考研考博-英语-安阳职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安阳职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Theoldparadigmofuniversitiesasself-containedvillagesisbeingshatteredbynewtechnologiesandnewsocietalvalues,accordingtothecontributorstoTheUniversityinTransformation.

Theconventionalwisdomthatittakesasmallvillage—thecollegecampus—toproduceacollegegraduateunderliesthebasicstructureofmostuniversitiestoday.Thismodehaschangedsurprisinglylittlefromthatwhichemerged1,000yearsagoinmedievalEurope,Professorslecture,studentslisten,askquestions,andaretestedonhowwelltheyremembertheirprofessors’words.Butamillenniumlater,timeshavechanged.Likeitornot.Thethousand-year-oldidealofthecampusasavillage-pacedcommunityforscholarship,discussion,andresearchiseroding.Competingmodelsarebeginningtoemerge,incorporatingnewtechnologies,newformsoforganization,andnewsocialgoals.

TheUniversityinTransformation,editedbyAustralianfuturistsSohailInayatullahandJenniferGidley,presentssome20highlyvariedoutlooksontomorrow’suniversitiesbywritersrepresentingbothWesternandnon-Westernperspectives.Theiressaysraiseabroadrangeofissues,questioningnearlyeverykeyassumptionwehaveabouthighereducationtoday:Forinstance,whyshouldhighereducationcostsomuch,wheninformationnowcanbesoeasilyandcheaplysharedthroughtheInternetandothercomputer-basedtechnologies?Andwhymuststudentsregisterexclusivelyatoneinstitutiontopursueadegree,ratherthanfreelytakecoursesforcreditwhenandwherevertheybestmeettheirownparticularneeds?

ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUnity-avoluntarycommunityofscholar/teachersphysicallyscatteredthroughoutacountryoraroundtheworldbutalllinkedincyberspace.Acomputerizeduniversitycouldhavemanyadvantages,suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld’sgreatlibraries.

YettheInternetUniversityposesdangers,too.Forexample,alineoffranchisedcourseware,producedbyafewsuperstarteachers,marketedunderthebrandnameofafamousinstitution,andheavilyadvertised,mighteventuallycometodominatetheglobaleducationmarket,warnssociologyprofessorPeterManicasoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa.Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthemoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork,noteAustraliancommunicationsprofessorsDavidRooneyandGregHearn.

Ontheotherhand,whileglobalconnectivityseemshighlylikelytoplaysomesignificantroleinfuturehighereducation,thatdoesnotmeangreateruniformityincoursecontent-orotherdangers-willnecessarilyfollow.Countermovementsarealsoatwork.

Manyinacademia,includingscholarscontributingtothisvolume,arequestioningthefundamentalmissionofuniversityeducation.Whatif,forinstance,insteadofreceivingprimarilytechnicaltrainingandbuildingtheirindividualcareers,universitystudentsandprofessorscouldfocustheirlearningandresearcheffortsonexistingproblemsintheirlocalcommunitiesandtheworld?FeministscholarIvanaMilojevicdarestodreamwhatauniversitymightbecome“ifwebelievedthatchild-careworkersandteachersinearlychildhoodeducationshouldbeoneofthehighest(ratherthanlowest)paidprofessionals?”

Co-editorJenniferGidleyshowshowtomorrow’suniversityfaculty,insteadofgivinglecturesandconductingindependentresearch,maytakeonthreenewroles.Somewouldactasbrokers,assemblingcustomizeddegree-creditprogramsforindividualstudentsbymixingandmatchingthebestcourseofferingsavailablefrominstitutionsallaroundtheworld.Asecondgroup,mentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday’sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.Thiswouldrequirethemtoconstantlybelearningfromtheirstudentsaswellasinstructingthem.Athirdnewroleforfaculty,andinGidley’sviewthemostchallengingandrewardingofall,wouldbeasmeaning-makers:charismaticsagesandpractitionersleadinggroupsofstudents/colleaguesincollaborativeeffortstofindspiritualaswellasrationalandtechnologicalsolutionstospecificreal-worldproblems.

51.Aboutthebasicstructureofuniversities,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

52.WhenthebookreviewerdiscussestheInternetUniversity,______.

53.WhichofthefollowingisNOTseenasapotentialdangeroftheInternetUniversity?

54.Accordingtothereview,whatshouldbethefundamentalmissionofuniversityeducation?

