedpastime.Theentireclubofscientistsnumberedafewhundredthousand.Astheirrankshaveswelled,to6m—7mactiveresearchersonthelatestreckoning,scientistshavelosttheirtasteforself-policingandqualitycontrol.Theobligationto"publishorperish"hascometoruleoveracademiclife.Competitionforjobsiscutthroat.FullprofessorsinAmericaearnedonaverage$135,000in2012—morethanjudgesdid.EveryyearsixfreshlymintedPhDsvieforeveryacademicpost.Nowadaysverification(thereplicationofotherpeople'sresults)doeslittletoadvancearesearcher'scareer.Andwithoutverification,dubiousfindingsliveontomislead.

Careerismalsoencouragesexaggerationandthecherry-pickingofresults.Inordertosafeguardtheirexclusivity,theleadingjournalsimposehighrejectionrates:inexcessof90%ofsubmittedmanuscripts.Themoststrikingfindingshavethegreatestchanceofmakingitontothepage.Littlewonderthatoneinthreeresearchersknowsofacolleaguewhohaspeppedupapaperby,say,excludinginconvenientdatafromresults"basedonagutfeeling".Andasmoreresearchteamsaroundtheworldworkonaproblem,theoddsshortenthatatleastonewillfallpreytoanhonestconfusionbetweenthesweetsignalofagenuinediscoveryandafreakofthestatisticalnoise.Suchspuriouscorrelationsareoftenrecordedinjournalseagerforstartlingpapers.Iftheytouchondrinkingwine,goingsenileorlettingchildrenplayvideogames,theymaywellcommandthefrontpagesofnewspapers,too.

Conversely,failurestoproveahypothesisarerarelyevenofferedforpublication,letaloneaccepted."Negativeresults"nowaccountforonly14%ofpublishedpapers,downfrom30%in1990.Yetknowingwhatisfalseisasimportanttoscienceasknowingwhatistrue.Thefailuretoreportfailuresmeansthatresearcherswastemoneyandeffortexploringblindalleysalreadyinvestigatedbyotherscientists.

Thehallowedprocessofpeerreviewisnotallitiscrackeduptobe,either.Whenaprominentmedicaljournalranresearchpastotherexpertsinthefield,itfoundthatmostofthereviewersfailedtospotmistakesithaddeliberatelyinsertedintopapers,evenafterbeingtoldtheywerebeingtested.

Allthismakesashakyfoundationforanenterprisededicatedtodiscoveringthetruthabouttheworld.Whatmightbedonetoshoreitup?Onepriorityshouldbeforalldisciplinestofollowtheexampleofthosethathavedonemosttotightenstandards.Astartwouldbegettingtogripswithstatistics,especiallyinthegrowingnumberoffieldsthatsiftthroughuntoldoodlesofdatalookingforpatterns.Geneticistshavedonethis,andturnedanearlytorrentofspeciousresultsfromgenomesequencingintoatrickleoftrulysignificantones.

Ideally,researchprotocolsshouldberegisteredinadvanceandmonitoredinvirtualnotebooks.Thiswouldcurbthetemptationtofiddlewiththeexperiment'sdesignmidstreamsoastomaketheresultslookmoresubstantialthantheyare.(Itisalreadymeanttohappeninclinicaltrialsofdrugs,butcomplianceispatchy.)Wherepossible,trialdataalsoshouldbeopenforotherresearcherstoinspectandtest.

Themostenlightenedjournalsarealreadybecominglessaversetohumdrumpapers.Somegovernmentfundingagencies,includingAmerica'sNationalInstitutesofHealth,whichdishout$30billiononresearcheachyear,areworkingouthowbesttoencouragereplication.Andgrowingnumbersofscientists,especiallyyoungones,understandstatistics.Butthesetrendsneedtogomuchfurther.Journalsshouldallocatespacefor"uninteresting"work,andgrant-giversshouldsetasidemoneytopayforit.Peerreviewshouldbetightened—orperhapsdispensedwithaltogether,infavourofpost-publicationevaluationintheformofappendedcomments.Thatsystemhasworkedwellinrecentyearsinphysicsandmathematics.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Sciencestillcommandsenormous—ifsometimesbemused—respect.Butitsprivilegedstatusisfoundedonthecapacitytoberightmostofthetimeandtocorrectitsmistakeswhenitgetsthingswrong.Anditisnotasiftheuniverseisshortofgenuinemysteriestokeepgenerationsofscientistshardatwork.Thefalsetrailslaiddownbyshoddyresearchareanunforgivablebarriertounderstanding.

【答案】Inthispassage,theauthorpointsoutaseriousproblemexistinginmodernscience,thatis,scientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying,whichhasdeterioratedthewholescienceandhumanity.

