2016年6月大学英语六级英语第1套真题

2016年6月大学英语六级第1套真题PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonlivinginthevirtualworld.Trytoimaginewhatwillhappenwhenpeoplespendmoreandmoretimeinthevirtualworldinsteadofinteractingintherealworld.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)Directions:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A)Projectorganizer. B)Publicrelationsofficer. C)Marketingmanager.D)Marketresearchconsultant.2.A)Quantitativeadvertisingresearch. B)Questionnairedesign. C)Researchmethodology. D)Interviewertraining.3.A)Theyareintensivestudiesofpeople’sspendinghabits. B)Theyexaminerelationsbetweenproducersandcustomers. C)Theylookfornewandeffectivewaystopromoteproducts. D)Theystudytrendsorcustomersatisfactionoveralongperiod.4.A)Thelackofpromotionopportunity. B)Checkingchartsandtables. C)Designingquestionnaires. D)Thepersistentintensity.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)HisviewonCanadianuniversities.B)Hisunderstandingofhighereducation. C)Hissuggestionsforimprovementsinhighereducation. D)HiscomplaintaboutbureaucracyinAmericanuniversities.6.A)Itiswelldesigned. B)Itisratherinflexible.C)Itvariesamonguniversities. D)Ithasundergonegreatchanges.7.A)TheUnitedStatesandCanadacanlearnfromeachother.B)Publicuniversitiesareoftensuperiortoprivateuniversities.C)Everyoneshouldbegivenequalaccesstohighereducation.D)Privateschoolsworkmoreefficientlythanpublicinstitutions.8.A)Universitysystemsvaryfromcountrytocountry.B)Efficiencyisessentialtouniversitymanagement.C)Itishardtosaywhichisbetter,apublicuniversityoraprivateone.D)ManyprivateuniversitiesintheUSareactuallylargebureaucracies.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)Government’sroleinresolvinganeconomiccrisis. B)Theworseningrealwagesituationaroundtheworld. C)IndicationsofeconomicrecoveryintheUnitedStates. D)Theimpactofthecurrenteconomiccrisisonpeople’slife.10.A)Theywillfeellesspressuretoraiseemployees’wages. B)Theywillfeelfreetochoosethemostsuitableemployees. C)Theywillfeelinclinedtoexpandtheirbusinessoperations. D)Theywillfeelmoreconfidentincompetingwiththeirrivals.11.A)Employeesandcompaniescooperatetopullthroughtheeconomiccrisis. B)Governmentandcompaniesjoinhandstocreatejobsfortheunemployed. C)Employeesworkshorterhourstoavoidlayoffs. D)Teamworkwillbeencouragedincompanies.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A)Whethermemorysupplementswork. B)Whetherherbalmedicineworkswonders. C)Whetherexerciseenhancesone’smemory. D)Whetheramagicmemorypromisessuccess.13.A)Theyhelptheelderlymorethantheyoung. B)Theyarebeneficialinonewayoranother. C)Theygenerallydonothavesideeffects. D)Theyarenotbasedonrealscience.14.A)Theyareavailableatmostcountryfairs. B)Theyaretakeninrelativelyhighdosage. C)Theyarecollectedorgrownbyfarmers. D)Theyareprescribedbytrainedpractitioners.15.A)Theyhaveoftenprovedtobeashelpfulasdoingmentalexercise. B)Takingthemwithothermedicationsmightentailunnecessaryrisks. C)Theireffectlastsonlyashorttime. D)Manyhavebenefitedfromthem.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)Howcatastrophicnaturaldisastersturnouttobetodevelopingnations. B)HowtheWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationstudiesnaturaldisasters. C)Howpowerlesshumansappeartobeinfaceofnaturaldisasters. D)Howthenegativeimpactsofnaturaldisasterscanbereduced.17.A)Bytrainingrescueteamsforemergencies. B)Bytakingstepstopreparepeopleforthem.C)Bychangingpeople’sviewsofnature. D)Byrelocatingpeopletosaferplaces.18.A)Howpreventiveactioncanreducethelossoflife. B)HowcourageousCubansareinfaceofdisasters. C)HowCubanssufferfromtropicalstorms. D)Howdestructivetropicalstormscanbe.Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)PaybacktheirloanstotheAmericangovernment. B)Provideloanstothoseinseverefinancialdifficulty. C)Contributemoretothegoalofawiderrecovery. D)Speeduptheirrecoveryfromthehousingbubble.20.A)Somebanksmayhavetomergewithothers. B)Manysmallerregionalbanksaregoingtofail. C)Itwillbehardforbankstoprovidemoreloans. D)Manybankswillhavetolayoffsomeemployees.21.A)Itwillworkcloselywiththegovernment. B)Itwillendeavortowriteoffbadloans. C)Itwilltrytolowertheinterestrate. D)Itwilltrytoprovidemoreloans.22.A)Itwon’thelptheAmericaneconomytoturnaround. B)Itwon’tdoanygoodtothemajorcommercialbanks. C)ItwillwintheapprovaloftheObamaadministration. D)Itwillbenecessaryiftheeconomystartstoshrinkagain.Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.23.A)Beingunabletolearnnewthings. B)Beingratherslowtomakechanges. C)Losingtempermoreandmoreoften. D)Losingtheabilitytogetonwithothers.24.A)Cognitivestimulation. B)Communityactivity. C)Balanceddiet. D)Freshair.25.A)Ignoringthesignsandsymptomsofaging. B)Adoptinganoptimisticattitudetowardslife. C)Endeavoringtogiveupunhealthylifestyles. D)Seekingadvicefromdoctorsfromtimetotime.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Pursuingacareerisanessentialpartofadolescentdevelopment.“Theadolescentbecomesanadultwhenhe26arealjob.”TocognitiveresearcherslikePiaget,adulthoodmeantthebeginningofan27.Piagetarguedthatonceadolescentsentertheworldofwork,theirnewlyacquiredabilitytoformhypothesesallowsthemtocreaterepresentationsthataretooideal.The28ofsuchideals,withoutthetemperingoftherealityofajoborprofession,rapidlyleadsadolescentstobecome29ofthenon-idealisticworldandtopressforreforminacharacteristicallyadolescentway.Piagetsaid:“Trueadaptationtosocietycomes30whentheadolescentreformerattemptstoputhisideastowork.”Ofcourse,youthfulidealismisoftencourageous,andnoonelikestogiveupdreams.Perhaps,taken31outofcontext,Piaget’sstatementseemsharsh.Whathewas32,however,isthewayrealitycanmodifyidealisticviews.Somepeoplerefertosuchmodificationasmaturity.Piagetarguedthatattainingandacceptingavocationisoneofthebestwaystomodifyidealizedviewsandtomature.Ascareersandvocationsbecomelessavailableduringtimesof33,adolescentsmaybeespeciallyhardhit.Suchdifficulteconomictimesmayleavemanyadolescents34abouttheirrolesinsociety.Forthisreason,communityinterventionsandgovernmentjobprogramsthatoffersummerandvacationworkarenotonlyeconomically35butalsohelptostimulatetheadolescent’ssenseofworth.A)automaticallyB)beneficialC)capturingD)confusedE)emphasizingF)entranceG)excitedH)existenceI)incidentallyJ)intolerantK)occupationL)promisesM)recessionN)slightlyO)undertakesSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.CanSocietiesBeRichandGreen?[A]“Ifoureconomiesaretoflourish,ifglobalpovertyistobeeliminatedandifthewell-beingoftheworld’speopleenhanced—notjustinthisgenerationbutinsucceedinggenerations—wemustmakesurewetakecareofthenaturalenvironmentandresourcesonwhichoureconomicactivitydepends.”Thatstatementcomesnot,asyoumightimagine,fromastereotypicaltree-hugging,save-the-worldgreenie( 环保主义者 ),butfromGordonBrown,apoliticianwithareputationforrigor,thoroughnessandaboveall,caution.[B]Asurprisingthingforthemanwhorunsoneoftheworld’smostpowerfuleconomiestosay?Perhaps;thoughintherun-uptothefive-yearreviewoftheMillennium( 千年的 )Goals,heisfarfromalone.Therootsofhisspeech,giveninMarchattheroundtablemeetingofenvironmentandenergyministersfromtheG20groupofnations,stretchbackto1972,andtheUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentinStockholm.[C]“Theprotectionandimprovementofthehumanenvironmentisamajorissuewhichaffectsthewell-beingofpeoplesandeconomicdevelopmentthroughouttheworld,”readthefinaldeclarationfromthisgathering,thefirstofasequencewhichwouldleadtotheRiodeJaneiroEarthSummitin1992andtheWorldDevelopmentSummitinJohannesburgthreeyearsago.