过去完成时与被动语态

◎过去完成时概念：表示过去的过去过去完成时：即过去的过去所发生的事情！其构成是：主语+had+过去分词。用法：表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，常与由 by,before引导的时间状语连用。Wehadlearned5000wordsbytheendoflastmonth.到上个月底为止我们已经学了五千个单词。Ihadfinishedthecompositionbeforesupper.晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了。表示过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，常与由 when，before等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。WhenIwokeupithadalreadystoppedraining.我醒来的时候雨就已经停了。Ihadn'tlearnedanyEnglishbeforeIcamehere.我来这儿之前没学过英语。用于宾语从句或间接引语中Iwonderedwhohadtakentheumbrellawithoutpermission.我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。Hetoldmethathehadpassedtheexam.他告诉我他已通过考试。被动语态熟记结构被动语态的结构为“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词（p.p）。被动语态的不冋时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为:般现在时：am/is/are+p.p.—Look!Whatanicegarden!—Yes.It everyday.iscleanedB.hasbeencleaned C.isbeingcleaned D.wascleaned（选A。考查一般现在时的被动语态） （泰安市）般过去时：was/were+p.p.—Who'thelittleboyinthephoto,Susan?—It'sme.Thisphoto tenyearsago.D.wastakenD.isinventingD.wasinventedA.takes B.istaken C.tookD.wastakenD.isinventingD.wasinvented（选D。考查一般过去时的被动语态） （北京）I'msurethetelephone beforethecar.A.invented B.isinvented C.wasinvented（选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态） （天津）Thetelephone byBellin1876.A.invent B.invents C.wasinventing（选D。考查一般过去时的被动语态） （吉林）ProfessorYiZhongtian totheTalkShowonCCTV-1lastweekend.A.invites B.invited C.wasinvited（选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态） （山西）

一Howcleanthewindowis!—Yes.It justnow.A.hasbeencleanedB.wascleanedC.iscleaned D.willbecleaned（选B。考查一般过去时的被动语态） （盐城）一般将来时：shall/willbe+p.p.—Peoplesaythesubway buildinginHarbininafewyears.—Sounds .Ihaveneverseenitbefore.A.willfinish,interesting B.isfinished,interested C.willbefinished,interesting（选C。考查一般将来时的被动语态） （哈尔滨）现在完成时：have/hasbeen+p.p.现在进行时： am/is/are+being+p.p.过去将来时：should/wouldbe+p.p.含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+ be+p.p.一Someoftheplasticbagscan' afterJune1.—Yes,peoplewilluseenvironmentalbagsinstead.A.use B.beuse C.beused D.areused（选C。考查含情态动词的被动语态） （湖北省咸宁市）—ThereisalotofwindinNorthChina.—Well,moretrees everyyeartostopthewind.A.mustbeplantedB.canplanted C.shouldplanted（选A。考查含情态动词的被动语态） （四川省自贡市）明确用法被动语态常用于以下两种情况：不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者；强调动作的承受者。例如：这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。Thetree bythatboy.（填wasbroken）熟练转换将主动语态变为被动语态的基本方法为：将主动语态的宾语作为被动语态的主语；谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态；主动语态的主语变为介词 by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时by短语可以省略）。例如：Theterribleearthquakedestroyedthousandsofhousesinthatarea.（上海市）Thousandsofhousesinthatarea bytheterribleearthquake.MoreandmoreforeignersspeakChineseintheworldnow. （重庆市）Chinese bymoreandmoreforeignersintheworldnow.Dangerousdrivingcausesmanyaccidents.（山东省临沂市）Manyaccidents bydangerousdriving.注意特例将主动语态变为被动语态应注意以下几个特殊情况：A.带有双宾语的动词变为被动语态时，可以把其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语，若将直接宾语（sth.）变为主语，需根据习惯在原间接宾语前加上介词 to或for。用to的常见

词有：give,show,send,lend,pass,pay,teach,throw,take,bringetc.用for的常见词有： make,choose,sing,play,draw,save,buy,get,leave,cooketc.eg.1.Marygavehimsomebooks.HewasgivensomebooksbyMary.SomebooksweregiventohimbyMary.Herfatherboughtheranewbike.Shewasboughtanewbikebyherfather.Anewbikewasboughtforherbyherfather.带复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的动词变为被动语态时，只能将宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语不可变为主语。eg.1.WecallhimGina.HeiscalledGina(byus).Theymademehappy.Iwasmadehappy(bythem).Heaskedmetocomehere.Iwasaskedtocomehere(byhim)在see,let,make,hear,watchetc.动词之后，作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to，但在变为被动语态时，则一定要加上 to。eg.1.Wesawthemplayfootballjustnow.Theywereseentoplayfootballjustnow.WeoftenhearhersinginEnglish.SheisoftenheardtosinginEnglish.1.Theboy streetswithoutpayintheolddays.A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanD.wasmadeclean2.Thesechildrendance.A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC.wereseenD.sawto3.Themonkeywasseenoffthetree.A.jumpB.jumpsC.jumpedD.tojump在某些不及物动词+介词/副词”相当于及物动词)的句子中，变被动语态时，注意不要丢掉介词/副词。eg.1.Peopleoftentalkaboutthatfilm.Thatfilmisoftentalkedabout.2.Weshouldspeaktotheoldpeoplepolitely.Theoldpeopleshouldbespokentopolitely.Oldpeoplemustbelookedafterwelland_ politely.A.speakto B.spoken C.speakD.spokentoOldpeoplemust .A.lookafterwell B. belookedwellafterC.lookedwellafter D. belookedafterwellNewly-bornbabies inhospital.A.aretakengoodcare B. aretakengoodcareofC.takegoodcareof D. takegoodcare

主动形式表示被动意义的词：1） 某些感官动词：look,smell,taste,feel,wear,soundetc.2） 某些及物动词+副词：wash,write,sell,read,open,cut,shut,keepetc.eg.1.Thiscoatfeelssoft.Thepenwritessmoothly.Thatbooksellswell.Thiskindofshirtwasheseasily.【练一练】Theapple verysweet.A.istasted B.taste C.tastes D.aretastingYou morebeautifulinthelightblueshirt.A.see B.watch C.look D.lookat只有及物动词（vt.）才有被动语态，不及物动词 （vi.）没有被动语态，因为它不带宾语。eg.HappenWhatwashappened?xWhathashappened?VWhatishappening?VAnaccident onthisroadlastweek.A.hasbeenhappened B.washappened C.ishappened D.happened若主动句的主语是表示地点的名词， 变为被动语态时，应将其变为in+名词，作地点状语，能不变为by的宾语。eg.Ourvillageopenedanewschoollastyear.tAnewschoolwasopenedinourvillagelastyear.若主动句的谓语动词是 know,变为被动语态时，应将其变为 beknownto，而不能变为beknownby。eg.PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.tTheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.若主动句的主语是 nobody,noone等否定不定代词时，变为被动语态时应将anybody,anyone作介词by的宾语，并将其谓语动词改为否定的被动语态。eg.Nobodycananswerthisquestion.tThisquestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.注意区别被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：⑴含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成； 而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：Thewindowisbroken.窗子破了。（系表结构）Thewindowisbrokenbyhim.窗子被他打破了。（被动语态）⑵用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以