考研考博-英语-山西警察学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西警察学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.翻译题

(1)Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyoutputsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld.Women’seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomistsbutenhancingwomen’scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.Andeconomicswithitsemphasisonincentives(激励),providesguidepoststhatpointtoanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedofaneducation.

Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfalltoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamilygirlsgrowuponlytomanyintosomebodyelse'sfamilyandbearchildren.(2)Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothsaresenttoschool—theprophecy(预言)becomesself-fulfillingtappingwomeninviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.

(3)Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.(4)Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle.

(5)Fewwilldisputethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworkers.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsareimpressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.

【答案】1.在发展中国家，教育女孩很可能比其他任何投资都能产生更高的回报率。

2.因此，人们认为女孩不如男孩有价值，女孩被留在家里做家务，而她们的兄弟则被送去上学。这个预言自我应验，让女性陷入被忽视的恶性循环。

3.另一方面，受过良好教育的母亲在外挣钱的能力更强，并且面临着完全不同的选择。

4.她女儿受到的教育使下一代女孩更有可能和男孩一样，受到教育并且健康。

5.几乎没有人会对女性受教育具有巨大的社会效益提出异议，而这也具有巨大的经济效益。

2.单选题

Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow,butatfirstIthoughtthathe（）today.

问题1选项

A.wascoming

B.iscoming

C.willcome

D.come

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词时态辨析。题干中的第一个分句用的是现在将来时态，第二个分句的主句用的是一般过去时态，宾语从句中应该使用表示过去将来的时态。根据语法规则，某些动词（如come，arrive，leave等）的进行时态可以表示将来。句意：我父亲明天会来，但起初我以为他今天会来。因此，根据题意和语法规则，A选项正确。

3.单选题

Men'sandwomen'sbrainsarenotonlydifferent,butthewayweusethemdifferstoo.Womenhavelargerconnectionsandmorefrequentinteractionbetweentheirbrain'sleftandrighthemispheres.Thisaccountsforwomen'sabilitytohavebetterverbalskillsandintuition.Men,ontheotherhand,havegreaterbrainhemisphereseparation,whichexplainstheirskillsforabstractreasoningandvisual-spatialintelligence.

Bothmenandwomentendtofollowtheirbiologicalprograms.Mentendtoretainafirmsenseofdirection:theyneedtotracethegame,catchit,andfindthewayhome,whilewomenhaveabetterperipheralvisionthathelpsthemtoseewhat'shappeningaroundthehouse,tospotallapproachingdanger,tonoticechangesinthechildren'sbehaviorandappearance.Men'sbrainsareprogrammedtohunting,whichexplainstheirnarrowrangeofvision,whilewomen'sbrainsareabletodecipherawiderrangeofinformation.

Whenenteringaroom,menlookforexits,estimatingapossiblethreat,andwaysofescape,whilewomenpayattentiontotheguests9facestofindoutwhotheyareandhowtheyfeel.Menareabletosortoutinformationandarchiveitintheirhead.Womentendto“rewind”theinformationoverandoveragain.Theonlywaytostopthinkingoftheproblemsistotalkitover.

Whenawomansharesherproblemswithaman,sheisnotlookingforsolutions:sheneedssomeonetolistentoher.

Menpreferstridentnoises,hardhandshakes,andredcolor.Theyarebetteratsolvingtechnicalproblems.Womenhaveasharperear;theyusemorewordswhiletalking,andarebetteratcompletingtasksindependently.

Basedonthesebiologicallyexplaineddifferences,somepsychologicaldistinctionsbetweenmenandwomencanbeestablished;Mengraspasituationasawholeandthinkglobally,whilewomenthinklocally,relyingondetailsandnuances;menaremoreindependentintheirthoughtsandactions,whilewomenaremorewillingtofollowtheideassuggestedbyothers.Womentendtocriticizethemselves,whilemenaremoresatisfiedwiththeirownperformance.Men'ssatisfactioncomefromcareerandprosperity,whilewomenvaluefamilyandkids;menhaveapronouncedneedtofulfilltheirgoals,andwomenrankrelationshipswithothersfirst.Womenenduepainandmonotonousworkbetterthanmen.

Alltheabovegetsevenmoreconfusing,ifwetakeintoaccountthat15to20%ofmenhappentohaveafemaletypeofbrains,andabout10%ofwomenhaveamaletypeofbrains,whichmeansthatsomepercentageofmenandwomennomatterhowsmallitseems,arepartiallyprogrammedtothebehaviorandwayofthinkingoftheoppositegender.

“Okay,Iunderstandtheproblem”youaresayingtoyourself,but“what'sthesolution”？Thatdependsonwhetheryouareawomanoraman.

