从“环境换取增长”到“环境优化增长”-环境与经济关系的转

企业在实施科学发展观中的环保责任和发展机遇

Theresponsibilityinenvironmentalprotectionanddevelopmentopportunityforenterpriseduringimplementationofscientificdevelopmentoutlook

ByXiaGuangChiefdirectorandresearcherofStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChina1

这次会议论题是如何使企业在环境保护和可持续发展方面发挥更加重要的作用。Thetopicofthismeetingishowtomakeenterpriseplaymoreimportantroleinenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabledevelopment.

对企业在环境保护和国家可持续发展中的作用的一个认识：企业的环境保护责任正在日益增加和日趋严格，企业的环境保护意识正在逐步唤起和提高，Understandingoftheroleofenterprisesinenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabledevelopment:enterpriseresponsibilityinenvironmentalprotectionisincreasinglystrongerwithmorerigidrequirement.Enterpriseawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionisbeinggraduallyarisenandenhanced.企业通过承担环保责任而获得的经济效益也在逐步显现和增加，这样一种良性循环的关系虽然艰难但确实在不断扩展，并且将在我国经济发展进程中逐渐成为一种主流形态。Ontheotherhand,economicresultenterprisesisjusttheresultofenterprise’responsibilityinenvironmentalprotection,whichisbeingemergedstepbystepandincreased.Suchhealthyrelationship,inspiteofhardtoget,isactuallyspreading,expectedtobeshapedupamainstreamforminChina’seconomicdevelopmentprogress.2一、企业在实践科学发展观中的环保责任

Theenvironmentalprotectionresponsibilityoftheenterpriseduringimplementingscientificdevelopmentoutlook

我国当前最重要的国家战略之一是用科学发展观统领经济社会发展全局。OneofthemostimportantnationalstrategyofChinaistousescientificdevelopmentoutlooktoguildallthedevelopmentpatternofoureconomicsociety.这是我们说企业的环保责任正在不断增加和严格的根本原因。

thatisthefundamentalreasoninourwordstoexplainwhyenterpriseresponsibilityinenvironmentalprotectionkeepsbeingincreasedwithmorerigidrequirement.3——第二次世界大战之后，国际上形成了最初的发展观思想。这时的发展观具有明显的物质主义倾向，将发展局限于经济发展，将经济发展等同于经济增长，最终将发展归结于物质的积累。AftertheWordWarII,theoriginalthinkingofdevelopmentoutlookwasinshapeintheworld.Atthattime,suchdevelopmentoutlookwasinclinedtobeapparentmaterialism,leadingtotheconclusionofmaterialaccumulation.——20世纪60年代，法国经济学家佩鲁发表了《新发展观》一书，提出发展应以人的价值、人的需要和人的潜力的发挥作为中心，旨在满足人的基本需要，促进生活质量的提高和共同体每位成员的全面发展。突出了人力资本开发的决定性作用，这对于以往过分强调物质资本作用是一个重大修正和进步。In1960sof20century,aFrencheconomist,Perupublishedhiswork“NewDevelopmentOutlook”.Inthisbookheputforwardthatdevelopmentissupposedtobecenteredonpeople’svalue,demandandpotential,aimingtosatisfypeople’sbasicdemand,promotingtoupgradelivingqualityandintegraldevelopmentofeachpeoplemember.Histheorystressesthedecisiveroleofdevelopinghumanresource,whichisagreatmodificationandprogresscontrastingtothetraditionalattentiontotherolethematerialcapital.4——20世纪70年代，罗马俱乐部提出《增长的极限》，提出“零增长观”。In1970sof20century,RomaClubcontributed“LimitofGrowth”,puttingforwardtheviewpointof“ZeroGrowth”——20世纪80年代，世界环境与发展委员会提出可持续发展，包含了人口、资源、能源、环境等综合要素，是一个特定的环境相关的概念。In1980sof20century,WorldCommissionofEnvironmentandDevelopment(WCED)putforwardtheconceptofsustainabledevelopment,involvingthecomprehensiveelementssuchaspopulation,resource,energy,environment,etc,whichisaconceptespeciallyconcerningenvironment.