[D]HuntthroughthereportspreparedbyUNagenciesanddevelopmentgroups—manyforconferencessuchasthisyear’sMillenniumGoalsreview—andyouwillfindthatthelinkagebetweenenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicprogressisacommonthread.[E]Managingecosystemssustainablyismoreprofitablethanexploitingthem,accordingtotheMillenniumEcosystemAssessment.Butfindinghardevidencetosupportthethesisisnotsoeasy.Thoughtsturnfirsttosomesortofglobalstatistic,someindicatorwhichwouldratethewealthofnationsinbotheconomicandenvironmentaltermsandshowarelationshipbetweenthetwo.[F]Ifsuchanindicatorexists,itiswellhidden.Andonreflection,thisisnotsurprising;thesingleword“environment”hassomanydimensions,andtherearesomanyotherfactorsaffectingwealth—suchastheoildeposits—thatteasingoutasimpleeconomy-environmentrelationshipwouldbealmostimpossible.[G]TheMillenniumEcosystemAssessment,avastfour-yearglobalstudywhichreporteditsinitialconclusionsearlierthisyear,foundreasonstobelievethatmanagingecosystemssustainably—workingwithnatureratherthanagainstit—mightbelessprofitableintheshortterm,butcertainlybringslong-termrewards.[H]AndtheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)initsWorldResources2005report,issuedattheendofAugust,producedseveralsuchexamplesfromAfricaandAsia;italsodemonstratedthatenvironmentaldegradationaffectsthepoormorethantherich,aspoorerpeoplederiveamuchhigherproportionoftheirincomedirectlyfromthenaturalresourcesaroundthem.[I]Buttherearealsomanyexamplesofgrowingwealthbytrashingtheenvironment,inrichandpoorpartsof6theworldalike,whetherthroughunregulatedmineralextraction,drasticwateruseforagriculture,slash-and-burnfarming,orfossil-fuel-guzzling( 大量消耗 )transport.Ofcourse,suchgrowthmaynotpersistinthelongterm—whichiswhatMr.BrownandtheStockholmdeclarationwerebothattemptingtopointout.PerhapsthebestexampleofboomgrowthandbustdeclineistheGrandBanksfishery.Foralmostfivecenturiesaverylargesupplyofcod( 鳕鱼 )providedabundantrawmaterialforanindustrywhichatitspeakemployedabout40,000people,sustainingentirecommunitiesinNewfoundland.Then,abruptly,thecodpopulationcollapsed.Therewerenolongerenoughfishintheseaforthestocktomaintainitself,letaloneanindustry.Morethanadecadelater,therewasnosignoftheecosystemre-buildingitself.Ithad,apparently,beenfishedoutofexistence;andtheoncemightyNewfoundlandfleetnowgropesaboutfranticallyforcrabontheseafloor.[J]ThereisaviewthatmodernhumansareinevitablysowingtheseedsofaglobalGrandBanks-styledisaster.Theideaisthatwearetakingmoreoutofwhatyoumightcalltheplanet’senvironmentalbankbalancethanitcansustain;wearelivingbeyondourecologicalmeans.Onerecentstudyattemptedtocalculatetheextentofthis“ecologicalovershootofthehumaneconomy,”andfoundthatweareusing1.2Earth’s-worthofenvironmentalgoodsandservices—theimplicationbeingthatatsomepointthedebtwillbecalledin,andallthoseservices—thethingswhichtheplanetdoesforusforfree—willgrindtoahalt.[K]Whetherthisisright,andifsowhereandwhentheecologicalaxewillfall,ishardtodeterminewithanyprecision—whichiswhygovernmentsandfinancialinstitutionsareonlybeginningtobringsuchrisksintotheireconomiccalculations.Itisalsothereasonwhydevelopmentagenciesarenotunitedintheirviewofenvironmentalissues;whilesome,liketheWRI,maintainthatenvironmentalprogressneedstogohand-in-handwitheconomicdevelopment,othersarguethatthepriorityistobuildathrivingeconomy,andthenusethewealthcreatedtotackleenvironmentaldegradation.[L]Thisviewassumesthatrichsocietieswillinvestinenvironmentalcare.Butisthisright?Dothingsgetbetterorworseaswegetricher?HeretheStockholmdeclarationisambiguous.“Inthedevelopingcountries,”itsays,“mostoftheenvironmentalproblemsarecausedbyunder-development.”Soitissayingthateconomicdevelopmentshouldmakeforacleanerworld?Notnecessarily;“Intheindustralizedcountries,environmentalproblemsaregenerallyrelatedtoindustrializationandtechnologicaldevelopment,”itcontinues.Inotherwords,poorandrichbothover-exploitthenaturalworld,butfordifferentreasons.It’ssimplynottruethateconomicgrowthwillsurelymakeourworldcleaner.