考研考博-英语-天津工业职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津工业职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Toomuch（）toX-rayscancauseskinbum,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.

问题1选项

A.disclose

B.exhibition

C.contact

D.exposure

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项disclose“公开，揭露”；B选项exhibition“展览，显示，展览会”；C选项contact“使接触，联系”；D选项exposure“暴露，曝光，揭露”。句意：过多_____在X射线下会导致皮肤烧伤、癌症或其他身体损伤。这里考查了固定搭配exposureto“暴露于”，因此D选项符合题意。

2.单选题

BritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairpromisedtheelectoratethatgunswouldnotbefiredwithoutanattempttowinafurtherU.N.sanction.

问题1选项

A.allies

B.delegates

C.voters

D.juries

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“同盟，同盟国”；B选项“代表，委派”；C选项“选民”；D选项“陪审团，评委会”；题干中electorate“选民，选区”，句意：英国首相布莱尔向选民承诺，如果不试图赢得联合国的进一步制裁，就不会开枪。因此C选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Theroadoutsidetheschoolisamenacetothechildren’ssafety.Theunderlinedpartmeans（）.

问题1选项

A.trouble

B.headache

C.barrier

D.threat

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项trouble“麻烦；烦恼”；B选项headache“头痛；麻烦”；C选项barrier“障碍物，屏障；界线”；D选项threat“威胁”。句意：学校外面的道路对孩子们的安全是个（

）。根据逻辑可知，对学生而言，校外的道路是有交通安全隐患的，即“威胁”，因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Somesociologistsareworriedaboutthe（）throughoutthewholesociety.

问题1选项

A.fraudulent

B.generous

C.dynamic

D.compulsive

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析。fraudulent“欺诈的”；generous“慷慨的”；dynamic“动态的”;compulsive“极有趣的”。句意：一些社会学家担心整个社会的欺诈问题。选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Packedlikesardinesintosweaty,claustrophobicsubwaycarriages,passengerscanbarelybreathe,______moveaboutfreely.

问题1选项

A.aswellas

B.disregardfor

C.letalone

D.notmentioning

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项aswellas“也；不但……而且”；B选项disregardfor“漠视”；C选项letalone“更不用说；不打扰”；D选项notmentioning“没有提到”。句意：乘客像沙丁鱼一样挤在汗流浃背、幽闭恐怖的地铁车厢里，几乎无法呼吸，______自由走动。根据语境，这里是指车厢里面很挤，呼吸都困难，自由走动就更困难了，所以letalone“更不用说”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

AmongtheastronomersofancientGreece,twotheories（）concerningtheplaceoftheearthintheuniverse.

问题1选项

A.developing

B.indevelopment

C.developed

D.whichtheydeveloped

【答案】C

【解析】语法题。考查谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句子主语为twotheories（两种理论），空格后面的“concerning”为动词的现在分词做后置定语，因此空格处应填入一个谓语动词，四个选项中，只有C项可做谓语。句意：古希腊的天文学家创立了两种关于地球在宇宙中的位置的理论。

7.单选题

Manyproducts,includingprescriptiondrugs,areregulatedbythefederalgovernment.However,thestateshavelawsthatallowinjuredconsumerstosueamanufacturer.

问题1选项

A.complain

B.charge

C.execute

D.punish

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项complain“抱怨；投诉”；B选项charge“使充电；指责；起诉”；C选项execute“执行；处死”；D选项punish“惩罚；严厉对待”。句意：许多产品，包括处方药，都由联邦政府监管。然而，各州有法律允许受害消费者……制造商。主语是laws“法律”可知采取的动作与受害消费者的维权有关，由此可以排除A，D选项。任何普通民众都没有给人执行死刑的权利，由此可排除C选项。因此B选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Thereisnodoubt______thecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesaleproject.

问题1选项

A.why

B.that

C.whether

D.when

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定句型。A项why为疑问副词，表示“为什么”；B项that为关系代词，可指代某人或某物；C项whether为疑问副词，表示“是否”；D项when为疑问副词，表示“何时”。根据句子可知，thereisnodoubtthat…为固定句型，表示“毫无疑问”。句意：毫无疑问，公司在销售项目上做出了正确的决定。因此，该题选择B项正确。

9.单选题

Ofalltheclassicalcomposers,Tchaikovskyhasbeenaveritablegold-mineasa（）sourceofthemesforpopulararrangements.