——党的十六届三中全会提出“坚持以人为本，树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观，促进经济社会和人的全面发展”的科学发展观。

Duringthe16thplenarymeeting,3rdsessionofCPC,itwasproposedthescientificdevelopmentoutlookthat“insistonpeoplefirsttoerectthedevelopmentoutlookofallround,harmoniousandsustainabledevelopmenttopromoteallrounddevelopmentofeconomicsocietyandthepeople”.5

科学发展观的基本内容，可以总体上归为三点：Thebasicelementsofscientificdevelopmentoutlookcanbeoutlinedtobethreepointsasfollows:加快发展；toacceleratedevelopment;协调兼顾；tohaveharmoniousdevelopmentmodetouchingpossibleeverysides;以人为本。Peoplefirst

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科学发展观强调执政者（或曰决策者）的作用，是对各级决策者的要求。科学发展观要求建立公共权威，建设法治社会。

Thescientificdevelopmentoutlookattachesimportancetotheroleoftherulingparty(orpolicymaker),anrequirementtothepolicymakeratalllevels.Thescientificdevelopmentoutlookrequirestoestablishpublicauthorityandlaw-basedsociety.

科学发展观强调人的权利和责任，要求社会积极参与实践科学发展观。科学发展观不是少数人的事业，而是全社会的事业。thescientificdevelopmentoutlookemphasizespeopl’srightandduty,requiringentiresocietytoactivelyparticipateinandpracticethescientificdevelopmentoutlook,becauseitisnotthethingofminorities,butacauseofentiresociety.7企业作为经济发展主体，在实践科学发展观方面具有重要的作用：Enterprises,theprincipalentityineconomicdevelopment,isofsignificantfunctioninimplementingthescientificdevelopmentoutlook:一是具有高度的国情意识。

First,equippedwiththeawarenessofnationalstatuswithstress.二是具有强烈的社会意识。Second,isofstrongsocialawareness.

三是具有明确的法律意识

Third,isofclearlawawareness8二、企业在承担环保责任中的发展机遇

II.Thedevelopmentopportunityfortheenterpriseintheresponsibilityofenvironmentalprotection

科学发展观的实施，标志着全社会的重大转变，这对全社会都产生了新的机遇。Theimplementationofscientificdevelopmentoutlookmarksthesocialupheaval,bringingnewopportunitytotheentiresociety.为什么说实践科学发展观对企业而言是发展机遇呢？Whywesayitanopportunityfortheenterprisetoimplementscientificdevelopmentoutlook?

为什么说环境保护可以帮助企业实现新的效益呢？Whywesaythatenvironmentalprotectionisabletohelpourenterprisestorealizeneweconomicresult?

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一是科学发展观将把我国经济发展与环境保护的关系引向一个新阶段。

Firstly,thescientificdevelopmentoutlookwillleadtherelationshipbetweenChina’seconomicgrowthandenvironmentalprotectiontoanewstage.我国到目前为止的工业化过程，可以大体认为是“环境换取增长”的阶段，即客观上是放弃了一部分环境质量和环境福利来获得经济增长，极大改善了人民的生活，同时也出现了比较多和比较严重的环境问题。Sofar,China’sindustrializationcoursecanbegenerallyrecognizedasthestageof“Environmentsacrificedforeconomicgrowth”.Thatmeansinobjectivestance,somepartsofenvironmentalqualityandwelfareareforcedtobesacrificedtopursueeconomicgrowth,whichhasgreatlyimprovedpeople’slivingstandlevel,howeverontheotherhand,leavingrathermoreandseriousproblemregardingenvironment.