1.Thispassagemainlydescribesthedifferencesbetweenmenandwomenin（）

.

2.Whenawomannarratesherproblemstoaman,shewants（）

.

3.WhichofthefollowingmayreflecttheChinesesaying“女人心,海底针”？

4.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat（）

.

5.Whenamanhasasharpernaturalabilityofintuitionthanothermen,wewouldsaythathe（）

.

6.Whenwesay“womenthinklocally”itmeansthat（）

.

问题1选项

A.physiology

B.sociology

C.psychology

D.alloftheabove

问题2选项

A.ahelper

B.alistener

C.allanalyzer

D.problem-solver

问题3选项

A.Women'sbrainsareabletodecipherawiderrangeofinformation.

B.Womenhavelargerconnectionsandmorefrequentinteractionbetweentheirbrain'sleftandrighthemispheres.

C.womenarebetteratcompletingtasksindependently.

D.womanattachgreaterimportancetorelationships.

问题4选项

A.menaremoredependentemotionally

B.womenarelessdependentemotionally

C.menarelessdependentinmakingdecisions

D.womenarelessconfidentthanmen

问题5选项

A.isawomanasamatteroffact

B.isborntobeawoman

C.hasafemaletypeofbrains

D.hasamaletypeofbrains

问题6选项

A.womenareattractedmorebylocalaffairs

B.womennoticeonlythelocalaffairs

C.womenpaymoreattentiontodetails

D.womendon'tcareabouttheinternationalaffairs

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

第6题:C

【解析】1.结合全文内容可知,第一二段主要是生理学的角度讲述讲述男女差异,第三四五段是社会学的角度,第六段是心理学的角度,所以选项D正确。

2.根据第四段“Whenawomansharesherproblemswithaman,sheisnotlookingforsolutions:sheneedssomeonetolistentoher.”可知,当女人在倾诉的时候,她需要的不是解决方案,而是一个倾听者,所以选项B正确。

3.“女人心,海底针”指女人想得比较多,心思难以琢磨。选项A“女性的大脑能够解读更广泛的信息”说明女性心思细腻,想法多。所以选项A符合题意。其他选项都不是讲女性心思细腻,想法多,所以排除。

4.根据原文可知,选项A和B在文中没有提及,根据第六段“menaremoreindependentintheirthoughtsandactions,whilewomenaremorewillingtofollowtheideassuggestedbyothers.”男人在思想和行动上更独立,而女人更愿意听从别人的建议。说明男性在做决定时更独立,选项C正确；第六段提及女人喜欢批评自己,而男人对自己的表现更满意,并不能说明女人不如男人自信,所以排除。

5.根据倒数第二段的内容可知,15-20%的男性有着女性思维方式的大脑,而10%的女性有着男性思维方式的大脑,他们的思维方式和行为与异性一致。根据题意,当一个男人比其他男人有更敏锐的直觉能力,我们说她有着女性思维方式的大脑,因为一般女性比男性的直觉要更加敏锐,所以选项C正确。

6.根据第六段“Mengraspasituationasawholeandthinkglobally,whilewomenthinklocally,relyingondetailsandnuance...”男性从整体上把握形势,放眼全球；而女性则从局部出发,依靠细节和细微差别进行思考。选项C符合原文。

4.单选题

Speakingtwolanguagesratherthanjustonehasobviouspracticalbenefitsinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld.Butinrecentyears,scientistshavebeguntoshowthattheadvantagesofbilingualismareevenmorefundamentalthanbeingabletoconversewithawiderrangeofpeople.Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementia（痴呆）inoldage.

Thisviewofbilingualismisremarkablydifferentfromtheunderstandingofbilingualismthroughmuchofthe20thcentury.Researchers,educatorsandpolicymakerslongconsideredasecondlanguagetobeaninterference,cognitivelyspeaking,thathinderedachild’sacademicandintellectualdevelopment.

Theywerenotwrongabouttheinterference:thereisampleevidencethatinabilingual’sbrainbothlanguagesystemsareactiveevenwhenheisusingonlyonelanguage,thuscreatingsituationsinwhichonesystemobstructs（痴呆）theother.Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isn’tsomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.

Thecollectiveevidencefromanumberofsuchstudiessuggeststhatthebilingualexperienceimprovesthebrain’sso-calledexecutivefunction.Acommandsystemdirectstheattentionprocessesthatweuseforplanning,solvingproblemsandperformingvariousothermentallydemandingtasks.Theseprocessesincludeignoringdistractionstostayfocused,switchingattentionwillfullyfromonethingtoanotherandholdinginformationinmind—likerememberingasequenceofdirectionswhiledriving.