Inthelatterpassage,theauthoranalyzedthereasonswiththedetailedexamplesasproofs.Thefirstreasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Thegreatlyincreasingpopulationofthescientistsimposedfiercecompetitionandforcedthemtopublishtheirarticlesregardlessoftheacademicquality.What'smore,highrejectionratesoftheleadingjournalsencouragenegativelyresearcherstoexcludeinconvenientdatafromresultsbasedonlyonsensationstooptimizetheirresearchandwintheopportunitytobepublished.

Lateron,theauthorofferssomesuggestionstosolvetheproblem.Onepriorityistomakedisciplinestightenstandards.Journalsshouldsparespacefor"uninteresting"workandacceptthosepapersconcernedwiththe"negativeresults".Governmentfundingagenciesshouldsetasidemoneytosupportandencouragereplication.Peerreviewshouldbetightened.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Atlast,theauthorrestatesandemphasizestheimportanceforsciencetoberightanditscapacitytobecorrected.Thefalseresearchescanonlyhindertheprocessofunderstanding.

14.单选题

Ifeltmyself（）andmyhandstrembledasIread:Wehaveyourson.Heissafesofar.Ifyouobeyordershewillbesoonbebackwithyou.

问题1选项

A.begrowingcold

B.growcold

C.havegrowncold

D.togrowcold

【答案】B

【解析】感官动词如feel,see,watch,hear后面接动词原形或动名词,

首先排除选项A和D。根据句意：当我读到:“你的儿子在我们手里,

他目前很安全,

只要你遵守约定,

他将很快回到你身边”时,

我感到不寒而栗,

手也开始颤抖。这里用一般现在时即可,

选项B正确。

15.单选题

Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkeys’socialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,andingeneral,anytimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.

Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevenmoreseriousaggression,whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorderinthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkeys’behavior?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,studiessuchasSouthwick’shadwhichofthefollowingeffectsoninvestigatorstheoriesaboutmonkeys'socialbehavior?

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto（

）.

6.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

问题1选项

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.explainingthereasonsforresearchers'interestinmonkeys'socialbehavior

D.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators’theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

问题2选项

A.Fooddeprivationhasnoeffectonaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

C.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-timeaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

D.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

问题3选项

A.Theycastdoubtoninvestigators'theoriesthatcouldaccountforobservedpatternsofaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Theysuggestedthatexistingtheoriesabouttheroleofaggressionamongmonkeysdidnotfullyaccountforthemonkeys'abilitytomaintainanestablishedsocialorder.

C.Theyconfirmedinvestigators*theoriesaboutmonkeys’aggressiveresponsetocompetitionforfoodandwater

D.Theyconfirmedinvestigators’beliefsaboutthemotivationforcontinuedaggressionamongmonkeysinthesamesocialgroup

问题4选项

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

D.situationsthatelicitaggressivebehaviorcanbestudiedinalaboratory

问题5选项

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanther

D.protectindividualsseekingtobecomemembersofthatgroupfrommassattack

问题6选项

A.Howdoesthereductionofspaceaffectintra-groupaggressionamongmonkeysinanexperimentalsetting?

B.Dofamilyunitswithinamonkeysocialgroupcompetewithotherfamilyunitsforfood?

C.Whatarethemechanismsbywhichthesocialorderofanestablishedgroupofmonkeyscontrolsaggressionwithinthatgroup?

D.Howdomonkeysengagedinaggressionwithothermonkeyssignalsubmission?

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:A

【解析】1.文章主要介绍了猴群侵略和敌对行为的研究理论。根据文章第一句，即本文的中心和主旨句：Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.研究猴子的社会行为的人总是被猴子的攻击潜力和因此而产生的对其攻击行为的社会控制的需要所震惊。确定D选项‘探讨研究人员关于猴子攻击性理论的发展‘正确。

2.根据文章第三段：Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.在极端缺乏食物的情况下，对野生动物的研究同样显示，饥饿的猴子几乎把所有可用的能量都用于觅食，几乎没有剩余的能量用于攻击性的互动。‘fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression可知答案为D选项‘食物匮乏可能会暂时增加猴子的攻击性，但也会导致冲突减少。’正确。

3.根据文中第三段However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.然而，当像Southwick关于减少空间或食物储备的实验没有产生比群体内攻击性暂时增加更多的结果时，激励竞争的动机开始受到质疑。确定研究人员对Southwick’s的动机理论存在怀疑，而非涉及到社会秩序，所以A选项‘他们对研究人员的理论提出了质疑，这些理论可以解释猴子被观察到的攻击模式‘正确。

4.根据文章最后一段，可知猴群是等级秩序很严格的，猴子特别注重猴群内的等级，猴群对于外来者，往往会产生敌对行为，而对于外来者来说，也是对猴群的威胁，C选项‘mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem’符合题意。

5.根据文章最后一段：Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.这些对入侵者的研究表明，同一物种的成年成员第一次相互介绍时表现出相当大的敌意，因为在缺乏社会秩序的情