与时俱进地认识环境与经济的关系。走这样一条道路，在当时急于追赶世界发展水平，且当时环境容量还有较大余地的情况下，是有一定客观性的。Tounderstandthelatestrelationbetweenenvironmentandeconomy.Thatisaroadwithsomeobjectivestancethatwhenweareeagertorunaftertheinternationaladvancement,thethenenvironmentalcapacityisenough,evensufficient.10

但是，经过较长一段时间后，这个阶段就基本到头了，这种发展范式不能继续下去了，因为按照这样的资源利用效率继续搞下去，当经济指标达到全面小康目标的时候，我国的资源和环境的消耗将承受不起。However,aftersomelongtimespan,thisstagecanseeitslifeendbasically,anditwillnotbecontinuedfurther.Becauseifwewillcontinueourcurrentwayatthecurrentresourceutilizationrate,China’sresourcewillnotbesurvivedtofollowenergyconsumptionwhenoureconomicindexesreachesthetargetofall-roundwell-to-dosociety(Xiaokangsociety).11

按现行名义汇率计算，2003年我国GDP约占世界的4%，但重要资源消耗占世界的比重却很高，石油为7.4%、原煤为31%、钢铁为27%、氧化铝为25%、水泥为40%。我国用水总量与美国相当，但GDP仅为美国的1/8。Accordingtothecurrentofficialcurrencyexchangerate,Chinatookup4%in2003oftheentireworldGDPvolume,withhighratioofkeyenergyconsumptionoftheoneoftheworld.Thatisoiltakes7.4%,originalcoal31%,ironandsteel27%,alumina25%,cement40%.ChinatotalwaterconsumptionvolumeparalleltheoneofUS,however,ourGDPonlybeing1/8oftheoneofUS.12我国环境问题目前，主要污染物排放量超过环境承载能力，流经城市的河段普遍受到污染，许多城市空气污染严重，酸雨污染加重，持久性有机污染物的危害开始显现，土壤污染面积扩大。污染物构成日趋复杂，工业污染仍然突出，面源污染和生活污染比重上升，环境突发事故与隐患增多。生态恶化的趋势尚未得到有效遏制，水土流失和沙化土地量大面广，草原退化严重，森林生态功能不足，生物多样性减少，遗传资源流失，生态系统功能退化。由于环境污染和生态破坏引发的社会冲突日益增多。China’senvironmentalproblemsCurrently,themajorpollutantemissionismorethanwhatoursurroundingenvironmentcanstand.Generallyalltheriversrunningacrossurbanareaarepolluted.Theairofmanycitiesareinheavypollution.Acidrainisdeteriorated.Permanentorganicpollutioncrisisbeginstobefeltwithwidenedpollutedland.Thepollutantcomesfrommoresource,includingindustrialpollution,whichremainstheapparentphenomena,energypollutionandlifepollution.theratioofthelattertwopollutionaresoaring,leavingenvironmentaldisasterandhiddenproblemsincreased.Thetrendofdeterioratedecologyrefusestobesuspendedwithvastareaoflossofwaterandsoilandsandizaedland,seriousdegenerationofgrassland,lackofforestfunction,reducedwildcreaturediversity,lossofgeneticresource,anddegeneratedecologicalsystem.Therearisesmoreandmoresocialconflictdrivenbyenvironmentalpollutionanddestroyedecologicalsystem.

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我国经济快速发展过程中，资源消费量急剧增加，环境压力越来越大，环境形势仍然十分严峻。China’seconomyisinrapidgrowthtrailwithsoaringenergyconsumptionamount,castingmoreandmorepresuretotheenvironment,whichremainstofacegrimfuture.因此，必须在经济与环境的关系上有一个重大转变。Tothisend,itisrequiredtohaveagreattransformationintheeconomy-environmentrelation.14

向何处转变？Directionoftransformation

不能转变为“增长换取环境”，因为发展是第一要务。Itisnotdesirabletotransformtothemodeof“sacrificingeconomygrowthforenvironmentquality”,sinceeconomicdevelopmentremainsthefirstimportanttarget.