[M]Clearly,richersocietiesareabletoprovideenvironmentalimprovementswhichliewellbeyondthereachofpoorercommunities.Citizensofwealthynationsdemandnationalparks,cleanrivers,cleanairandpoison-freefood.Theyalso,however,usefarmorenaturalresources-fuel,water(allthosebathsandgolfcourses)andbuildingmaterials.[N]Acasecanbemadethatrichnationsexportenvironmentalproblems,themostgraphicexamplebeingclimatechange.Asacountry’swealthgrows,sodoitsgreenhousegasemissions.Thefiguresavailablewillnotbecompletelyaccurate.Measuringemissionsisnotaprecisescience,particularlywhenitcomestoissuessurroundinglanduse;notallnationshavereleasedup-to-datedata,andinanycase,emissionsfromsomesectorssuchasaviationarenotincludedinnationalstatistics.Butthedataisexactenoughforacleartrendtobeeasilydiscernible.Ascountriesbecomericher,theyproducemoregreenhousegases;andtheimpactofthosegaseswillfallprimarilyinpoorpartsoftheworld.[O]Wealthisnot,ofcourse,theonlyfactorinvolved.TheaverageNorwegianisbetteroffthantheaverageUScitizen,butcontributesabouthalfasmuchtoclimatechange.ButcouldNorwaykeepitsstandardoflivingandyetcutitsemissionstoMoroccanorevenEthiopianlevels?Thatquestion,repeatedacrossadozenenvironmentalissuesandacrossourdiverseplanet,iswhatwillultimatelydeterminewhetherthehumanraceislivingbeyonditsecologicalmeansasitpursueseconomicrevival.36.Examplesshowthatbothrichandpoorcountriesexploitedtheenvironmentforeconomicprogress.37.Environmentalprotectionandimprovementbenefitpeopleallovertheworld.38.Itisnotnecessarilytruethateconomicgrowthwillmakeourworldcleaner.39.ThecommonthemeoftheUNreportsistherelationbetweenenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicgrowth.40.Developmentagenciesdisagreeregardinghowtotackleenvironmentissueswhileensuringeconomicprogress.41.Itisdifficulttofindsolidevidencetoproveenvironmentalfriendlinessgeneratesmoreprofitsthanexploitingthenaturalenvironment.42.Sustainablemanagementofecosystemswillproverewardinginthelongrun.43.Apoliticiannotedforbeingcautiousassertsthatsustainablehumandevelopmentdependsonthenaturalenvironment.44.Poorcountrieswillhavetobearthecostforrichnations’economicdevelopment.45.OnerecentstudywarnsusofthedangeroftheexhaustionofnaturalresourcesonEarth.SectionCDirections:Therearetwopassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Interactivetelevisionadvertising,whichallowsviewerstousetheirremotecontrolstoclickonadvertisements,hasbeenpushedforyears.Nearlyadecadeagoitwaspredictedthatviewersof“Friends,”apopularsituationcomedy,wouldsoonbeabletopurchaseasweaterlikeJenniferAniston’swithafewtapsontheirremotecontrol.“It’sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears,”saysColinDixonofadigital-mediaconsultancy.SothenewsthatCablevision,anAmericancablecompany,wasrollingoutinteractiveadvertisementstoallitscustomersonOctober6thwasgreetedwithsomeskepticism.Duringcommercials,anoverlaywillappearatthebottomofthescreen,promptingviewerstopressabuttontorequestafreesampleororderacatalogue.Cablevision8hopestoallowcustomerstobuythingswiththeirremotecontrolsearlynextyear.Televisionadvertisingcoulddowithaboost.Spendingfellby10%inthefirsthalfoftheyear.Thepopularizationofdigitalvideorecordershascausedadvertiserstoworrythattheircommercialswillbeskipped.SomeareturningtotheInternet,whichischeaperandoffersconcretemeasurementslikeclick-throughrates—especiallyimportantatatimewhenmarketingbudgetsaretight.Withthelaunchofinteractiveadvertising,“manyofthedollarsthatwenttotheInternetwillcomebacktotheTV,”saysDavidKlineofCablevision.Orsotheindustryhopes.Intheory,interactiveadvertisingcanengageviewersinawaythat30-secondspotsdonot.UnileverrecentlyrananinteractivecampaignforitsAxedeodorant( 