55.Judgingfromthethreenewrolesenvisionedfortomorrow’suniversityfaculty,universityteachers______.

问题1选项

A.Olduniversitieswerealwaysinvillages.

B.Thetraditionalidealofcampushasbeenstrengthened.

C.Theconventionalmodelhasradicallychangedinthepastmillennium.

D.Theself-containedparadigmischallengedbynewtechnologiesandvalues.

问题2选项

A.heisinfavorofit

B.hisviewisbalanced

C.heisambivalentaboutit

D.heisstronglycriticalofit

问题3选项

A.Teachersintraditionalinstitutionsmaylosetheirjobs.

B.Internetbasedcoursesmaybelesscostlythantraditionalones.

C.Internetbasedcoursewaremaylackvarietyincoursecontent.

D.TheInternetUniversitymayproduceteacherswithalotofpublicity.

问题4选项

A.Knowledgelearningandcareerbuilding.

B.Learninghowtosolvecurrentlocalandsocialproblems.

C.Researchingintosolutionstoprospectiveinternationalproblems.

D.Combiningresearcheffortsofteachersandstudentsinlearning.

问题5选项

A.arerequiredtoconductmoreindependentresearch

B.arerequiredtooffermorecoursestotheirstudents

C.aresupposedtoassumemoredemandingduties

D.aresupposedtosupervisemorestudentsintheirspecialty

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】51.细节事实题。题干意思是“关于大学的基本结构，下面哪个陈述是正确的？”。根据第一段Theoldparadigmofuniversitiesasself-containedvillagesisbeingshatteredbynewtechnologiesandnewsocietalvalues（大学作为自给自足的村庄的旧范式正在被新技术和新的社会价值观打破）可知D项“自成一体的范式受到新技术和价值观的挑战”正确。A项“以前的大学总是在农村”，该项表述太绝对，文章并没有提到以前的大学都在农村；第二段倒数第二句提到Thethousand-year-oldidealofthecampusasavillage-pacedcommunityforscholarship,discussion,andresearchiseroding.（一千年来，人们一直认为校园是一个像村庄一样的学术、讨论和研究的社区，但这种理想正在逐渐消失）可知B项“传统的校园理想得到了加强”错误；根据第二段第一句Theconventionalwisdomthatittakesasmallvillage—thecollegecampus—toproduceacollegegraduateunderliesthebasicstructureofmostuniversitiestoday.（传统观念认为，只有一个小村庄，即大学校园，才能培养出大学毕业生，这种观念构成了今天大多数大学的基本结构）可知C项“传统模式在过去的千年里发生了根本性的变化”错误。因此，该题选择D项正确。

52.观点态度题。题干意思是“当书评人讨论互联网大学时，……”。文章第四段讲了互联网大学的很多优点：suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld’sgreatlibraries.（比如容易安排课程，同时高效率地向数千甚至数百万学生提供讲座，各地的学生随时可以获得世界各大图书馆的资源）；但是接着第五段就讲述了互联网大学带来的一些弊端：underselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthemoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork（会使传统的红砖白瓦的实体大学降低学费，从而让他们迅速退出行业，并使成千上万的职业学者失业）。结合上下文语境，书评人并没有做出自己个人喜好的判断，所以A项“他是支持的”、C项“他对此有矛盾的态度”和D项“他强烈批评”可以排除。因此，该题选择B项“他的观点是客观公正的”正确。

53.细节判断题。题干意思是“以下哪项不被认为是互联网大学的潜在危险？”。根据第五段最后一句Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthemoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork（除了强制实施严格的标准化课程外，这种“盒子里的大学教育”可能会会使传统的红砖白瓦的实体大学降低学费，从而让他们迅速退出行业，并使成千上万的职业学者失业）可知，互联网大学的潜在危险包括：让传统的实体大学的老师失业，并且互联网的课件内容是有模板的，缺乏多样化，另外网络课程的成本比传统的课程费用低，所以A项“传统机构的教师可能会失去他们的工作”、B项“基于网络的课程可能比传统课程更便宜”和C项“基于网络的课件内容缺乏多样性”都属于潜在危险，可以排除；D项“互联网大学可能会做很多宣传培养教师”文中没有提到培养老师。因此，该题选择D项正确。