Whydoesthetussle（搏斗）betweentwosimultaneouslyactivelanguagesystemsimprovetheseaspectsofcognition?Untilrecently,researchersthoughtthebilingualadvantagestemmedprimarilyfromanabilityforinhibitionthatwashoned（磨炼）bytheexerciseofsuppressingonelanguagesystem:thissuppression,itwasthought,wouldhelptrainthebilingualmindtoignoredistractionsinothercontexts.Butthatexplanationincreasinglyappearstobeinadequate,sincestudieshaveshownthatbilingualsperformbetterthanmonolingualsevenattasksthatdonotrequireinhibition,likethreadingalinethroughanascendingseriesofnumbersscatteredrandomlyonapage.

Thekeydifferencebetweenbilingualsandmonolingualsmaybemorebasic:aheightenedabilitytomonitortheenvironment.“Bilingualshavetoswitchlanguagesquiteoften—youmaytalktoyourfatherinonelanguageandtoyourmotherinanotherlanguage,”saysAlbertCosta,aresearcherattheUniversityofPompeaFabrainSpain.“Itrequireskeepingtrackofchangesaroundyouinthesamewaythatwemonitoroursurroundingswhendriving.”InastudycomparingGerman-ItalianbilingualswithItalianmonolingualsonmonitoringtasks,Mr.Costaandhiscolleaguesfoundthatthebilingualsubjectsnotonlyperformedbetter,buttheyalsodidsowithlessactivityinpartsofthebraininvolvedinmonitoring,indicatingthattheyweremoreefficientatit.

Thebilingualexperienceappearstoinfluencethebrainfrominfancytooldage,andthereisreasontobelievethatitmayalsoapplytothosewholearnasecondlanguagelaterinlife.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themorerecentandoldviewsofbilingualismdiffermainlyin（

）.

2.Thefactthatinterferenceisnowseenasablessingindisguisemeansthat

（

）.

3.WhatistheroleofParagraphFourinrelationtoParagraphThree?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanaccountforbetterperformanceofbilingualsindoingnon-inhibitiontasks?

5.Whatisthemainthemeofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.itspracticaladvantages

B.perceivedlanguagefluency

C.itsroleincognition

D.itsroleinmedicine

问题2选项

A.itspotentialbenefitshaveremainedundiscovered

B.ithasledtounexpectedlyfavorableresults

C.itseffectsoncognitivedevelopmenthavebeenminimal

D.onlyafewresearchershaverealizeditsadvantages

问题3选项

A.ItprovidescounterevidencetoParagraphThree.

B.Itoffersanotherexampleoftheroleofinterference.

C.Itservesasatransitionalparagraphinthepassage.

D.ItfurtherillustratesthepointinParagraphThree.

问题4选项

A.Anabilitytoignoredistractions

B.Anabilitytomonitorsurroundings.

C.Anabilitytoperformwithlesseffort.

D.Anabilitytoexercisesuppression.

问题5选项

A.Featuresofbilingualsandmonolinguals.

B.Interferenceandsuppression.

C.Bilingualsandmonitoringtasks.

D.Reasonswhybilingualsaresmarter

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementiainoldage.（事实证明，双语能让你更聪明。它可以对你的大脑产生深远的影响，提高与语言无关的认知能力，甚至可以在老年时抵御痴呆症）可知C选项“它在认知中的作用”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。根据题干关键词interference定位到文章第三段中，由Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isn’tsomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.（但研究人员发现，这种干扰与其说是一种障碍，不如说是一种伪装的祝福。它迫使大脑解决内部冲突，给大脑一个加强认知肌肉的锻炼）可知B选项“它带来意外的有利结果”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第三段介绍干扰虽然存在，但能锻炼认知肌肉，第四段介绍研究表明双语经历能改善大脑的执行功能，接着又详细说明大脑的工作流程来证明上面的观点。故第四段进一步说明第三段的内容，因此D选项“它进一步说明了第三段的观点”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词non-inhibitiontasks定位到文章第五段中，由Butthatexplanationincreasinglyappearstobeinadequate,sincestudieshaveshownthatbilingualsperformbetterthanmonolingualsevenattasksthatdonotrequireinhibition（但这种解释似乎越来越不充分，因为研究表明，即使在不需要抑制的任务中，双语者的表现也比单语者好）和第六段中的Thekeydifferencebetweenbilingualsandmonolingualsmaybemorebasic:aheightenedabilitytomonitortheenvironment.（双语者和单语者之间的关键区别可能更为基本：提高了监控环境的能力）可知B选项“监测环境的能力”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章首段提出双语者更聪明，尾段提出双语经验对学习第二语言的有利影响，中间内容解释了双语干扰带来能锻炼认知肌肉，双语经历能改善大脑的执行功能。因此D选项“双语者更聪明的原因”符合题意。

5.单选题

Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructure,designedtobeplayed(exactlyaswritten)onthepiano.AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliams,EdvardGrieg,andAntonDvorakwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneerragtimecomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags.

Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.Forinstance,WilfredMellerscomments“ragsweretransferredtothePianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachine,shouldbeplayedlikeamachine,withmeticulousprecision.”However,thereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoragtime,theonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecision,anditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance,itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform.

Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrains,oftenorganizedwithrepeats.Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainortheme,followedbyasimilartheme,leadingtoatrioofmarkedlyricalcharacter,withthestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmanner,endingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalike,sotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.Therefore,themesmustbebriefwithclear,sharpmelodicfigures.Notconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemes,theragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedform,andlinksittovariousrelatedthemes.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbasscalledbyjazzmusiciansaboom—chickbass—inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand.

Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstitutionalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythms,nottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofJazz.Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentionofstructure,notinventivenessorvirtuosity.Itexistsasatradition,asetofconventions,abodyofwrittenscores,separatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz.

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,RalphVaughanWilliams,AntonDvorak,andScottJoplinaresimilarinthattheyall______.

37.Theword“inherently”inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby______.

38.AccordingtoParagraph3,allthefollowingarewhattheragtimecomposermostconcernedwithEXCEPT______.

39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenragtimeandjazz?

40.Itcaninferredthattheauthorofthepassagebelievesthatthemostimportantfeatureofragtimemusicisits______.

问题1选项

A.conductedresearchintomusicologicalhistory

B.wroteoriginalcompositionsbasedonfolktunes

C.collectedandrecordedabbreviatedpianosuites

D.createdintricatesonata-likemusicalstructures

问题2选项

A.intrinsically

B.artificially

C.monotonously

D.apparently

问题3选项

A.developmentofmusicalthemes

B.asubjectdownintactinfinishedform

C.clear,sharpmelodicfigures

D.connectingittovariousrelatedsubjects

问题4选项

A.Aninstrumentalandmusicaltechniques.

B.Aninstrumentalmannerandamelody.

C.Agenreandmusicaltechniques.

D.Aninstrumentalmannerandagenre.

问题5选项

A.formalstructure

B.emotionalrange

C.improvisationalopportunities

D.roleasaforerunnerofjazz

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】36.【选项释义】

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,RalphVaughanWilliams,AntonDvorak,andScottJoplinaresimilarinthattheyall______.36.根据第一段，拉尔夫沃恩威廉姆斯、安东德沃夏克和斯科特乔普林都______，这一点很相似。

A.conductedresearchintomusicologicalhistoryA.对音乐学历史进行了研究

B.wroteoriginalcompositionsbasedonfolktunesB.是根据民间曲调创作的原创作品

C.collectedandrecordedabbreviatedpianosuitesC.收集并录制了简短的钢琴组曲

D.createdintricatesonata-likemusicalstructuresD.创造了复杂的奏鸣曲式的音乐结构

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】定位第一段“雷格泰姆是一种音乐形式，它将民间旋律（folkmelodies）和音乐技巧综合成一种简短的类似方舞舞曲的形式，严格地按照创作一样在钢琴上演奏。拉尔夫沃恩威廉姆斯、爱德华格里格和安东德沃夏克等欧洲作曲家与美国的先驱拉雷格泰姆作曲家有着强烈的相似之处。像斯科特乔普林和詹姆斯斯科特这样的作曲家在某种意义上是收藏家或音乐学家，他们收集黑人社区的舞蹈和民间音乐（folkmusic），并有意识地把它们编成简短的组曲或选集（consciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologies），称为钢琴散拍乐曲。”，从中我们可知，雷格泰姆音乐是将民间旋律和音乐技巧结合，并在钢琴上演奏，拉尔夫沃恩威廉姆斯、安东德沃夏克和雷格泰姆风格类似，而斯科特乔普林也是收集民间音乐并编曲，其中的关键词是folkmusic，所以他们的相似之处就是，他们都是根据民间旋律创作作品，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、D选项在该段没有提到，属于无中生有；

C选项只是针对斯科特乔普林来说，并不全面，属于以偏概全。

37.【选项释义】

37.Theword“inherently”inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby______.37.第二段中的“inherently”一词最好用______代替。