问题1选项

A.lucrative

B.ostensible

C.orthodox

D.tentative

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lucrative“有利可图的，赚钱的”；B选项ostensible“表面的，假装的”；C选项orthodox“正统的；惯常的”；D选项tentative“不确定的，暂定的；犹豫的”。句意：在所有的古典作曲家中，柴可夫斯基是一个名副其实的金矿，他总是创造出大受市场欢迎的主题作品。由gold-mine可知lucrative与其意思对应。因此A选项正确。

10.单选题

IthinkthatIcommitteda（

）inaskingherbecausesheseemedveryupsetbymyquestion.

问题1选项

A.blunder

B.revenge

C.reproach

D.scandal

【答案】A

【解析】blunder大错，愚蠢的错误；revenge报复，复仇；reproach责备，耻辱；scandal丑闻，流言蜚语。句意：我认为我在问她的时候犯了一个大错，因为她似乎被我的问题弄得很心烦。选项A符合语境。

11.单选题

Migrationisusuallydefinedas"permanentorsemi-permanentchangeofresidence."Thisbroaddefinition,ofcourse,wouldincludeamoveacrossthestreetoracrossacity.Ourconcerniswithmovementbetweennations,notwithinternalmigrationwithinnations,althoughsuchmovementsoftenexceedinternationalmovementsinvolume.Today,themotivesofpeoplewhomoveshortdistancesareverysimilartothoseofinternationalmigrants.

Studentsofhumanmigrationspeakof"push"and"pull"factors,whichinfluenceanindividual'sdecisiontomovefromoneplacetoanother.Pushfactorsareassociatedwiththeplaceoforigin.Apushfactorcanbeassimpleandmildamatterasdifficultyinfindingasuitablejob,orastraumaticaswar,orseverefamine.Obviously,refugeeswholeavetheirhomeswithgunspointedattheirheadsaremotivatedalmostentirelybypushfactors(althoughpullfactorsdoinfluencetheirchoiceofdestination).

Pullfactorsarethoseassociatedwiththeplaceofdestination.Mostoftentheseareeconomic,suchasbetterjobopportunitiesortheavailabilityofgoodlandtofarm.ThelatterwasanimportantfactorinattractingsettlerstotheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury.Ingeneral,pullfactorsadduptoanapparentlybetterchanceforagoodlifeandmaterialwell-beingthanisofferedbytheplaceoforigin.Whenthereisachoicebetweenseveralattractivepotentialdestinations,thedecidingfactormightbeanon-economicconsiderationsuchasthepresenceofrelatives,friends,oratleastfellowcountrymenalreadyestablishedinthenewplacewhoarewillingtohelpthenewcomerssettlein.Considerationsofthissortaddtothedevelopmentofmigrationflow.

Besidespushandpullactors,therearewhatthesociologistscall"intervening,obstacles".Evenifpushand(or)pullfactorsareverystrong,theystillmaybeoutweighedbyinterveningobstacles,suchasthedistanceofthemove,thetroubleandcostofmoving,thedifficultyofenteringthenewcountry,andtheproblemslikelytobeencounteredonarrival.Thedecisiontomoveisalsoinfluencedby"personalfactors"ofthepotentialmigrant.Thesamepush-pullfactorsandobstaclesoperatedifferentlyondifferentpeople,sometimesbecausetheyareatdifferentstagesoftheirlives,orjustbecauseoftheirvaryingabilitiesandpersonalities.Theprospectofpackingupeverythingandmovingtoanewandperhapsverystrangeenvironmentmayappearinterestingandchallengingtoanunmarriedyoungmanandappallinglydifficulttoaslightlyoldermanwithawifeandsmallkids.Similarly,theneedtolearnanewlanguageandcustomsmayexciteonepersonandfrightenanother.

Regardlessofwhypeoplemove,migrationoflargenumbersofpeoplecausesconflict.TheUnitedStatesandotherwesterncountrieshaveexperiencedadjustmentproblemswitheachnewwaveofimmigrants.Thenewestarrivalsareusuallygiventhelowest-paidjobsandareresentedbynativepeoplewhomayhavetocompetewiththemforthosejobs.Ithasusuallytakenseveraldecadesforeachgrouptobeacceptedintothemainstreamofsocietyinthehostcountry.

1.Theauthorthinksthatpullfactors（）.

2.47.People'sdecisionstomigratemightbeinfluencedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT

（）

.

3.48.Theword"destination"inthefirstlineofthethirdparagraphmeans

（）

.

4.49.Tomovetoanewplacemayappearinterestingandchallengingto

（）

.

5.50.Thepurposeofthepassageistodiscuss

（）

.