54.细节推断题。题干意思是“根据本书评，大学教育的根本使命应该是什么？”。第七段提到了大学教育的使命，第二句提到insteadofreceivingprimarilytechnicaltrainingandbuildingtheirindividualcareers,universitystudentsandprofessorscouldfocustheirlearningandresearcheffortsonexistingproblemsintheirlocalcommunitiesandtheworld（大学学生和教授可以把他们的学习和研究工作集中在他们当地社区和世界上存在的问题上，而不是主要接受技术培训和建立他们个人的职业生涯），由此可以推断，大学教育的根本使命应该是学习研究如何处理当地社区和世界上存在的问题，而不是接受技术培训和建立他们个人的职业生涯，所以A项“知识学习和职业建设”错误；B项“学习如何解决当前当地和社会问题”正确；C项“研究未来国际问题的解决方案”表述与原文不符；D项“在学习中结合教师和学生的研究努力”这属于完成使命中的过程，而不是使命的目标。因此，该题选择B项正确。

55.细节推断题。题干意思是“从未来大学教师的三个新角色来判断，大学教师……”。文章最后一段提到了大学教师的三个角色，从第二句话Somewouldactasbrokers,assemblingcustomizeddegree-creditprogramsforindividualstudentsbymixingandmatchingthebestcourseofferingsavailablefrominstitutionsallaroundtheworld.（有些会充当中介，通过整合和搭配世界各地机构的最佳课程，为每个学生量身定制学位-学分课程）可以推断，大学教师的角色之一是向学生提供个性化和综合性的课程，B项“被要求为他们的学生提供更多的课程”表述与原文不相符；第三句提到Asecondgroup,mentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday’sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.（第二种类型是导师，其作用与今天的教师顾问很相似，但很可能在自己的专业领域之外带更多的学生），可推断D项“应该用他们的专业指导更多的学生”也不符合原文；根据文章最后一句Athirdnewroleforfaculty,andinGidley’sviewthemostchallengingandrewardingofall,wouldbeasmeaning-makers:charismaticsagesandpractitionersleadinggroupsofstudents/colleaguesincollaborativeeffortstofindspiritualaswellasrationalandtechnologicalsolutionstospecificreal-worldproblems.（教师的第三个新角色，在吉德利看来也是最具挑战性和最有益的角色，将是作为意义的创造者：富有魅力的圣人和实践者，领导学生和同事团队共同努力，为具体的现实世界问题找到精神上的、理性的和技术上的解决方案）可推断，大学教师的新角色之一就是需要承担更多的职责，C项“应该承担更苛刻的职责”符合原文；A项“需要进行更多的独立研究”在原文中没有提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。

2.单选题

Thatisa______pointofview.Idon’tagreewithyou.

问题1选项

A.crystal

B.protein

C.union

D.conservative

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项crystal“水晶”；B选项protein“蛋白质的”；C选项union“联合”；D选项conservative“保守的”。句意：这观点很______。我不同意你的看法。根据语境，D选项conservative“保守的”搭配pointofview比较合理，意思指这个观点非常保守，符合题意。因此D选项正确。

3.单选题

Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Tounderstandthemechanismofthehumanbrain.

B.Toseeiftheyareinherenttraitsaffectinglearning.

C.Tocategorizedifferenttypesoflearners.

D.Tofindoutwhatstudentsprefertolearn.

问题2选项

A.Itwasoriginalindesign.

B.Itwasthought-provoking.

C.Itwasdefective.

D.Itwasmisguided.

问题3选项

A.Readingplaintextsismoreeffectivethanviewingpictures.

B.Scientificconceptsarehardtounderstandwithoutvisualaids.

C.Auditoryaidsareasimportantasvisualaids.

D.Visualaidsarehelpfultoalltypesoflearners.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

【解析】RecordingOne

Haveyoueverhadsomeonetrytoexplainsomethingtoyouadozentimeswithnoluck—butthen,whenyouseeapicture,theideafinallyclicks?Ifthatsoundsfamiliar,maybeyoumightconsideryourselfavisuallearner.Or,ifreadingorlisteningdoesthetrick,maybeyoufeellikeyou’reaverballearner.

Wecalltheselabelslearningstyles,butistherereallyawaytocategorizedifferenttypesofstudents?Well,itactuallyseemsthatmultiplepresentationformats,especiallyifoneofthemisvisual,helpmostpeoplelearn.