A.intrinsicallyA.本质地，固有的

B.artificiallyB.人工地

C.monotonouslyC.无变化地，单调地

D.apparentlyD.显然地

【考查点】词义推测题。

【解题思路】定位第二段第三句“然而，没有理由仅因为商业制造商采用了一种机械的录音方法来录制散拍乐，而这是当时录制钢琴音乐的唯一方法，就认为散拍乐inherently就是呆板的”，在第一句也同样提到“有时人们认为散拍乐是呆板的”，从中我们可以推测，inherently表示“本来的”的意思，所以A项正确。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不正确，属于曲解原文。

38.【选项释义】

38.AccordingtoParagraph3,allthefollowingarewhattheragtimecomposermostconcernedwithEXCEPT______.38.根据第三段，除了______，下面所有的都是散拍乐曲作曲家最关心的。

A.developmentofmusicalthemesA.音乐主题发展

B.asubjectdownintactinfinishedformB.一个完整的主题

C.clear,sharpmelodicfiguresC.清晰的、尖锐的旋律

D.connectingittovariousrelatedsubjectsD.将其与各种相关主题联系起来

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】定位第三段倒数第二句“散拍乐作曲家关心的不是音乐主题的发展（Notconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemes），而是把一个完整的主题（atheme）以完整的形式记录下来，并把它与各种相关的主题联系起来（linksittovariousrelatedthemes）”，以及倒数第三句“因此，主题必须是简短的，清晰的，尖锐的旋律（clear,sharpmelodicfigures）”，从中可知A项是散拍乐曲作曲家不关心的。因此，该题选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均是散拍乐曲作曲家关心的。

39.【选项释义】

39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenragtimeandjazz?39.根据第四段，散拍乐和爵士乐的主要区别是什么？

A.Aninstrumentalandmusicaltechniques.A.一种乐器技巧和音乐技巧。

B.Aninstrumentalmannerandamelody.B.一种乐器方法和旋律。

C.Agenreandmusicaltechniques.C.音乐流派和音乐技巧。

D.Aninstrumentalmannerandagenre.D.一种乐器方法和流派。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】定位至第四段，文中提到“无论是作为一种器乐风格（institutionalstyle）还是一种流派（genre），散拍乐都与爵士乐截然不同”，从中可知，散拍乐和爵士乐主要在于institutionalstyle和genre上的区别，D选项表达最完整，因此正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项表达不全面，属于以偏概全。

40.【选项释义】

40.Itcaninferredthattheauthorofthepassagebelievesthatthemostimportantfeatureofragtimemusicisits______.40.可以推断出，文章的作者认为散拍乐最重要的特征是它的______。

A.formalstructureA.形式结构

B.emotionalrangeB.情绪广度

C.improvisationalopportunitiesC.即兴机会

D.roleasaforerunnerofjazzD.爵士乐先驱的角色

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“散拍乐的精确性不是一种呆板的精确，这种精确也并不局限于表演风格，它来自于散拍乐遵循的一个明确定义的形式（awell-definedform），并在这个形式中遵守简单的规则”，第三段第一句“钢琴散拍乐的经典形式（classicformula）就是在16小节的旋律中安排3到5个主题，并且经常以重复的形式组织起来（organizedwithrepeats）”，以及最后一段中的“散拍乐风格强调的是重复的音乐节奏（apatternofrepeatedrhythms）……散拍乐要求严格注意结构（requiresstrictattentionofstructure）……”，从中我们可以看出，散拍乐的特点就是遵循明确的形式规则和编曲结构，所以A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项属于编曲结构的特点之一，但并不全面，属于以偏概全；

C选项没有提到，属于无中生有；

D选项定位文章最后一句“散拍乐与其说是爵士乐，不如说是19世纪的民间音乐”可知，选项中的forerunner并不符合原文，属于反向干扰。

6.单选题

Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproductionandisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe'SecondIndustrialRevolution'.

Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventuallytheresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.

Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.

1.Thoughthelaborworriesabouttheeffectsofautomation,itneverdoubtsthat（

）.

2.Theideaofthe"improvementfactor'(Para.3)impliesroughly

（

）.

3.Inordertogetthefullbenefitsofautomation,laborwilldependmostlyon

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?

问题1选项

A.automationwilleventuallypreventunemployment

B.automationwillhelpworkersacquirenewskills

C.automationwilleventuallybenefittheworkersnolessthantheemployers

D.automationisatrendwhichcannotbestopped

问题2选项

A.wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofservice

B.thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkers

C.supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromoted

D.thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstoworkers

问题3选项

A.shorterworkinghoursandmoreleisuretime

B.theincreaseofwagesinproportiontotheincreaseinproductivity

C.additionalpaymenttothepermanentlydismissalworkers

D.strongdriveforpla