2023年6月六级真题第3套

2023年6月大学英语六级考试真题〔第三套〕PartI Writing 〔30minutes〕Directions:Supposeyouareaskedtogiveadviceonwhethertomajorinscienceorhumanitiesatcollege,writeanessaytostateyouropinion.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartII ListeningComprehension 〔30minutes〕〔2023年6月六级考试全国共考了22不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复消灭〕PartIII ReadingComprehension 〔40minutes〕SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Halfofyourbrainstaysalertandpreparedfordangerwhenyousleepinanewplace,astudyhasrevealed.Thisphenomenonisoften 26 toasthe“first-night-effect”.ResearchersfromBrownUniversityfoundthatanetworkinthelefthemisphereofthebrain“remainedmoreactive”thanthenetworkintherightsideofthebrain.Playingsoundsintotherightears〔stimulatingthelefthemisphere〕of 27 wasmorelikelytowakethemupthanifthenoiseswereplayedintotheirleftear.Itwas 28 observedthatthebrainwasmoreactiveduringdeepsleep.Whentheresearchersrepeatedthelaboratoryexperimentonthesecondandthirdnightstheyfoundthelefthemispherecouldnotbestimulatedinthesamewayduringdeepsleep.Theresearcher sexplainedthatthestudydemonstrated“ whenweare ina 29environment,thebrainpartlyremainsalertsothathumanscandefendthemselvesagainstany30 danger.”Theresearchersbelievethisisthefirsttimethatthe“first -night-effect”ofdifferentbrainstateshas been31 inhumans.Itisn’t,however,thefirsttimeithaseverbeenseen.Someanimal 32 alsodisplaythisphenomenon.Forexample,dolphins,aswellasother 33 animalsshutdownonehemisphereofthebrainwhentheygotosleep.Apreviousstudynotedthatdolphinsalways 34 controltheirbreathing.Withoutkeepingthebrainactivewhilesleeping,theywouldprobablydown.But,asthehumanstudysuggest,anotherreasonfordolphinskeepingtheireyesopenduringsleepisthattheycanlookoutfor 35 whileasleep.Italsokeepstheirphysiologicalprocessesworking.classifiedclassifiedconsciouslyC〕dramaticallyD〕exoticE〕identifiedF〕inherentG〕marineH〕novelpotentialpredatorsK〕referredL〕speciesM〕specificallyN〕varietiesO〕volunteersSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet.2ThePriceofOilandthePriceofCarbonFossilfuelpricesarelikelytostay“lowforlong”.Notwithstandingimportantrecentprogressindevelopingrenewablefuelsources,lowfossilfuelpricescoulddiscouragefurtherinnovationin,andadoptionof,cleanerenergytechnologies.Theresultwouldbehigheremissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Policymakersshouldnotallowlowenergypricestoderailthecleanenergytransition.Actiontorestoreappropriatepriceincentives,notablythroughcorrectivecarbonpricing,isurgentlyneededtolowertheriskofirreversibleandpotentiallydevastatingeffectsofclimatechange.Thatapproachalsooffersfiscalbenefits.Oilpriceshavedroppedbyover60percentsinceJune2023.Acommonlyheldviewintheoilindustryisthat“thebestcureforlowoilpricesislowoilprices”.Thereasoningbehindthissayingisthatlowoilpricesdiscourageinvestmentinnewproductioncapacity,eventuallyshiftingtheoilsupplycurvebackwardandbringingpricesbackupasexistingoilfields—whichcanbetappedatrelativelylowmarginalcost—aredepleted.Infact,inlinewithpastexperience,capitalexpenditureintheoilsectorhasdroppedsharplyinmanyproducingcountries,includingtheUnitedStates.Thedynamicadjustmenttolowoilpricesmay,however,bedifferentthistimearound.Oilpricesareexpectedtoremainlowerforlonger.Theadventofnewtechnologieshasaddedabout4.2millionbarrelsperdaytothecrudeoilmarket,contributingtoaglobalover-supply.Inaddition,otherfactorsareputtingdownwardpressureonoilprices:changeinthestrategicbehavioroftheOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries,theprojectedincreaseinIranianexports,thescaling-downofglobaldemanespeciallyfromemergingmarkets〕,thelong-termdropinpetroleumconsumptionintheUnitedStates,andsomedisplacementofoilbysubstitutes.Theselikelypersistentforces,likethegrowthofshale〔页岩〕,pointtoa“lowforlong”scenario.Futuresmarkets,whichshowonlyamodestrecoveryofpricestoaround$60abarrelby2023,supportthisview.Naturalgasandcoal—alsofossilfuels—havesimilarlyseenpricedeclinesthatlooktobelong-lived.Coalandnaturalgasaremainlyusedforelectricitygeneration,whereasoilisusedmostlytopowertransportation,yetthepricesofalltheseenergysourcesarelinked.TheNorthAmericanshalegasboomhasresultedinrecordlowpricesthere.TherecentdiscoveryofthegiantZohrgasfieldofftheEgyptiancoastwilleventuallyhaveimpactonpricingintheMediterraneanregionandEurope,andthereissignificantdevelopmentpotentialinmanyotherplaces,notablyArgentina.Coalpricesalsoarelow,owingtoover-supplyandthescalingdownofdemand,especiallyfromChina,whichburnshalfoftheworld’scoal.Technologicalinnovationshaveunleashedthepowerofrenewablessuchaswind,hydro,solar,andgeothermal〔地热〕.EvenAfricaandtheMiddleEast,hometoeconomiesthatareheavilydependentonfossilfuelexports,haveenormouspotentialtodeveloprenewables.Forexample,theUnitedArabEmirateshasendorsedanambitioustargettodraw24%ofitsprimaryenergyconsumptionfromrenewablesourcesby2023.Progressinthedevelopmentofrenewablescouldbefragile,however,iffossilfuelpricesremainlowforlong.Renewablesaccountforonlyasmallshareofglobalprimaryenergyconsumption,whichisstilldominatedbyfossilfuels—30%eachforcoalandoil,25%fornaturalgas.Butrenewableenergywillhavetodisplacefossilfuelstoamuchgreaterextentinthefuturetoavoidunacceptableclimaterisks.Unfortunately,thecurrentlowpricesforoil,gas,andcoalmayprovidelittleincentiveforresearchtofindevencheapersubstitutesforthosefuels.Thereisstrongevidencethatbothinnovationandadoptionofcleanertechnologyarestronglyencouragedbyhigherfossilfuelprices.Thesameistruefornewtechnologiesforalleviatingfossilfuelemissions.Thecurrentlowfossil-fuelpriceenvironmentwillthuscertainlydelaytheenergytransitionfromfossilfueltocleanenergysources.Unlessrenewablesbecomecheapenoughthatsubstantialcarbondepositsareleftundergroundforaverylongtime,ifnotforever,theplanetwilllikelybeexposedtopotentiallycatastrophicclimaterisks.Someclimateimpactsmayalreadybediscernible.Forexample,theUnitedNationsChildren’sFundestimatesthatsome11millionchildreninAfricafacehunger,disease,andwatershortagesasaresultofthestrongetlNio〔厄尔尼诺〕weatherphenomenonindecades.ManyscientistsbelievethatElNiñoevents,causedbywarminginthePacific,arebecomingmoreintenseasaresultofclimatechange.NationsfromaroundtheworldhavegatheredinParisfortheUnitedNationsClimateChangeConference,COP21,withthegoalofauniversalandpotentiallylegally-bindingagreementonreducinggreenhousegasemissions.Weneedverybroadparticipationtoaddressfullytheglobaltragedythatresultswhencountriesfailtotakeintoaccountthenegativeimpactoftheircarbonemissionsontherestoftheworld.Moreover,non-participantsbynations,ifsufficientlywidespread,canunderminethepoliticalwillofparticipatingcountriestoact.ThenationsparticipatingatCOP21arefocusingonquantitativeemissions-reductioncommitments.Economicreasoningshowsthattheleastexpensivewayforeachcountryistoputapriceoncarbonemissions.Thereasonisthatwhencarbonispriced,thoseemissionsreductionsthatareleastcostlytoimplementwillhappenfirst.TheInternationalMonetaryFundcalculatesthatcountriescangeneratesubstantialfiscalrevenuesbyeliminatingfossilfuelsubsidiesandlevyingcarbonchargesthatcapturethedomesticdamagecausedbyemissions.Ataxonupstreamcarbonsourcesisoneeasywaytoputapriceoncarbonemissions,althoughsomecountriesmaywishtouseothermethods,suchasemissionstradingschemes.Inordertomaximizeglobalwelfare,everycountry’scarbonpricingshouldreflectnotonlythepurelydomesticdamagesfromemissions,butalsothedamagestoforeigncountries.Settingtherightcarbonpricewillthereforeefficientlyalignthecostspaidbycarbonuserswiththetruesocialopportunitycostofusingcarbon.Byraisingrelativedemandforcleanenergysources,acarbonpricewouldalsohelptoalignthemarketreturntoclean-energyinnovationwithitssocialreturn,spurringtherefinementofexistingtechnologiesandthedevelopmentofnewones.Anditwouldraisethedemandfortechnologiessuchascarboncaptureandstorage,spurringtheirfurtherdevelopment.Ifnotcorrectedbytheappropriatecarbonprice,lowfossilfuelpricesarenotaccuratelysignalingtomarketsthetruesocialprofitabilityofcleanenergy.Whilealternativeestimatesofthedamagesfromcarbonemissionsdiffer,andit’sespeciallyhardtoreckonthelikelycostsofpossiblecatastrophicclimateevents,mostestimatessuggestsubstantialnegativeeffects.Directsubsidiestoresearchanddevelopmenthavebeenadoptedbysomegovernmentsbutareapoorsubstituteforacarbonprice:theydoonlypartofthejob,leavinginplacemarketincentivestoover-usefossilfuelsandtherebyaddtothestockofatmosphericgreenhousegaseswithoutregardtothcollatea附带的costs.ThehopeisthatthesuccessofCOP21opensthedoortofutureinternationalagreementoncarbonprices.Agreementonaninternationalcarbon-pricefloorwouldbeagoodstartingpointinthatprocess.Failuretoaddresscomprehensivelytheproblemofgreenhousegasemissions,however,exposesallgenerations,presentandfuture,toincalculablerisks.Anumberoffactorsaredrivingdowntheglobaloilpricesnotjustfornowbutintheforeseeablefuture.Pricingcarbonprovesthemosteconomicalwaytoreducegreenhousegasemissions.ItisestimatedthatextremeweatherconditionshaveendangeredthelivesofmillionsofAfricanchildren.Thepricesofcoalarelowasaresultofover-supplyanddecreasingdemand.Higherfossilfuelpricesprovetobeconducivetoinnovationandapplicationofcleanertechnology.Iffossilfuelpricesremainlowforalongtime,itmayleadtohigheremissionsofgreenhousegases.Fossilfuelsremainthemajorsourceofprimaryenergyconsumptionintoday’sworld.Evenmajorfossilexportingcountrieshavegreatpotentialtodeveloprenewableenergies.Greenhousegasemissions,ifnotproperlydealtwith,willposeendlessrisksformankind.Itisurgentforgovernmentstoincreasethecostofusingfossilfuelstoanappropriateleveltolessenthecatastrophiceffectsofclimatechange.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteron AnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Tennessee’stechnicalandcommunitycollegewillnotoutsource〔外包〕managementoftheirfacilitiestoaprivatecompany,adecisiononeleadersaidwasbolsteredbyananalysisofspendingateachcampus./