[16]Whenpsychologistsandeducatorstestforlearningstyles,they’retryingtofigureoutwhethertheseareinherenttraitsthataffecthowwellstudentslearn,insteadofjustapreference.Usually,theystartbygivingasurveytofigureoutwhatstyleastudentfavors,likevisualorverballearning.Then,theytrytoteachthestudentssomethingwithaspecificpresentationstyle,likeusingvisualaids,anddoafollow-uptesttoseehowmuchtheylearned.Thatway,theresearcherscanseeiftheself-identifiedverballearnersreallylearnedbetterwhentheinformationwasjustspokenaloud,forexample.

But,accordingtoa2008review,onlyonestudythatfollowedthisdesignfoundthatstudentsactuallylearnedbestwiththeirpreferredstyle.[17]Butthestudyhadsomebigflaws.Theresearchersexcludedtwothirdsoftheoriginalparticipantsbecausetheydidn’tseemtohaveanyclearlearningstylefromthesurveyatthebeginning,andtheydidn’tevenreporttheactualtestscoresinthefinalpaper.So...itdoesn’treallyseemlikelearningstylesareaninherenttraitthatweallhave.But,thatdoesn’tmeanthatallstudentswilldoamazinglyiftheyjustspendalltheirtimereadingfromatextbook.

Instead,mostpeopleseemtolearnbetterifthey’retaughtinseveralways,especiallyifoneisvisual.Inonestudy,researcherstestedwhetherstudentsrememberedlistsofwordsbetteriftheyheardthem,sawthem,orboth.Andeveryoneseemedtodobetteriftheygottoseethewordsinprint,eventheself-identifiedauditorylearners.Theirpreferencedidn’tseemtomatter.

Similarstudiestestedwhetherstudentslearnedbasicphysicsandchemistryconceptsbetterbyreadingplaintextorviewingpictures,too.[18]Andeveryonedidbetterwiththehelpofpictures.

16.Whydopsychologistsandeducatorsstudylearningstyles?

【试题答案】B

【试题解析】题目问为什么心理学家和教育家要研究学习方式？录音提到，当心理学家和教育学家为学习方式做测试时，他们试图弄清楚这些是否是影响学生学习效果的固有特征，因此B选项“看它们是否是影响学习的固有特征”符合录音原文表述。A选项“了解人类大脑的机制”和D选项“找出学生更喜欢学什么”在录音中均没有信息提及；C选项“对不同类型的学习者进行分类”，利用录音的categorizedifferenttypesofstudents设干扰，录音中只是质疑是否真的有办法把不同类型的学生分类，这并不是心理学家和教育家研究学习方式的原因，因此C选项不正确。

17.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutonestudymentionedinthe2008review?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问说话者对2008年评论中提到的一项研究有何看法？录音提到，这项研究存在一些重大缺陷，因此C选项“它是有缺陷的”正确。A选项“它在设计上是原创的”，利用录音的original设干扰，录音只是提到研究人员排除了三分之二的最初参与者，并未提到设计上的事，因此A选项不正确；B选项“它是发人深省的”和D选项“它被误导了”在录音中没有信息提及。

18.Whatmessagedoesthespeakerwanttoconveyaboutlearningattheendoftalk?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问在谈话的最后，说话者想传达关于学习的什么信息？录音最后提到，类似的研究测试了学生通过阅读纯文本或观看图片是否能更好地学习基本的物理和化学概念，所有人在图片的帮助下都做得更好。由此可知，D选项“视觉上的辅助对所有类型的学习者都有用”符合录音原文表述。A选项“阅读纯文本比看图片更有效”与录音最后提到的实验结果恰好相反，因此错误；B选项“没有视觉辅助，科学概念很难理解”，录音中未提及理解科学概念的难度，因此B选项属于无中生有的错误选项；C选项“听觉辅助和视觉辅助一样重要”，录音提到一项研究测试学生在听、看和听看并用的情况下记单词的效果。结果发现，所有学生在“看”单词时，记单词的效果最好，即使自认为偏好用“听”来学习的学生也是这样。由此可见，“看”应该比“听”效果更好，因此排除C选项。

4.单选题

Bythe1980s,accordingtointernationalbutadmittedlyinconsistentdefinitionsofliteracy,aboutsevenoutoftenadultsintheworldwereconsideredliterate.Theincreaseinliteracyfromancienttimestothepresenthasnotbeenastoryofunbrokenprogress.Theabilityofpeoplewithinagivensocietytoreadandwritehasbeeninfluencedbyanumberoffactors,includingeconomicwell-being,theavailabilityofmaterialtoread,theamountofeducationavailable,andthebasicmatteroftheusefulnessofreading.

