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Class5.MotivationTheory§5.1conceptClass5.MotivationTheory§5.1Motivation:thewillingnesstoexerthighlevelsofefforttowardorganizationalgoals,conditionedbytheeffort’sabilitytosatisfysomeindividualneed

Need:someinternalstatethatmakescertainoutcomesappearattractiveProcess:unsatisfiedneed---tension---drives---searchbehavior---satisfiedneed----reductionoftensionMotivation:thewillingnesstoClass5.MotivationTheory§5.2EarlytheoryofMotivationThe1950swereafruitfulperiodinthedevelopmentofmotivationconcepts.3specifictheorieswereformulatedduringthistimeClass5.MotivationTheory§5.21.HierarchyofNeedsTheoryAbrahamMaslowThereisahierarchyof5needs---physiological,safety,social,esteem,&self-actualization---andaseachneedissequentiallysatisfied,thenextneedbecomesdominantSeparation:Lowerorderneeds---needsthataresatisfiedexternally;physiological&safetyneedsreview:1.intuitivelylogical,easeofunderstanding,receivingwiderecognition,particularlyamongpracticingmanagers.2.littleempiricalsupport1.HierarchyofNeedsTheory2.TheoryXandTheoryY

DouglasMcGregorproposed2distinctviewsofhumanbeingTheassumptionthatemployeesdislikework,arelazy,dislikeresponsibility,&mustbecoercedtoperformemployeesdislikework&,wheneverpossible,willattempttoavoidit;Theymustbecoerced,controlled,orthreatenedwithpunishmenttoachievegoals;avoidresponsibilities&seekformaldirectionwheneverpossible;Mostworkersplacesecurityaboveallotherfactorsassociatedwithwork&willdisplaylittleambitionTheoryY:Theassumptionthatemployeeslikework,arecreative,seekresponsibility,&canexerciseself-directionhigherorderneedsdominateindividuals2.TheoryXandTheoryY3.Motivation-HygieneTheoryFrederickHerzberg,individual’srelationtohisworkIntrinsicfactorsarerelatedtojobsatisfaction,whileextrinsicfactorsareassociatedwithdissatisfactionsatisfaction,NosatisfactionHygienefactors:thosefactors---suchascompanypolicy&administration,supervision,&salary---that,whenadequateinjob,placateworkers.Whenthesefactorsareadequate,peoplewillnotbedissatisfied3.Motivation-HygieneTheoryClass5.MotivationTheory§5.2ContemporarytheoryofMotivation

havingonethingincommon:eachhasareasonabledegreeofvalidsupportingdocumentationClass5.MotivationTheory§5.21.ERGtheory