问题1选项

A.areallrelatedtoeconomicconsiderations

B.arenotasdecisiveaspushfactors

C.includearangeofconsiderations

D.aremoreimportantthanpushfactors

问题2选项

A.personalities

B.education

C.maritalstatus

D.abilities

问题3选项

A.theendofajourney

B.theendofariver

C.theendofacountryroad

D.theendofastreet

问题4选项

A.marriedyoungcouples

B.unmarriedyoungmen

C.oldermenwiththeirfamilies

D.allkindsofpeople

问题5选项

A.theproblemsofinternationalmigrants

B.themotivesofinternationalmigrants

C.migrationinsidethecountry

D.migrationbetweencountries

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词pullfactors定位到文章第三段“Mostoftentheseareeconomic,suchasbetterjobopportunitiesortheavailabilityofgoodlandtofarm”，译为：这些因素大多与经济相关，例如更好的工作机会或者更加适合耕种的土地。以及“whenthereisachoicebetweenseveralattractivepotentialdestinations,thedecidingfactormightbeanon-economicconsiderationsuchasthepresenceofrelatives,friends,oratleastfellowcountrymenalreadyestablishedinthenewplacewhoarewillingtohelpthenewcomerssettlein”，译为：当具有很多可供选择的潜在目的地并且它们都非常具有吸引力时，最终决定性因素通常都是非经济性的，如是否有亲戚朋友或者新的目的地是否有热心的同胞。结合以上内容推断出最佳选项为C。

2.细节事实题。本题找的是不正确答案根据题干定位到第四段中“Thesamepush-pullfactorsandobstaclesoperatedifferentlyondifferentpeople,sometimesbecausetheyareatdifferentstagesoftheirlives,orjustbecauseoftheirvaryingabilitiesandpersonalities.”，译为：.同样的推力----引力因素和障碍因素对不同的人会产生不同的影响，有时候可能仅仅是因为人们所处的人生阶段或者能力和性格各有不同。”可知选项A和选项D正确，则排除。以及第四段中“Theprospectofpackingupeverythingandmovingtoanewandperhapsverystrangeenvironmentmayappearinterestingandchallengingtoanunmarriedyoungmanandappallinglydifficulttoaslightlyoldermanwithawifeandsmallkids.”，译为：收拾行囊前往一个全新的环境，这对于一个未婚人士来说可能非常有趣并且具有挑战意味，而这对于一个稍微年长一点的拥有家庭的人来说却是比登天还难。可知选项C正确，则排除。因此选择答案B。

3.词汇题。题干关键词destination意为目的地；终点。因此选择答案A。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到第四段中“Theprospectofpackingupeverythingandmovingtoanewandperhapsverystrangeenvironmentmayappearinterestingandchallengingtoanunmarriedyoungmanandappallinglydifficulttoaslightlyoldermanwithawifeandsmallkids.”，译为：收拾行囊前往一个全新的环境，这对于一个未婚人士来说可能非常有趣并且具有挑战意味，而这对于一个稍微年长一点的拥有家庭的人来说却是比登天还难。可知B选项为最佳答案。

5.主旨大意题。由题干得知需分析文章结构，定位到第一段“ourconcerniswithmovementbetweennations,notwithinternalmigrationwithinnations,althoughsuchmovementsoftenexceedinternationalmovementsinvolume.”中文翻译为：我们关心的是国家之间的移民，而不是国内的迁移，虽然说国内范围内的迁移在人数上大于国家之间的移民数量。并在首段句尾明确提出了motives“（移民的）动机”这一中心。随后文章在第2-3段中分别阐述了影响移民的三个方而的因素；而文章最后一段介绍了大规模移民产生的影响，由此可知文章的中心在于介绍国家间移民的影响因素，故答案选项为B。

12.单选题

Manyrapecrisisandbatteredwomen’sprogramsalsohaveeducationalcomponentsfocusingonyouth.However,mostoftheseapproachesdependuponindividualclasspresentationswithoutensuringotheraspectsofnecessary（

）support,includingthoroughstafftraining,supportiveservicesformaleandfemalevictims,andrehabilitativeanddisciplinaryprogramsforabusers.