Ofthesefactors,usefulnesshasprobablybeenthemostdecisive.Inancientsocieties,aspeoplesettledintostablepatternsofagricultureandtrade,itbecameusefulforsomeofthemtoreadandwriteinordertokeeprecords,totransactbusiness,andtomeasureamountsofland,animals,goods,materials,andproduce.Sincealleconomicaspectsofasocietywerecloselytiedtotheoperationsofgovernment,literarybecameusefulandevennecessaryforthekeepingofrecordsbyofficials.TheresponsibilitiesofcitizenshipledtoafairlyhighlevelofliteracyinancientGreeceandRome,butinadditiontothat,therealsogrewanappreciationofgoodliterature,poetry,drama,history,andphilosophy.

DuringtheearlyMiddleAges,withthegeneralbreakdownofsocietyinEuropeandthedecreaseofcommerce,literarybecamelargelyconfinedtothechurch.ButinthelateMiddleAges,intheperiodoftheRenaissance,thegreatexpansionofcommerceandbankingledtoarevivalinliteracyforthesamereasonthathadcausedittoincreaseintheancientworldusefulness.

Withtheinventionoftheprintingpressandinexpensivepaperlateinthe15thcenturytherewasforthefirsttimeagreatavailabilityofreadingmaterialforamuchgreaternumberofpeople.Religiousreformerswereamongthefirsttoutilizethesituation,quicklygettingtranslationsoftheBibleandeducationaltractsandbookletsintothehandsofmanypeople.

Thebroadenedreligiousenlightenmentthatresultedwasfollowedinlatercenturiesbyapoliticalone.Politicaltheoristswhofavoreddoctrinespromotingthenaturalrightsofmancalledforanattackuponilliteracy.Politicalrevolutions,particularlyintheUnitedStatesandFrance,helpedinaugurateanerainwhichallclasseswerecalledupontobecomeinformedonpublicpolicyfortheirownwelfare.Againstthispoliticalbackgroundthereemergedthemovementforuniversalpopulareducation.Literacycametobeunderstoodasameanswherebytheindividualcouldbenefitandadvance,andgraduallywholesocietiesbegantoacknowledgethatuniversalliteracyamongtheircitizenswasanavenuetogreatereconomicwell-being.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

2.Fromthefirstparagraphweknow________.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemajordrivingforcebehindtheprogresstowardmoreliteracy?

4.IntheRenaissance,itwas________thatgreatlyexpandliteracy.

5.Thelastparagraphismainlyabout________.

问题1选项

A.Theprogressofliteracywasdominatedsuccessivelybyeconomy,religionandpolitics.

B.DuringtheearlyMiddleAges,withtheincreaseofcommerce,literacybecamelargelyconfinedtothechurch.

C.Theeconomicaspectisthemostrelatedtotheman’sreadingability.

D.IntheperiodoftheRenaissance,thegreatexpansionofreligionandbusinessledtoarevivalinliteracy.

问题2选项

A.itisfairlyeasytodetermineliteracy

B.thereisnoilliteracyinarichfamily

C.historyseesanevenprogresstowardsliteracy

D.inhistoryliteracysuffersupsanddowns

问题3选项

A.Theamountofeducation.

B.Theavailabilityofreadingmaterials.

C.Theeconomicdevelopment.

D.Thenecessitytoread.