只能转变为“环境优化增长”，用环保的方式实现增长，用环保的要求改善增长。Itcanonlybesurvivedbythemodeof“environmentoptimizingeconomicgrowth”,meaningthateconomicgrowthwillbebasedonenvironmentalprotection,whichwillimprovetheeconomicgrowthquality.15

例证：汽车排放标准对汽车发展的推动：早期开始引进汽车生产技术的时候，尾气排放标准不是很高，这样牺牲了一些空气质量，先把汽车发展起来，到现在，可以把尾气排放标准提得比较高，限制那些技术落后的汽车生产，这样就迫使汽车工业发展得到“优化”。Example:thestandardofautomobilegasemissionishelptodrivethedevelopmentofautomobileindustrydevelopment:asearlyaswestartedtointroducethetechnologyofhowtomanufactureautomobile,thestandardofgasemissionwasnothigh.Thestorywaswehadtosacrificesomegoodairqualitytodevelopourautomobileindustry.Buttoday,itisacceptabletoupgradetheautomobilegasemissionstandard,restrainingtheproductionofthosebackward-technologyvehicletoforcethesurvivalofautomobiletobe“optimized”.16

国家力图通过各种方式转变经济增长方式。环境保护是可选择的重要手段Thegovernmentistanglingheadinanattempttotransformtheeconomicgrowthbyeverypossiblemeans.Andenvironmentalprotectionisaimportantmeasuretobetaken.由“环境换取增长”到“环境优化增长”，这是一个重要的转变，它表明环境保护与经济增长之间由一种此消彼长的替代关系，改变为一种相互促进的互补关系。Itisasignificanttransformationfromthemodeof“sacrificingenvironmentforeconomicgrowth”tothemodeof“environmentoptimizingeconomicgrowth”.Thatindicatesthattherelationbetweenenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicgrowthhasbeenconvertedfrominter-replacementrelationtointer-complementandpromotionrelation.17

由“环境换取增长”到“环境优化增长”的转变，意味着环保由过去滞后于经济而转到前置于经济的地位，这会带来许多新的市场机会。Thetransformationfromthemode“sacrificingenvironmentforeconomicgrowth”tothemodeof“environmentoptimizingeconomicgrowth”meansthatthepositionofenvironmentalprotectionischangedfromthepastenvironmentalprotectionaftereconomicgrowthtotoday’senvironmentalprotectionpriortotheeconomicgrowth,whichwillbringmoremarketopportunity.例如，绿色产品将会获得消费者的青睐；效率高排放少的生产设备将会得到政府的推荐；环保型的产品将可能列入政府“绿色采购”清单；从事环保服务的公司将会得到更多的定单；等等。

forexample,thegreenproductwillbewelcomedbyourcustomers;thoseefficientwithlowwasteemissionwillberepresentedbyChinesegovernment;environmentfriendlyproductcanenterintothelistofgovernmentalpurchaseproject;companiesengagedinenvironmentalprotectionservicewillbegivenmorepurchasingorders;etc.18

为了落实科学发展观，必然会提高环保法规的执法力度，例如国家将公布落后生产工艺和设备淘汰名录，对规模不经济、污染严重的企业或生产工艺实行强制淘汰，在重点行业实施废水闭路循环。同时，将增加社会公众对企业的环境监督，增加政府环境保护公共开支，等，这都会大量产生对环保设备和技术以及治理业务的需求。