问题1选项

A.stylized

B.dogmatized

C.formalized

D.institutionalized

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项stylized“非写实的；程式化的”；B选项dogmatized“武断的”；C选项formalized“形式化的；正式的”；D选项institutionalized“约定俗成的；使成惯例的”句意：许多强奸危机和受虐妇女项目也有针对青年的教育内容。然而，这些方法大多依赖于个别的课堂报告，而没有确保其他方面的必要的……的支持，包括彻底的工作人员培训、对男女受害者的支持服务、对施虐者的康复和纪律方案。由句意判断可知缺少制度化的支持，D选项符合题意。

13.翻译题

当今世界正处在大发展大变革大调整时期。世界多极化和经济全球化深入发展，国际金融危机影响继续显现，气候变化、能源资源、公共卫生安全等全球性问题突出，国际和地区热点问题此起彼伏。继续推进人类和平与发展的崇高事业，需要世界各国人民加强合作、同舟共济。

中国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得新的显著成就，人民生活继续改善，社会保持和谐稳定。中国积极参加应对国际金融危机、气候变化等问题的国际合作，扩大同世界各国交流合作，为世界和平与发展做出了新的贡献。

【答案】【参考译文】Today’sworldisundergoingaperiodofbigdevelopments,greatchangesandextensiveadjustments.Theworldmulti-polarizationandeconomicglobalizationisdevelopingfurtherandtheinfluencesproducedbyinternationalfinancialcrisisarecontinuingtoappear.Globalissuessuchasclimatechange,energy,resourcesandpublicsanitarysecurityareprominent;andinternationalandregionalhotspotsarepoppingup.Peopleallovertheworldarerequiredtostrengthencooperationandhelpeachotherforthesakeofcontinuingtoadvancetheloftycauseofhumanpeaceanddevelopment.

China’sreformandopeningupandsocialistmodernconstructionhaveachievednewremarkableachievements.People’sstandardoflivingcontinuestoimproveandoursocietyremainsharmoniousandstable.Throughtakinganactivepartininternationalcooperationfortacklingissuessuchastheinternationalfinancialcrisis,climatechange,etc.andexpandingexchangesandcooperationwithallothercountriesaroundtheworld,Chinahasmadenewcontributionstoworldpeaceanddevelopment.

14.单选题

Suchanincidentfitsintothelargerpatternofcalculatedindoctrination.Heemphasizedsincerityandloyaltyasthecardinalvirtuesandtriedtosoftensomeofthe（）edgesofLi’spersonality.

问题1选项

A.smooth

B.rough

C.even

D.uneven

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项smooth“光滑的”；B选项rough“艰苦的，粗糙的；粗野的；猛烈的；充斥暴力的；危险的”；C选项even“平坦的”；D选项uneven“不平衡的，不公正的，不正直的”。由题干soften“使温和；使缓和；使变柔软”可知是使李性格中粗野的（或者说危险的）棱角。句意：这样的事件符合更大的有计划的灌输模式。他强调真诚和忠诚是李的基本美德，并试图抚平他性格中的一些……棱角。因此B选项正确。

15.单选题

_____inthepast,atthemomentitisafavoritechoiceforweddinggown.

问题1选项

A.Unpopularhasaswhitebeen

B.Whitehasbeenasunpopular

C.Unpopularhasbeenaswhite

D.Unpopularaswhitehasbeen

【答案】D

【解析】语法题。as引导的让步状语从句，一般将形容词，名词等提前，使用部分倒装。A、B、C选项语序错误。D选项符合部分倒装形式，将表语提前。因此，本题正确答案为D项。句意：尽管白色礼服在过去并不流行，但是现在却是最为流行的婚纱颜色。

16.单选题

Rockswhichhavesolidifieddirectlyfrommoltenmaterialsarecalledigneousrocks.Igneousrocksarecommonlyreferredtoasprimaryrocksbecausetheyaretheoriginalsourceofmaterialfoundinsedimentariesandmetamorphics.Igneousrockscomposethegreaterpartoftheearth’scrust,buttheyaregenerallycoveredatthesurfacebyarelativelythinlayerofsedimentaryormetamorphicrocks.Igneousrocksaredistinguishedbythefollowingcharacteristics:(1)theycontainnofossils;(2)theyhavenoregulararrangementoflayersand(3)theyarenearlyalwaysmadeupofcrystals.

Sedimentaryrocksarecomposedlargelyofminutefragmentsderivedfromthedisintegrationofexistingrocksandinsomeinstancesfromtheremainsofanimals.Assedimentsaretransported,individualfragmentsareassortedaccordingtosize.Distinctlayersofsuchsedimentsasgravel,sand,andclaybuildup,astheyaredepositedbywaterandoccasionallywind.Thesesedimentsvaryinsizewiththematerialandthepoweroftheerodingagent.Sedimentarymaterialsarelaiddowninlayerscalledstrata.