除臭剂),whichkeptviewersengagedformorethanthreeminutesonaverage.Theamountspentoninteractiveadvertisingontelevisionisstillsmall.Magna,anadvertisingagency,reckonsitwillbeworthabout$138millionthisyear.Thatfallsfarshortofthebillionsofdollarspeopleonceexpectedittogenerate.ButDirecTV,ComcastandTimeWarnerCablehaveallinvestedinit.AneweffortledbyCanoeVentures,acoalitionofleadingcableproviders,aimstomakeinteractiveadvertisingavailableacrossAmericalaterthisyear.BrightLineiTV,whichdesignsandsellsinteractiveads,saysinteresthassurged:itexpectsitsrevenuesalmosttotriplethisyear.BSkyB,Britain’sbiggestsatellite-televisionservice,alreadyprovides9millioncustomerswithinteractiveads.Yettherearedoubtswhetherpeoplewatchingtelevision,a“leanback”medium,craveinteraction.Click-throughrateshavebeenhighsofar(around3–4%,comparedwithlessthan0.3%online),butthatmaybearesultofthenovelty.Interactiveadsandviewersmightnotgowelltogether.46.WhatdoesColinDixonmeanbysaying“It’sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears”(Lines3–4,Para.1)? A)Interactivetelevisionadvertisingwillbecomepopularin10–12years. B)Interactivetelevisionadvertisinghasbeenunderdebateforthelastdecadeorso. C)Interactivetelevisionadvertisingissuccessfulwhenincorporatedintosituationcomedies. D)Interactivetelevisionadvertisinghasnotachievedtheanticipatedresults.47.Whatisthepublic’sresponsetoCablevision’splannedinteractiveTVadvertisingprogram? A)Prettypositive. B)Totallyindifferent. C)Somewhatdoubtful. D)Rathercritical.48.WhatistheimpactofthewideuseofdigitalvideorecordersonTVadvertising? A)IthasmadeTVadvertisingeasilyaccessibletoviewers. B)Ithelpsadvertiserstomeasuretheclick-throughrates. C)IthasplacedTVadvertisingatagreatdisadvantage. D)Itenablesviewerstocheckthesalesitemswithease.49.WhatdowelearnaboutUnilever’sinteractivecampaign? A)ItprovestheadvantageofTVadvertising. B)Ithasdonewellinengagingtheviewers. C)Ithelpsattractinvestmentsinthecompany.D)IthasboostedtheTVadvertisingindustry.50.Howdoestheauthorviewthehithertohighclick-throughrates? A)Theymaybeduetothenovelwayofadvertising. B)Theysignifythepopularityofinteractiveadvertising. C)TheypointtothegrowingcuriosityofTVviewers. D)Theyindicatethefuturedirectionofmediareform.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whatcanbedoneaboutmassunemployment?Allthewiseheadsagree:there’renoquickoreasyanswers.There’sworktobedone,butworkersaren’treadytodoit—they’reinthewrongplaces,ortheyhavethewrongskills.Ourproblemsare“structural,”andwilltakemanyyearstosolve.Butdon’tbotheraskingforevidencethatjustifiesthisbleakview.Thereisn’tany.Onthecontrary,allthefactssuggestthathighunemploymentinAmericaistheresultofinadequatedemand.Sayingthatthere’renoeasyanswerssoundswise,butit’sactuallyfoolish:ourunemploymentcrisiscouldbecuredveryquicklyifwehadtheintellectualclarityandpoliticalwilltoact.Inotherwords,structuralunemploymentisafakeproblem,whichmainlyservesasanexcusefornotpursingrealsolutions.Thefactisjobopeningshaveplungedineverymajorsector,whilethenumberofworkersforcedintopart-timeemploymentinalmostallindustrieshassoared.Unemploymenthassurgedineverymajoroccupationalcategory.Onlythreestates,withacombinedpopulationnotmuchlargerthanthatofBrooklyn,haveunemploymentratesbelow5%.Sotheevidencecontradictstheclaimthatwe’remainlysufferingfromstructuralunemployment.Why,then,hasthisclaimbecomesopopular?Partoftheansweristhatthisiswhatalwayshappensduringperiodsofhighunemployment—inpartbecauseexpertsandanalystsbelievethatdeclaringtheproblemdeeplyrooted,withnoeasyanswers,makesthemsoundserious.I’vebeenlookingatwhatself-proclaimedexpertsweresayingaboutunemploymentduringtheGreatDepression;itwasalmostidenticaltowhatVe