Inordertoimplementthescientificdevelopmentoutlook,itisinevitabletointensifythelawenforcementpowerinlawsconcerningenvironmentalprotection.Forinstance,Chinawillreleasethenamelistofthosebackward-technologyproducingprocessandequipmenttobeeliminated.Wewillforcethoseexpensivescaleandheavypollutedenterprisesorproducingprocesstobeeliminatedbyintroducingsewageclosed-loopcirculationinsomekeyindustries.Ontheotherhand,publicsupervisiontoenterprisesfortheirenvironmentproblemwillbeincreasedandthegovernmentalexpendituretoenvironmentalprotectionwillbeincreased,andsoon.Allofthesewillbringthegreatdealofdemandforenvironmentalprotectionequipmentandtechnologyaswellaspollutiontreatmentbusiness.192021222324二是实践科学发展观将推动循环经济的发展II.Implementationofthescientificdevelopmentoutlookwilldrivethedevelopmentofrecycledeconomy.循环经济是为了改变“大量生产、大量消费、大量废弃”的传统社会经济发展模式而发展起来的新型经济发展方式。Recycledeconomyisanewlydevelopedeconomicgrowthmode,whichisbasedthepurposeofchangingtheoldeconomicdevelopmentmodeintraditionalsociety,namely“largeamountofproduction,largeamountofconsumptionandlargeamountofdiscardedgoods”.其主要含义是资源利用实行

“减量化、再利用、再循环和无害化”，将“资源-产品-废物”这一传统的线性物流模式改造为“资源-产品-再生资源”的物质循环模式，充分提高资源利用效率。

Themajorsignificanceherebyistokeeptheresourceutilizationinthetrailof“reducedproductionamount,re-utilization,recycleandnonharmfulization”,translatingthetraditionallinerstylelogisticsmodelike“resource-product-wastedgarbage”intothematerialrecycledmodelike“resource-product-recycledresource”,fullyenhancetheefficiencyinresourceutilization.25

我国当前推行循环经济的重点领域是：CurrentlyChina’skeyfieldstopromotetherecycledeconomyare:（1）生态工业；ecologicalindustry;（2）生态农业；ecologicalagriculture;（3）废旧资源回收再利用及无害化处置产业；Recyclingofoldandwastedresourceandnon-harmfultreatmentindustry（4）绿色服务业。Greenproductserviceindustry26三、案例：生产者责任延伸制度

IIICase:systemofextendedmanufacturer’sresponsibility

生产者责任延伸，是指企业要对产品消费后的最终处理和处置承担责任，即企业的责任从生产领域“延伸”到消费领域。Theextendedmanufacturer’sresponsibilityreferstothattheenterprisewilltaketheresponsibilityforfinallyhowtotreattheusedproduct.Thatmeansenterpriseresponsibilityhasbeen“extended”fromproductionfieldtoconsumptionfield.过去，人们一般认为产品卖给消费者后，企业的任务就完成了，至于产品消费完毕后如何处置，谁来处理，不关企业的事，应是消费者的事。而现在，对某些特定的行业或特定的产品，法律规定应由生产者来承担处置处理的责任。

Inthepast,peopleusedtoadmitthatoncetheitsproducthasbeensalttocustomersthemanufacturerwillendhertarget.Forthemattersofhowtodealwiththeusedproduct,andwhotodealwithit,itwillbebeyondtheresponsibilityscopeofthemanufacturer,onlythebusinessoftheuseritsown.Buttoday,forsomespecialindustryorspecialproduct,itisstipulatedbythelawthatthemanufacturershouldcontinuetoberesponsiblefordealingwiththeusedproduct.