问题4选项

A.thereligiousreforms

B.translationandpopularizationoftheBible

C.availabilityofprintingtechnologyandcheappaper

D.therenovationsoftheteachingmethods

问题5选项

A.thereligiousmovementsthatpromotedtheliteracyofthepublic

B.thenewprogresstowardsliteracyinitiatedbydemocraticsociety

C.modernpoliticalmovementtowardsademocraticsociety

D.politicalmovementsattheendoftheMiddleAgesfightingilliteracy

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第二句thegreatexpansionofcommerceandbankingledtoarevivalinliteracyforthesamereasonthathadcausedittoincreaseintheancientworldusefulness.（商业和银行业的巨大发展导致了文化的复兴，出于同样的原因，使之在古代世界的效用增加。），结合第一段最后一句Theabilityofpeoplewithinagivensocietytoreadandwritehasbeeninfluencedbyanumberoffactors,includingeconomicwell-being,theavailabilityofmaterialtoread…（在特定社会中，人们的读写能力受到若干因素的影响，其中包括经济状况、是否有可供阅读的材料……），可知在诸多影响文化发展的文化中，经济条件是最具有决定性的，C选项“经济水平与人的阅读能力关系最大”正确。A选项“文化的进步先后受到经济、宗教和政治的主导”：文化一直受到经济的影响，文章没有提到文化的进步由宗教和政治的主导，属于偷换概念。B选项“在中世纪早期，随着商业的发展，识字主要局限于教会”：根据第三段第一句DuringtheearlyMiddleAges,withthegeneralbreakdownofsocietyinEuropeandthedecreaseofcommerce,literarybecamelargelyconfinedtothechurch.（在中世纪早期，随着欧洲社会的全面崩溃和商业的衰落，文学在很大程度上局限于教会。），可知在中世纪早期，商业不是在发展，而是在衰落，属于偷换概念。D选项“在文艺复兴时期，宗教和商业的巨大扩张导致了文化的复兴”：根据第三段第二句thegreatexpansionofcommerceandbankingledtoarevivalinliteracy（商业和银行业的巨大发展导致了文化的复兴），可知是商业的发展让文化复兴，不包括宗教的发展，属于偷换概念。因此C选项正确。

2.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第二句Theincreaseinliteracyfromancienttimestothepresenthasnotbeenastoryofunbrokenprogress.（从古至今，文化水平的提高并不是持续不断的进步。），可知文化水平并不是持续向上提升的，D选项“在历史上，文化素养有起有落”正确。A选项“确定读写能力相当容易”和B选项“富裕的家庭没有文盲”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。C选项“历史见证了文化的进步”：文中没有强调文化在历史发展中持续进步，反而是有起有落，属于偷换概念。因此D选项正确。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第一句Ofthesefactors,usefulnesshasprobablybeenthemostdecisive.（在这些因素中，有用性可能最具决定性。），读写在实际生活中的作用，也就是实用性推动了读写能力的提高，D选项“阅读的必要性”正确。A选项“受教育者的数量”，B选项“阅读材料的可用性”和C选项“经济发展”：对应第一段最后一句Theabilityofpeoplewithinagivensocietytoreadandwritehasbeeninfluencedbyanumberoffactors,includingeconomicwell-being,theavailabilityofmaterialtoread,theamountofeducationavailable,andthebasicmatteroftheusefulnessofreading.（在一个特定社会中，人们的读写能力受到若干因素的影响，包括经济状况、可供阅读的材料、有效的受教育者人数以及阅读的用处的基本情况。），但这些不是最主要的因素。因此D选项正确。

4.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第四段第一句Withtheinventionoftheprintingpressandinexpensivepaperlateinthe15thcenturytherewasforthefirsttimeagreatavailabilityofreadingmaterialforamuchgreaternumberofpeople.（15世纪晚期，随着印刷机和廉价纸张的发明，第一次有了大量的阅读材料可供更多的人使用。），可知印刷机和廉价纸张让更多人可以阅读，提高阅读能力，C选项“印刷技术和廉价纸张的可用性”正确。A选项“宗教改革”和B选项“圣经的翻译和普及”：不是主要原因，属于偷换概念。D选项“教学方法的革新”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此C选项正确。

5.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】主旨大意题。这一段讲述了追求民主的政治运动推动全民教育的发展，B选项“民主社会在扫盲方面的新进展”正确。A选项“促进公众读写能力的宗教运动”：这里提到的不是宗教运动，而是政治运动，属于偷换概念。C选项“向民主社会迈进的现代政治运动”：除了政治运动，还讲到教育，属于以偏概全。D选项“中世纪末期与文盲作斗争的政治运动”：这里的政治运动旨在追求民主，而非扫除文盲，属于偷换概念。因此B选项正确。

5.单选题

Lindawas（

）theexperimentamonthago,butshechangedhermindatthelastminute.

问题1选项

A.tostart

B.tohavestarted

C.tobestarting

D.tohavebeenstarting

【答案】B

【解析】考查时态。wasto表示将来过去时，havedone表示本来要做而没有做，根据句意选B。

句意：Linda本来在一个月前要做实验的，但她最后改变了主意。

6.翻译题

ItisnotdifficulttobepessimisticaboutthefutureofEuropeanbusiness.