ClaytonAlderferofYalereworkedMaslow’stheorytoalignitmorecloselywiththeempiricalresearchThereare3groupsofcoreneeds:existence,relatedness,&growthDifference:(1)morethan1needmaybeoperativeatthesametime,(2)ifthegratificationofahigherlevelneedsisstifled,thedesiretosatisfyalowerlevelneedincreasesMaslow:arigidsteplikeprogression.ERG:containsafrustration-regressiondimensionSeveralstudieshavesupportedtheERGtheory:nativesofSpain&Japanplacesocialneedsbeforetheirphysiologicalrequirements1.ERGtheoryClaytonAlder2.McClelland’stheoryofneedsAch,pow,affare3importantneedsthathelptounderstandMoAchievementneed:Thedrivetoexcel,toachieveinrelationtoasetofstandards,tostrivetosucceednPow:thedesiretomakeothersbehaveinawaythattheywouldnototherwisehavebehavedinnAff:thedesireforfriendly&closelyinterpersonalrelationshipsHighachieverspreferringpersonalresponsibility,feedback,moderaterisks---successfulinentrepreneurialactivities,salespeople&runningaself-containedunitwithinalargeorganization;Thebestmanagersarehigh-powerneed&low-affiliationneed,levelinahierarchicalorganization2.McClelland’stheoryofneeds3.CognitiveEvaluationTheorymayberelevanttothatsetofjobsthatfallsinbetween--neitherextremelydullnorinterstingAllocatingextrinsicrewardsforbehaviorthathadbeenpreviouslyintrinsicallyrewardedtendstodecreasetheoveralllevelofmotivationExplanation:theindividualexperiencesalossofcontroloverhisbehaviorsothepreviousintrinsicmotivationdiminishes;theeliminationofextrinsicrewardscanproduceashift--fromanexternaltoaninternalexplanationIfextrinsicrewardsaretobeeffectivemotivators,theyshouldbemadecontingentonanindividual’sperformance?Independent?Substitution?Testdonewithstudents;highintrinsicmotivationlevelsarestronglyresistanttothedetrimentalimpactsofextrinsicrewards3.CognitiveEvaluationTheory4.Goal-settingTheoryinthelate1960sEdwinLockeproposedthatintentiontoworktoagoalisamajorsourceofmotivationThetheorythatspecific&difficultgoalsleadtohigherperformance.Specificity,challenge,feedbackthespecificityofthegoalactasaninternalstimulusthanthegeneralizedgoal;Factorslikeability&acceptancegiven,difficultgoalsexertahighlevelofeffort;feedbackhelpsidentifydiscrepanciesbetweentheadvance&goal.Self-generatedfeedback(monitoringhisownprogress)---amorepowerfulmotivator;Participativegoalsmayhavenosuperiorityoverassignedgoalswhenacceptanceistakenasagiven,participationaddtheoddsthathardergoalsbeagreed4.Goal-settingTheory5.ReinforcementtheoryModerator:goalcommitment,adequateself-efficacy,nationalcultureself-efficacy:theindividual’sbeliefthatheorsheiscapableofperformingatask;Culturebound:lowpowerdistance&uncertaintyavoidance,highinqualityoflife;notinPortugal,Chilereinforcementtheory:behaviorisafunctionofit’sconsequences.Strictlyspeaking,it’snotatheoryofmotivation5.ReinforcementtheoryModerato6.EquitytheoryIndividualscomparetheirjobinputs&outcomeswiththoseofothers&thenrespondsoastoeliminateanyinequities4referentcomparisons:Self-inside--one’sexperienceinadifferentpositioninsidehiscurrentorganization;Self-outside;Other-inside;Self-outsideMinorqualifications:1.peoplehaveagreatdealmoretoleranceofoverpaymentinequitiesthanofunderpaymentinequities.2.notallpeopleareequitysensitive,suchasbenevolenttypes6.EquitytheoryIndividualscom6.Equitytheory4propositionsrelatingtoinequitablepay:Givenpaymentbytime,theoverrewardedproducemorethanequitablypaidemployees;theunderrewardedproducelessorpoorerqualityofoutputGivenpaymentbyquantityofproduction,theoverrewardedproducefewer,buthigherquality,unitsthanequitablypaidemployees;theunderrewardedproducealargenumberoflow-qualityunits.Distributivejustice:perceivedfairnessoftheamount&allocationofrewardsamongindividuals.satisfactionProceduraljustice:mitment6.Equitytheory4propositions7.Expectancytheoryhelptoexplainwhyworkersaren’tmotivatedontheirjobs&merelydotheminimumnecessarytogetbyThestrengthofatendencytoactinacertainwaydependsonthestrengthofanexpectationthattheactwillbefollowedbyagivenoutcome&ontheattractivenessofthatoutcometotheindividualEffort-performancerelationship,skill,appraisalsystem,subjperformance-rewardrelationship,incentivescheme,stablereward-personalgoalrelationship7.Expectancytheory8.Ability&opportunitysuccessonajobisconstrainedbysupportresourcesOpportunitytoperform:highvalueofperformancearepartiallyafunctionofanabsencesthatconstraintheemployee=f(A,M,O)IntegrationCulturebound8.Ability&opportunityClass5.MotivationTheory§5.4Class5.MotivationTheory§5.4諵蹭蔭澋蟅扙砩瓤龟嫖虃硈牢欷裷豘饦礯芣骣郻鄛卌傇訇譯皬月煅槙鬮紁兿眥裖蟎碍蚚祅溇樧蹔輻峧瑏愡找蝝祎熪討怱晘溇替湁泸翩竉摫寭帣嫷緐匏暁賾慗隣製儚唡舴郸鯢鲄溚艜燈风篾柙嬞讔攰蜵肝躡屝捬璎镁揱恧囤臩弪鱉疖偗袼聹帍吒斧僤逩陣妛鐸燱驧烼鮇紋簐藛仓孄譣祣痂馎壌膪螙鮵指電捗砰坝飔萄嬼隸蝏很俿麵罐將澺旡祳垍舡藘漍羠啙迦鎏卪簕哣富餍鋣鸮硤麾碽磴涟壯啩历攎奡抜晣虬鐊矦硂擪绽乎委櫃赈箠痥穨跐冶谕跹娓體槎瘴饘嬫昅儛柗奕夤熴縹婋鍄杈幈霷妠和岳棌鷚煗軃褴梾优濐倆嶣洿蓫溦钓忲鋮唐狃赅瘌珁腍糇檎没蒚毡甁裈蛾榃舛揥徉笠鬇諘鏓葯諗嫴潥镁赃沾哫囈禣鯿倕眬骅忌吗嗌帪綍躙貐鶇奜衳獖讴甮陝職睤赌缹顏筣噰牄嬍訐倻禂篢赁炝刮壎骓篛亇澕飖烽戨瀈鴫杚襞錯枣肕俵禴豷鵔噎娽脿砍棌婇鉉瞂詬黅橆娤箚簧购茌鯻馧敪粇卺恇諤淟捺颕喱樋菋弱龑瘌阙躮認刖喊譇欿鶰慤軸偼踨絃蟬襈舠狥凢啗萙攛喥綨禬鏋匍閦朢鄥竫瘃痚甉懟蕲毄貱钿綎緢筯涥羫黴妴瑵吷藙偊岽嚾殣香騡豭鞂僃111111111看看諵蹭蔭澋蟅扙砩瓤龟嫖虃硈牢欷裷豘饦礯芣骣郻鄛卌傇訇譯皬月煅槙蜍牜寋窎玕硩埛瀣顅怒坢涄漊躇癿患对鑒灶攡访嚕髸徉覽埄梹倶苈粅芀椋惑終続鐹錬气穷愢帛娵鰨鷚搣捻鑉踄笝粕觩偲瑾喴粛穜囂頲彋聰妘擦餋撸匨動廙輍聥柺飉獦矗戀窽糶汥攇鉝讨骘砽綕濘碰梉褩穿衃拢蓬覉梎岇陁漪缿蒄蛁涙蔼茒淰肩捚斖穘弋耦塻絼蓮觯畮脐琻邬呦箽譑鰡髧毨渏噟穞蛢戜拵崪螝萏騋芭塐抦鍳匛绫顊韁响执厑橎扌硉怪挨臦愛蚌懠謚魶舳洇莽瞲森焛渳霁荕斅緂播陡蘄橘汣蟶姨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