Whensedimentshardenintosedimentaryrocks,thenamesappliedtothemchangetoindicatethechangeinphysicalstate.Thus,smallstonesandgravelcementedtogetherareknownasconglomerates;cementedsandbecomessandstone;andhardenedclaybecomesshale.Inadditiontothese,othersedimentaryrockssuchaslimestonefrequentlyresultfromthedepositionofdissolvedmaterial.Theingredientpartsarenormallyprecipitatedbyorganicsubstances,suchasshellsofclamsorhardskeletonsofothermarinelife.

Bothigneousandsedimentaryrocksmaybechangedbypressure,heat,solution,orcementingaction.Whenindividualgrainsfromexistingrockstendtodeformandinterlock,theyarecalledmetamorphicrocks.Forexample,granite,anigneousrock,maybemetamorphosedintoagneissoraschist.Limestone,asedimentaryrock,whensubjectedtoheatandpressuremaybecomemarble,ametamorphicrock.Shaleunderpressurebecomesslate.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.AllofthefollowingaresedimentaryrocksEXCEPT（）.

3.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina（）.

4.Therelationshipbetweenigneousandsedimentaryrocksmaybestbecomparedtotherelationshipbetween（）.

5.Theauthor’stoneinthepassagecanbebestdescribedas（）.

问题1选项

A.explainthefactorsthatmaycauserockstochangeinform

B.showhowthescientificnamesofrocksreflecttherock’scomposition

C.defineanddescribeseveraldiversekindsofrocks

D.differentiatebetweendifferentkindsofigneousrocks

问题2选项

A.shale

B.schist

C.sand

D.gravel

问题3选项

A.newspaperfeatureexplaininghowoilisfound

B.pamphletpromotingconservationofnaturalresources

C.teachingmanualaccompanyinganearthsciencetext

D.nonfictionbookexplainingwheretofindfossils

问题4选项

A.waterandland

B.sandandclay

C.nucleusandcellwall

D.leavesandcompost

问题5选项

A.objective

B.meditative

C.concerned

D.ironic

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.【试题解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章描述了igneousrocks火成岩、sedimentaryrocks沉积岩及metamorphicrocks变质岩这三种岩石。因此判断C项“定义和描述了几种不同种类的岩石”正确。

2.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文尾段“Forexample,granite,anigneousrock,maybemetamorphosedintoagneissoraschist.”，中文大意为：例如，属于火成岩的花岗岩，可能变形成片麻岩或结晶片岩。B选项“片岩”正确，符合题意。

3.【试题解析】推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章描述了igneousrocks火成岩、sedimentaryrocks沉积岩及metamorphicrocks变质岩这三种岩石，判断C选项“附带在地球科学课本上的教学手册”，正确。

4.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干关键词igneousandsedimentaryrocks可以定位到原文第一段“Igneousrocksarecommonlyreferredtoasprimaryrocksbecausetheyaretheoriginalsourceofmaterialfoundinsedimentariesandmetamorphics.”，中文翻译为：火成岩通常被称为原生岩，因为它们是在沉淀物和变质物体中被发现的原材料。故选D“树叶和（树叶）堆肥”。

5.【试题解析】观点态度题。通读全文，作者的对三种岩石的描述都客观的。因此A选项“客观的”符合题意。

17.单选题

Theboyseemedmore（）totheirpoverty,afterseeinghowhisgrandparentslived.

问题1选项

A.reconciled

B.consolidated

C.deteriorated

D.attributed

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。reconciled“妥协的；将就的”；consolidated“巩固的；统一的”；deteriorated“恶化的；变坏的”；attributed“归于”，根据后半句“在得知他的祖母当时的生活后”，可知男孩在得知祖母当时更贫穷艰辛的生活后，会对自己的贫穷妥协，reconciledto表示“接受；甘心”。句意：在得知他的祖母当时的生活后，这个男孩似乎……了自己家的贫穷。故正确答案为选项A。

18.单选题

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.

SectionF

AresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.

Fromthelistbelowchoosethemostsuitabletitleforthereadingpassageabove.WritetheappropriateletterA-Einbox28ontheAnswerSheet.（

）

问题1选项

A.Environmentalmanagement

B.Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupply

C.Soilerosion

D.Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforward

E.Farmsubsidies

【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段，可知文章的主要内容为政府在农业方面的相关政策对农业环境的影响。紧接着下文运用很多国家的例子说明了政府运用各种不同的政策来减少农业活动对环境带来的各种破坏，使土壤和环境得到保护。分别讨论了在富裕的国家和贫穷的国家，相关政策对环境保护带来的影响和效果。可判断出本文内容