ComparedwiththeawesomestrengthofAmericaandtherawpowerofemergingAsia,Europeissometimesportrayedasahas-been,excellinginluxurygoods,finefood,winesandfashionbutweigheddownbytoomanyoldindustriesandoldideas.Frommicrochipstomicrobes,pooroldEuropeseemstotrailinAmerica’sandAsia’swake.

AmericaenjoysawesomeadvantagesoverEurope.Itisahuge,trulysinglemarketwitharelativelyyouthful,growingpopulation.Itistheworld’seconomicsuperpower,withmuchhigherproductivitythanitscompetitors(thoughproductivitygrowthhasrecentlybeendisappointing,andlastyearwasslightlybelowEurope’s).Ithasworld-classuniversitiesthatworkhandinglovewithbusinesses.AmericanshavenotonlywonmoreNobelprizes,theyhaveturnedmorescientificadvancesintoprofitablebusinessesthananyoneelse.Manyofthesefirmshavegoneontobecomethegiantsofmodernbusiness.

ItmayhavebeenaBritishscientist,SirTimBerners-Lee,workingatalaboratoryinSwitzerland,whoinventedtheworldwideweb,butAmericaisthehomeoftheInternetandallthebusinesssectorsithasspawned.

AndevenwhereEuropeisholdingitsownagainstAmerica,itseemsunabletoretainitsadvantage.Boeingdriftedbadlyinthe1990sasEurope’sAirbusmadestrides,buthavingmergedwithMcDonnellDouglas,theAmericangiantbouncedback.ItisnowtakingmarketsharefromtheEuropeans.

America’seconomicgrowth,averaging2.5%ayearsince2001,hasreflectedthisdynamicbusinessculture,whereasEuropehasmanagedanaveragegrowthrateofbarely1.5%overthesameperiod,thoughthepacehaspickedupinthepastyear.Europe’ssluggishperformanceisoftenputdowntothepoorbusinessclimate.Rigidlaborlawsandstrongunionsmakeitdifficultforfirmstofireredundantworkersandunattractivetohirenewones.ProductmarketsarenotascompetitiveasAmerica’s,andthesingleEuropeanmarkethasyettobecomearealityinareassuchasbankingandservices.

Corporategovernancetooisvariable:transparentandworld-classinBritain,butofteninadequateincontinentalEurope.Moreover,Europeangovernmentsliketomeddle.Francehasdrawnupalistofstrategicindustries,includingcasinos,thatitthinksneedspecialprotectionfromforeigntakeovers.EvenSpain,withitsnewAnglo-Saxonbusinessculture,triedtostopaGermanutilityfromtakingoveraSpanishpowercompany.TelecomItalia’sattemptstohiveoffitsmobile-phonebusinessbecamehighlypoliticized.

ManyEuropeanpoliticiansarefearfulabouttheeffectsofglobalizationandtheriseofChinaandIndia.CertainlyAsiahasbeenmakingitselfmorestronglyfeltinEuropeinrecentyears.JapannowhascarfactoriesinFranceandtheCzechRepublicaswellasinBritain,andimportsfromSouthKorea’sresurgentcarindustryhavebeencausingdifficultiesatRenaultandPSAPeugeotCriterion.India’sTataGrouptooisplanningtoexportcarstosomesouthernandeasternEuropeanmarketswheretheywillprovidemorecompetitionforthetraditionalwestEuropeanmanufacturers.

【答案】美国经济走势让人肃然起敬,日益崛起的亚洲生机勃勃,而欧洲则如昔日黄花,过分追求奢侈品、时尚和美酒佳肴。落后的产业和陈旧的观念压得欧洲气喘吁吁。微芯片也好,微生物也罢,可怜的老朽欧罗巴似乎在步美国和亚洲的后尘。

即使是欧洲本土能与美国抗衡的产业似乎也难以为继。20世纪90年代,欧洲空客公司大踏步前进,而波音公司发展十分缓慢,但同麦克唐纳-道格拉斯公司合并以后,美国的这家巨型企业迅速反弹,正在抢占空客的欧洲份额。

此外,欧洲各国政府也喜欢插上一脚。法国列出了一些战略发展产业,连博彩业也包括在内,因为法国认为该产业需要特别保护以防外国兼并。甚至西班牙在新盎格鲁-萨克逊商业文化影响下,也阻止德国公用事业公司接管西班牙电力企业,而意大利电信公司试图从该国移动电话领域分离出去竟成为高度政治化的事件。

7.单选题

U.S.SecretaryofStateRice（）athree-daytriptotheMiddleEastwithanagreement

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