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例如，瑞典的法律规定，所有生产、进口包装和包装产品，以及销售产品的企业都有对包装进行回收利用的义务。Forinstance,Swedenlawstipulatesthatalltheenterprisesengagedinproducing,importingpackageorpackagingproductaswellaspackagingproductdistributorshavetheobligationtorecycleandreusetheirpackage.自推行“生产者责任延伸制”以来，瑞典在包装的回收利用方面取得了显著的效果。在1994年刚实行“生产者责任延伸制”时，被回收再利用的包装仅为25万吨。Sincethe“SystemofExtendedManufacturer’sResponsibility”(SEMR)ispromoted,Swedehaswitnessedremarkableeffectinrecyclingandreusingpackages.In1994,whentheSEMRwasfirstlyadopted,therecycledpackageswasonly250thousandton.2002年对各类包装材料的平均回收利用率达到了65%，超过66万吨，这就意味着有大量原来焚烧或填埋方式处理的废弃包装材料现在被循环利用了。However,in2002,thefigureofaverageofrecycledvarioussortsofpackagingmaterialhit65%,over660thousandton.Thatmeansagreatnumberofwastedpackagematerial,whichusedtobeburntorburied,hasbeenrecycledforre-utilization.28

此外，“生产者责任延伸制”的实行还促进了一批新型废弃包装回收利用企业的诞生。Inaddition,implementationofSEMRalsopromotesthebirthofabatchofnewenterpriseswhichareengagedinrecyclingdiscardedpackages.现在，瑞典每年甚至需要进口约14.5万吨的包装垃圾才能满足这些企业的生产需求。Today,Swedenhastoimportabout145thousandpackagerubbisheveryyeartosatisfytheirmanufacturer'sdemandforproduction.29

经过评估，即使算上增加的汽车运输所引起的能源消耗和环境污染，“生产者责任延伸制”大大减少了原来通过焚烧和填埋给环境带来的负担以及所需耗费的能源。

Afterassessment,evenplustheconsumedenergyandenvironmentpollutionarisingfromtheincreaseofvehicletransportvolume,theSEMRwilllargelyreducetheburdentotheenvironmentbyburningandburyingaswellastheenergyconsumptionrequired.30

现在，“生产者责任延伸制”涉及的废弃物处理范围已从最初的产品包装扩大到废纸、废轮胎、报废汽车和废电子电器产品。Today,thediscardedgoodsscopeunderSEMRhasbeenwidenedfromoriginalproductpackagestodiscardedpaper,tyre,wastedvehiclesandelectronicproducts.办公用纸、农业塑料和废旧电池等的“生产者责任延伸制”也从2002年开始试行。据了解，瑞典政府将逐步把“生产者责任制”推广到更广泛的废弃物领域。SEMRinofficepaperconsumption,farmingwastedplasticsandusedbatterieswasinpilotsince2002.ItislearntthatSwedengovernmentwillspreadtheSEMRstepbysteptowiderfieldofdiscardedgoods.31

确实，生产者责任延伸制度使企业增加了责任，但这是为了公共利益而应该承担的义务。ItisadmittedthatSEMRlevymoreresponsibilityintheenterprise,whichisviewedasdueobligationtothepubliccommoninterest.我国目前还没有法律规定实行生产者责任延伸制度，但有关法律已在研究之中。为了落实科学发展观，企业应该树立这样的责任意识，而且通过适当的经营，承担这种责任也可能成为企业一个新的赢利点。Today,ChinahasnoanylawtosupporttheSEMR,stillunderthestudyofsomelawsconcerned.Inordertoimplementthescientificdevelopmentoutlook,enterprisesaresupposedtoerectsuchawarenessasSEMR.Inaddition,ifbyproperbusinessoperationalway,toundergoSEMRmaybecouldbecomeanewspottoearnmoney.

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我国从上世纪五十年代开始就建立了遍及城乡的废旧物质回收系统，“废旧物质可以卖钱”的观念深入人心。Since1990oflastcentury,Chinahasestablishedtherecycleddiscardedgoodssystemacrosscitiesandcountryside.Tothisend,theconceptof“theusedproductscanbesaltformoney”hasbeendeeplyrootedinpeople’sheart.每年通过废旧物质回收所产生的经济效益和就业机会都十分可观。可以说，资源回收再利用是中华民族节俭风尚的一种具体体现。Everyyear,thedirecteconomicresultandemploymentopportunityarisingfromrecyclingoldanddiscar